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Media Landscapes Expert Analyses of the State of Media
* About
* Countries
* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Bangladesh
* Belgium
* Burundi
* CAR
* Colombia
* DRC
* Egypt
* El Salvador
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Guatemala
* Honduras
* Hungary
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lebanon
* Libya
* Mali
* Mexico
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Netherlands
* Nicaragua
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Norway
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Portugal
* Russia
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Somalia
* South Sudan
* Spain
* Sudan
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Syria
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Venezuela
* Yemen
* Authors
* Contact
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2019 EDITION
NEW COUNTRIES
Expert summaries and analyses of the state of media in European countries as
well as its neighbouring states. An all-new updated edition and growing every
day.
* 54
Country profiles
* 73
Expert authors
* 525,258
Words written
GUATEMALA
Unlike other media, television has not lost the leadership in being one of the
most influential channels to shape Guatemalans’ opinions.
* 116
Press freedom ranking
* 34.5 %
Internet penetration
* 111
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
LIBYA
Gaddafi’s regime nationalised all publishing and press organisations, no private
press was allowed to operate in Libya for over 25 years
* 162
Press freedom ranking
* 58.7 %
Internet penetration
* 153
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* IN TRANSITION
Government type
AUSTRIA
The media landscape is characterized by two dominating groups: the public
service broadcaster ORF and largest newspaper "Kronenzeitung"...
* 11
Press freedom ranking
* 84.6 %
Internet penetration
* 4
Peace index ranking
* RADIO
Most trusted medium
* 26
Net trust index
* REPUBLIC
Government type
UNITED KINGDOM
Radio has remained very popular in the UK and audience numbers have not declined
in the same way as other platforms.
* 40
Press freedom ranking
* 94.8 %
Internet penetration
* 41
Peace index ranking
* RADIO
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* PARLIAMENTARY CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
Government type
SERBIA
Television is by far the most popular type of media in Serbia.Today, there are
more than 200 TV stations
* 66
Press freedom ranking
* 67.1 %
Internet penetration
* 56
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* PARLIAMENTARY REPUBLIC
Government type
UNITED STATES
The United States media system has entered a period of intense change: the
number of channels, and thus of competitors, is multiplying
* 43
Press freedom ranking
* 95.6%
Internet penetration
* 114
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* CONSTITUTIONAL FEDERAL REPUBLIC
Government type
IRAQ
Higher education in journalism is consolidated in Iraq, but it has remained
largely disconnected from global developments since the 1970s...
* 160
Press freedom ranking
* 36.2 %
Internet penetration
* 161
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* REPUBLIC
Government type
RUSSIA
Radio broadcasting in Russia is developing with a comparatively good business
dynamic.
* 148
Press freedom ranking
* 76.4 %
Internet penetration
* 151
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* SEMI-PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
BANGLADESH
Bangladesh is one of the countries where Internet is growing at a good pace.
* 147
Press freedom ranking
* 48.4 %
Internet penetration
* 84
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* PARLIAMENTARY REPUBLIC
Government type
HONDURAS
Starting from 1990 the audiovisual system underwent a process of adaptation to
new neoliberal regulations in telecommunications.
* 181
Press freedom ranking
* 32.5 %
Internet penetration
* 118
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
MYANMAR
In Myanmar, Facebook "is" the Internet. It enjoys supremacy over all other forms
of social media
* 131
Press freedom ranking
* 33.4 %
Internet penetration
* 104
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* PARLIAMENTARY REPUBLIC
Government type
SWEDEN
Sweden has traditionally been more of a newspaper than television country.
Today, it is a very digital country...
* 2
Press freedom ranking
* 92.9 %
Internet penetration
* 18
Peace index ranking
* RADIO
Most trusted medium
* 74
Net trust index
* CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
Government type
LEBANON
In recent years, the Lebanese media landscape has been facing one of its deepest
crisis since the formal end of the civil war...
* 100
Press freedom ranking
* 76.1 %
Internet penetration
* 148
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* REPUBLIC
Government type
FINLAND
In Finland, the whole commercial media industry employs about 22,000 people and
its turnover is €4.6bn...
* 4
Press freedom ranking
* 92.5 %
Internet penetration
* 17
Peace index ranking
* RADIO
Most trusted medium
* 66
Net trust index
* REPUBLIC
Government type
MALI
Since the liberalisation of airwaves in 1992, the number of private radios
increased exponentially, confirming radio as the most popular med
* 112
Press freedom ranking
* 63.4 %
Internet penetration
* 145
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* SEMI-PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
VENEZUELA
TV has traditionally been one of the main telecommunication media and it is
still the most used.
* 143
Press freedom ranking
* 53.1 %
Internet penetration
* 143
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* FEDERAL PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
YEMEN
Two years of war have changed the Yemeni media landscape for worst in terms of
publications, independence, freedom of the media...
* 167
Press freedom ranking
* 24.6 %
Internet penetration
* 159
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* REPUBLIC
Government type
BURUNDI
The Burundian media landscape is dominated by radio, even if in 2015 the most
popular ones were destroyed.
* 159
Press freedom ranking
* 5.3%
Internet penetration
* 135
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
SOUTH SUDAN
Radio is the most largely consumed and trusted media in South Sudan. In Juba
city alone, 66 percent of the population have access to radio.
* 139
Press freedom ranking
* 16.8%
Internet penetration
* 161
Peace index ranking
* RADIO
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
SWITZERLAND
Over the last 30 years, regional press monopolies have been established in
almost all regions...
* 5
Press freedom ranking
* 89.4 %
Internet penetration
* 9
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* REPUBLIC
Government type
LATVIA
Freedom of the press was observed in between 1918 and 1934 and since the Latvian
independence drive (Atmoda) in the late 1980s...
* 24
Press freedom ranking
* 85.6 %
Internet penetration
* 32
Peace index ranking
* RADIO
Most trusted medium
* 28
Net trust index
* REPUBLIC
Government type
FRANCE
Press, radio and TV markets are affected by a growing concentration in which
main media outlets are held by fewer companies
* 39
Press freedom ranking
* 86.8 %
Internet penetration
* 51
Peace index ranking
* RADIO
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* SEMI-PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
SUDAN
The media landscape in Sudan reflects an extremely restrictive environment
coupled with a lack of institutional support.
* 174
Press freedom ranking
* 28.5 %
Internet penetration
* 155
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
GEORGIA
The Georgian media landscape reflects the transitional nature of the Georgian
democratic system
* 64
Press freedom ranking
* 52.9 %
Internet penetration
* 94
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* UNITARY SEMI-PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
PAKISTAN
Pakistan’s is a multi-linguistic media landscape with clear urban-rural
disparities.
* 139
Press freedom ranking
* 22.2 %
Internet penetration
* 152
Peace index ranking
* TV
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* FEDERAL PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
PORTUGAL
The written press has endured a deep crisis throughout the last years, with loss
of readers and advertising...
* 14
Press freedom ranking
* 72.4 %
Internet penetration
* 3
Peace index ranking
* TV
Most trusted medium
* 37
Net trust index
* REPUBLIC
Government type
PHILIPPINES
Television is the most used and trusted media in the Philippines. Around 81
percent of the population watch television.
* 134
Press freedom ranking
* 62%
Internet penetration
* 138
Peace index ranking
* TV
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
SOMALIA
Despite the conflict and violence the country has seen, radio stations have
grown in number since the state collapsed
* 167
Press freedom ranking
* 7.9 %
Internet penetration
* 158
Peace index ranking
* RADIO
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* FEDERAL PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
NIGERIA
Once dominated by print, radio and television, the Nigerian media landscape is
now experiencing a disruption by digital platforms
* 122
Press freedom ranking
* 50.2 %
Internet penetration
* 149
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* FEDERAL PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
MEXICO
In the past decade, Mexico has become one of the riskiest and deadliest
countries where to practice journalism, excluding those at war.
* 147
Press freedom ranking
* 65.3 %
Internet penetration
* 140
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* FEDERAL PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
ITALY
Television is a major agenda setter within the Italian public sphere. The
audiences are higher than those in many other countries...
* 46
Press freedom ranking
* 86.7 %
Internet penetration
* 38
Peace index ranking
* RADIO
Most trusted medium
* 11
Net trust index
* REPUBLIC
Government type
ARMENIA
The Armenian print media are in a dire economic state. Newspaper printing is an
exceedingly losing business
* 80
Press freedom ranking
* 72.4%
Internet penetration
* 120
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY
Government type
AFGHANISTAN
Mobile telephones were introduced in 2002. Today, 19 million people are using
mobile phones out of a population of approximately 32 million.
* 118
Press freedom ranking
* 15.7 %
Internet penetration
* 162
Peace index ranking
* RADIO
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* PRESIDENTIAL ISLAMIC REPUBLIC
Government type
CAR
Print, radio and TV have not invested on acquiring an Internet presence and
suffer as a result from a chronic lack of visibility.
* 145
Press freedom ranking
* 5.3%
Internet penetration
* 157
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
INDONESIA
Radio is one of the most popular media in Indonesia and is broadcasted
everywhere in the country
* 124
Press freedom ranking
* 53.7 %
Internet penetration
* 52
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
NORWAY
Radio was established in the mid-1920s. In 1933, four private local radio
companies were merged into a national, state-owned company...
* 1
Press freedom ranking
* 99.6 %
Internet penetration
* 14
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
Government type
EL SALVADOR
Television is the most important medium in the country. It is the most
widespread and the one that receives the most from advertisers.
* 62
Press freedom ranking
* 50.3%
Internet penetration
* 115
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
GERMANY
The German-speaking media market is comprised of about 100 M people,
characterised by a long and deeply-rooted tradition of the press...
* 15
Press freedom ranking
* 89.6 %
Internet penetration
* 16
Peace index ranking
* RADIO
Most trusted medium
* 26
Net trust index
* REPUBLIC
Government type
NETHERLANDS
The Dutch media are going digital at a rapid pace. This is shown by the growth
of digital users, with more than 90% of the population...
* 3
Press freedom ranking
* 94.8 %
Internet penetration
* 19
Peace index ranking
* RADIO
Most trusted medium
* 43
Net trust index
* CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
Government type
DRC
The journalism profession offers free access to all people including those who
do not have a university education in journalism.
* 154
Press freedom ranking
* 11.7 %
Internet penetration
* 156
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* SEMI-PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
SYRIA
Syria cannot be considered any longer a unitary context. What is true in one
area of the country does not necessarily apply to the others...
* 177
Press freedom ranking
* 31.9 %
Internet penetration
* 163
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* REPUBLIC
Government type
GREECE
Today, all media outlets are facing their most difficult times ever, but
newspapers and magazines are suffering the most...
* 74
Press freedom ranking
* 69.1 %
Internet penetration
* 73
Peace index ranking
* RADIO
Most trusted medium
* -24
Net trust index
* REPUBLIC
Government type
SPAIN
The media landscape painted in Spain in the early 1990s survives to a great
extent today and, with it, its wide ideological range...
* 31
Press freedom ranking
* 87.1 %
Internet penetration
* 23
Peace index ranking
* RADIO
Most trusted medium
* 4
Net trust index
* CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
Government type
COLOMBIA
Print media with national and regional circulation have traditionally been those
of superior influence and credibility in the country.
* 130
Press freedom ranking
* 63.2 %
Internet penetration
* 143
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
HUNGARY
Hungarian viewers have a choice of over 130 nationwide free or subscription
channels and a total of 390 local and regional channels...
* 73
Press freedom ranking
* 80.5 %
Internet penetration
* 15
Peace index ranking
* TV
Most trusted medium
* -1
Net trust index
* REPUBLIC
Government type
NICARAGUA
The number of daily copies printed is decreasing along with sales, which have
dropped by more than half as of 2019.
* 114
Press freedom ranking
* 30.6%
Internet penetration
* 120
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
BELGIUM
Belgium is a country with a highly complex political structure and is divided
into three different language communities...
* 7
Press freedom ranking
* 87.9 %
Internet penetration
* 19
Peace index ranking
* RADIO
Most trusted medium
* 30
Net trust index
* CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
Government type
AZERBAIJAN
Azerbaijani media are influenced by the political processes in the country and
separated in pro-government and pro-opposition media
* 168
Press freedom ranking
* 79.0%
Internet penetration
* 120
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
NIGER
* 66
Press freedom ranking
* 4.1%
Internet penetration
* 126
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* SEMI-PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
SLOVAKIA
Traditionally, the most trusted source of information has been radio broadcast,
in recent years closely followed by television...
* 27
Press freedom ranking
* 85.2 %
Internet penetration
* 26
Peace index ranking
* RADIO
Most trusted medium
* 36
Net trust index
* REPUBLIC
Government type
IRAN
Political parties exist in Iran But they do not play an effective role in the
political arena, for this reason the media, particularly
* 164
Press freedom ranking
* 70.0 %
Internet penetration
* 129
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* REPUBLIC
Government type
EGYPT
Egypt features a media landscape which have witnessed many changes and
challenges since the January 25 revolution in 2011.
* 161
Press freedom ranking
* 49.5 %
Internet penetration
* 139
Peace index ranking
* TV
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
NEPAL
Nepal’s newspapers have a history of over a hundred years but the first private
commercial daily newspaper began publishing in 1993.
* 100
Press freedom ranking
* 54.7 %
Internet penetration
* 93
Peace index ranking
* TV
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* FEDERAL PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
UKRAINE
The Ukrainian media market had to be developed from scratch since the country
gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.
* 101
Press freedom ranking
* 93.0 %
Internet penetration
* 152
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* SEMI-PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
GUATEMALA
Unlike other media, television has not lost the leadership in being one of the
most influential channels to shape Guatemalans’ opinions.
* 116
Press freedom ranking
* 34.5 %
Internet penetration
* 111
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* PRESIDENTIAL REPUBLIC
Government type
LIBYA
Gaddafi’s regime nationalised all publishing and press organisations, no private
press was allowed to operate in Libya for over 25 years
* 162
Press freedom ranking
* 58.7 %
Internet penetration
* 153
Peace index ranking
* N/A
Most trusted medium
* N/A
Net trust index
* IN TRANSITION
Government type
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* Libya
* Austria
* United Kingdom
* Serbia
* United States
RECENT UPDATES
MEDIA LANDSCAPES HAVE BEEN UPDATED WITH NEW COUNTRY REPORTS THAT MAP THE STATE
OF MEDIA IN 13 ADDITIONAL COUNTRIES.
EUROPEAN JOURNALISM CENTRE
Site news 15 July 2019
THE MEXICAN LANDSCAPE IS ONLINE! SOMALIA, IRAN, YEMEN, SYRIA, LEBANON,
BANGLADESH, MYANMAR, NIGERIA AND EL SALVADOR HAVE BEEN EXTENDED WITH THREE NEW
CHAPTERS.
EUROPEAN JOURNALISM CENTRE
Site news 4 February 2019
MEDIA LANDSCAPES HAVE BEEN UPDATED WITH 2 NEW COUNTRY REPORTS OF AFGHANISTAN AND
LIBYA AND EXTENDED OUR REPORT OF IRAQ, NOW COVERING ALTOGETHER 38 COUNTRIES
ACROSS THE WORLD.
EUROPEAN JOURNALISM CENTRE
Site news 31 October 2018
MEDIA LANDSCAPES HAVE BEEN UPDATED WITH NEW COUNTRY REPORTS THAT MAP THE STATE
OF MEDIA IN 14 ADDITIONAL COUNTRIES.
EUROPEAN JOURNALISM CENTRE
Site news 3 May 2018
FIVE NEW PRACTICAL GUIDES HAVE BEEN ADDED FOR JOURNALISTS INVOLVED IN HIGH-RISK
COUNTRIES, NAMELY IRAN, IRAQ, LEBANON, YEMEN AND SYRIA.
EUROPEAN JOURNALISM CENTRE
Site news 1 August 2017
WELCOME TO THE BRAND NEW MEDIALANDSCAPES.ORG, WITH 20 NEW MEDIA LANDSCAPES BY 26
EXPERT AUTHORS
EUROPEAN JOURNALISM CENTRE
Site news 21 June 2017
EXPERT ANALYSES OF THE STATE OF MEDIA
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