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STEPHEN HARPER

Article by Andrew McIntosh

Published Online January 18, 2012

Last Edited January 2, 2020

Stephen Joseph Harper, CC, PC, prime minister of Canada 2006–15, politician,
author, economist (born 30 April 1959 in Toronto, ON). Stephen Harper is
Canada’s longest-serving Conservative prime minister since Sir John A.
Macdonald. He helped found the Reform Party and served as head of the National
Citizens Coalition and leader of the Canadian Alliance Party. He then
transformed the country’s political landscape by uniting the previously divided
right into the Conservative Party of Canada. He led the CPC to three consecutive
election wins before being defeated in 2015 and resigning as party leader.
Harper’s adherence to a brand of ideologically pure conservatism resulted in
what the Globe and Mail called “Canada’s first ever truly Conservative
government.” He was made a Companion of the Order of Canada in December 2019.
Stephen Harper, 22nd Prime Minister of Canada and leader of the Conservative
Party greeting crowd on street and posing for photos while waiting for the Duke
and Duchess of Cambridge to arrive. Photo taken on: July 1st, 2011


EARLY YEARS AND PERSONAL LIFE

Stephen Harper grew up in the Toronto neighbourhood of Leaside and the suburb of
Etobicoke. He is the oldest of three sons of Margaret and Joe Harper, an
accountant. Stephen attended Richview Collegiate Institute. He was a member of
the school’s Liberal club and competed on Reach for the Top. After graduating in
1978, he enrolled at the University of Toronto’s Trinity College. He dropped out
after two months and moved to Alberta. He worked as a mailroom clerk and in
other positions for Imperial Oil. Three years later, he enrolled at the
University of Calgary. He earned a bachelor’s and master’s degrees in economics,
in 1985 and 1991 respectively.

Harper is a hockey aficionado and a member of the Society of International
Hockey Research. His non-fiction book, A Great Game: The Forgotten Leafs and the
Rise of Professional Hockey (Simon & Schuster, 2013), documents the early
decades of professional hockey in North America. He also plays piano in a rock
‘n’ roll band. It has made occasional public appearances, mainly at Conservative
Party events.

In 1993, he married Laureen Teskey, an Alberta native (born 1963) with a
background in graphic arts and photography. She also has a history of community
engagement with humane societies and child-based initiatives. They have two
children, Benjamin (born 1996) and Rachel (born 1999).

The Right Honourable Stephen Harper, Prime Minister of Canada and leader of the
Conservative Party of Canada.


REFORM PARTY

Although he was initially a Liberal supporter, Harper came to oppose Liberal
actions and policies. In 1981, he went to work for Jim Hawkes, a Progressive
Conservative (PC) Member of Parliament (MP) from Calgary. After Prime Minister
Brian Mulroney’s victory in 1984, Harper spent a year working for Hawkes in
Ottawa. However, he became disillusioned with the Mulroney Tories and left.

Back in Calgary, Harper was an important figure in the founding of the Reform
Party. The Reform Party was a right-wing, populist western political movement
intent on breaking the centrist Liberal/Tory lock on power in Ottawa. With his
eloquence and grasp of issues, Harper served as the party’s first chief policy
officer under Reform leader Preston Manning. Harper drafted the party’s platform
and statement of principles. These later formed the basis for the party’s policy
bible, known as the “Blue Book.”

In 1988, Harper ran for a seat in the House of Commons against his former boss,
Jim Hawkes. However, he lost by a wide margin. He then served as legislative
assistant and policy advisor to Deborah Grey, Reform’s first MP. He remained
Reform policy chief.

In the 1993 election, Harper defeated Hawkes and became the MP for Calgary West.
As the Reform Party’s critic for finance and national unity, he gained attention
for his sharp intellect, analytical skills and bilingualism. However, in 1997,
during only his fourth year as an MP (short of qualifying for a parliamentary
pension), he stepped down from politics. Soon afterward, he became head of the
National Citizens Coalition (NCC), a conservative think tank and public advocacy
group.



NATIONAL CITIZENS COALITION (NCC) AND CANADIAN ALLIANCE

One of Harper’s biggest concerns at the NCC was the federal government’s
perceived lack of respect for the wealthy, oil-producing province of Alberta.
His views were shared, and shaped, by a group of conservative academics from the
University of Calgary. They were angry at federal intrusion in areas of
provincial responsibility. (See also Distribution of Powers.) Their ideology
became known as the “Calgary School.” In 2001, Harper and five members of the
group wrote in a National Post article that Alberta should “build firewalls”
around the province to protect against “an aggressive and hostile federal
government.”

During Harper’s four years at the NCC, the Reform Party became the Official
Opposition in Ottawa. It also rebranded itself as the Canadian Alliance.
Meanwhile, Harper remained the subject of frequent speculation as to a potential
return to politics. In spring of 2002, he was elected leader of the Canadian
Alliance, beating incumbent leader Stockwell Day on the first ballot. He
returned to the House of Commons in a by-election, becoming MP for Preston
Manning’s former riding of Calgary Southwest.


UNITING THE RIGHT

Since 1993, the Liberals had won a series of majority governments. This was due
in part to the divided political right — the Alliance and the tattered remnants
of the Progressive Conservative (PC) Party. As Alliance leader, Harper set out
to mend fences. In 2003, he convinced PC leader Peter MacKay to form a united
Conservative Party. Harper became leader of the new Conservative Party of
Canada. It won 99 seats and reduced the Liberals to a minority government in the
2004 election. They also gained an important foothold in Ontario, an
accomplishment that had eluded the Reform and Alliance parties.

As Leader of the Official Opposition, Harper initially faced doubts as to
whether he could win over Canadians in sufficient numbers to become prime
minister. These concerns focused on the questionable mass appeal of his policy
wonk persona and his ability to maintain the unity of the Conservative Party.
Many also questioned whether some party policies were too right-wing for many
voters. But Harper successfully countered those concerns. He built a coalition
inside the party that included western Reformers, traditional “Red Tories,” and
most important for electoral purposes, the Conservative flag bearers of
Ontario's “common sense revolution.” Its legions of middle-class, suburban
voters had propelled Premier Mike Harris into power in 1995.



FIRST MINORITY GOVERNMENT, 2006–08

With Paul Martin’s Liberal government under siege from the sponsorship scandal,
and the unified political right supporting him, Harper won the federal election
on 23 January 2006. He became the first westerner to be elected prime minister
since Joe Clark in 1979. Harper secured 36.3 per cent of the popular vote and
124 of 308 seats — far short of a majority. But his victory marked the end of 13
years of Liberal rule. He was sworn in as Canada’s 22nd prime minister on 6
February 2006. He immediately pared down the federal Cabinet from 33 to 27
ministers. Many of the most prominent Cabinet members were either Albertans or
one-time provincial ministers from the former Ontario regime of Mike Harris.

Harper is a strict adherent of laissez-faire capitalism and a smaller,
decentralized federal government. One of his first acts was to reduce the Goods
and Services Tax (GST) from seven to five per cent over two years. This deprived
the federal government of approximately $13 billion a year. However, the
Conservatives argued that individual Canadians were better served by keeping
more money in their own pockets than by new government programs.

In foreign policy, Harper took a staunchly pro-Israel position in the Middle
East that included aggressive criticism of some of its most vociferous
opponents. In 2006, Harper cut Canada’s aid to Palestine to protest the victory
of Hamas, the elected and sometimes militantly anti-Israel representative of
Palestine.

As opposition leader in 2003, Harper argued in favour of participating in the US
invasion of Iraq. He was a staunch advocate of Canada’s new, 2006 combat mission
in Afghanistan. His first foreign visit as prime minister was to Afghanistan in
March 2006. He became the first sitting prime minister to visit the front lines
of a combat operation when he went to Ma’sum Ghar, Afghanistan, in May 2007. His
government also extended Canada’s combat role in Afghanistan from February 2009
to December 2011. This was to allow for more reconstruction and training of
Afghan troops and police forces.

Combatting crime and terrorism became watchwords of the Harper government. It
toughened the Criminal Code, most notably by imposing higher and mandatory
minimum sentences on various crimes. Harper also increased funding for the
federal prison system, nearly doubling it during his first five years in office.



SECOND MINORITY GOVERNMENT, 2008–11

Harper ran two balanced budgets and a small deficit his first three years in
office. This helped him establish a reputation as a sound economic manager.
After the worldwide financial crisis in 2008 sparked a global recession, he
called an early election. This circumvented Parliament’s 2007 law that
established fixed election dates. Harper argued that the severity of the crisis
and the need for strong economic leadership justified the measure. In the
ensuing campaign, his government was returned to power with more seats (143),
but still a minority.

In the wake of this victory, Harper tabled an economic update. In keeping with
his commitment to limit government spending, the update lacked any economic
stimulus measures. However, it included motions to suspend the right of federal
civil servants to strike and to end public funding of political parties. The
budget update set off a firestorm in Parliament. It drew ferocious opposition
from the Liberals, NDP and Bloc Québécois. They announced plans to form a
coalition to overturn the government. Harper avoided defeat by persuading
Governor General Michaëlle Jean to prorogue — adjourn — Parliament from 4
December 2008 to 26 January 2009. By the time Parliament resumed, the opposition
coalition had unravelled amid public disapproval. The Conservative’s hold on
power was secure.

Harper’s government then delivered $45 billion in federal stimulus spending
between 2009 and 2012. This resulted in the first federal deficits in a decade.
But it also helped Canada emerge from the financial crisis in better shape than
most other Western countries.



MAJORITY GOVERNMENT, 2011–15

On 25 March 2011, Parliament voted 156 to 145 to express non-confidence in the
Harper government and cite it for contempt of Parliament for refusing to
disclose information about the cost of its law-and-order agenda, corporate tax
cuts and purchase of fighter jets. The contempt charge was the first levied
against a federal government. But in the ensuing election on 2 May 2011, Harper
and the Conservatives achieved a majority government with 39.6 per cent of the
vote and 166 of 308 seats.

The Harper government continued its support of Israel by suspending diplomatic
relations with Iran in September 2012 and officially recognizing it as a state
sponsor of terrorism. In November 2012, Canada was one of only nine countries to
vote against a United Nations resolution giving Palestine “symbolic” statehood.
In other foreign policy affairs, Harper was a vocal critic of Russia’s
aggression toward Ukraine. He also committed Canada to a limited air role in
military efforts against the Islamic State terrorist group.

On crime and security, Harper’s government vigorously opposed the return of
convicted child-terrorist Omar Khadr to Canada from the US prison in Guantamano
Bay. It also gave new surveillance and detention powers to police and
intelligence agencies under Bill C-51. This followed the shootings at Parliament
Hill by an Islamic State supporter on 22 October 2014. Harper used his majority
mandate to further shrink government reach and expenditure by eliminating the
long-form census and federal allowances to registered political parties. His
government also abolished the long gun registry, sold the Canadian Wheat Board
and reduced MPs’ pensions, including his own.

Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and US President Barack Obama walk down
the Hall of Honor towards a joint news conference on Parliament Hill in Ottawa
on 19 Feb 2009. Canada was the new president's first international visit.


2015 ELECTION

After calling a long, 11-week election campaign, Harper immediately issued
several tax breaks. He also sought to focus attention on his economic record and
experience in government. However, the early weeks of the campaign were filled
with news from the ongoing fraud trial of Senator Mike Duffy. It focused on
whether Harper knew of a $90,172 cheque written by his chief of staff Nigel
Wright to cover Duffy’s falsely-claimed expenses. (See Mike Duffy Case.)
Harper’s vow to oppose a woman’s right to wear a niqab in a citizenship ceremony
became a major election issue and ate away at support for the front-runner NDP
in the vital battleground of Québec. But the move also drew criticism that
Harper was appealing to identity politics to win votes.

Unable to overcome a growing national sentiment for change, Harper was defeated
by charismatic Liberal leader Justin Trudeau. His party won a majority
government of 184 seats on 19 October 2015. The Conservatives won 99 seats,
becoming the Official Opposition. Harper resigned as the first and only leader
of the party he had largely formed.



ACCOMPLISHMENTS

On economic issues, Harper and then-finance minister Jim Flaherty won wide
praise for their actions to help Canada through the global recession that began
in 2008. He expanded free trade with a variety of new partners, including an
agreement with South Korea. He also drafted trade deals with the European Union
and the Pacific Rim. Domestically, he was a strong advocate of Canada’s Arctic
sovereignty and the linchpin in the re-emergence of a strong, viable
conservative party.

Harper’s preferred form of assistance to Canadians was offered in the form of
targeted tax cuts rather than the creation of new programs. Canada in 2015 faced
its lowest federal tax burden in 50 years. From 2006 to 2015, corporate taxes
fell from 2.6 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) to 2 per cent. Income
taxes were trimmed from 7.4 per cent of GDP to 6.9 per cent.

Harper avoided the constitutional quagmire that had ensnared several of his
predecessors. He instead took a more conciliatory approach to issues of national
unity. He officially apologized to Chinese Canadians for Canada’s head tax and
the subsequent exclusion of Chinese immigrants between 1885 and 1923. He also
officially recognized the Québécois as a “nation” within Canada and offered an
emotional apology to Indigenous people for the federal government’s role in
residential schools.



CRITICISMS

Canada’s resource-based economy recovered following the 2008 crisis. However, it
suffered again in late 2014 and 2015 due to a worldwide decline in oil and
commodity prices. This resulted in job losses in the West, particularly Alberta,
and a severe drop in the Canadian dollar. This led to criticism that Harper’s
focus on resource extraction had put all of Canada’s eggs in one basket. He was
also criticized for an anemic effort to address climate change and for failing
to meet prior targets to lower greenhouse gas emissions. Most notably, he
withdrew Canada from the Kyoto Protocol.

Harper was accused throughout his tenure of compiling various, often unrelated
legislation in sweeping omnibus bills, of centralizing control in the Prime
Minister’s Office to an unprecedented degree, and of lacking transparency and
accountability. His second prorogation of Parliament in 2009, for example, was
widely perceived as an attempt to avoid an inquiry into Canada’s role in the
treatment of Afghan detainees. (See also The Detainee Papers Ruling; Showdown in
the House: Afghanistan Detainee Documents.)

Many Indigenous groups were critical of the Harper government for cutting
funding to a number of Indigenous organizations and programs, and for refusing
to release records related to residential schools to the Truth and
Reconciliation Commission. Anger over the Jobs and Growth Act of 2012 also
directly inspired the Idle No More movement. Several of the tough-on-crime laws
Harper’s government proposed were dismissed by the Supreme Court as contrary to
the Charter of Rights. And many critics questioned the effectiveness of devoting
record-high resources to fighting crime and building prisons in the face of a
falling national crime rate.



BACKBENCHER AND RETIREMENT FROM POLITICS

Having won his re-election as MP of Calgary Heritage in the 2015 federal
election, Harper stayed on in Parliament as a Conservative Party
backbencher.(Rona Ambrose was named the party’s interim leader. Harper kept a
low profile in his new role. He attended Parliament only for votes and exited
through a back door to avoid the daily media scrums. His first public appearance
since conceding the 2015 election was as opening speaker at the Conservative
Party’s policy convention in Vancouver on 26 May 2016. “We have a proud record,”
he said, “but the past is no place to linger. Now is the time to look forward.
Our party’s journey is only beginning.”

The day before the convention, the Globe and Mail reported that Harper would
resign as MP before the beginning of Parliament’s fall session. He officially
resigned on 26 August 2016, making the announcement in a video clip posted to
his social media accounts.


CAREER POST-POLITICS

Following his retirement from politics, Harper launched the Calgary-based
consultancy firm Harper & Associates Consulting Inc. This was done in
partnership with his former chief of staff Ray Novak, long-time aide Jeremy Hunt
and former PMO policy director Rachel Curran. Harper had officially incorporated
the firm in December 2015.

In September 2016, Harper accepted a “strategic affiliation” with the
international law firm Dentons. Working out of Dentons’ Calgary office, his role
would be to “provide advice to clients on market access, managing global
geopolitical and economic risk, and how to maximize value in global markets.”
Harper signed with Worldwide Speakers Group to become a high-profile public
speaker. He also accepted positions on the board of directors of real estate
company Colliers International and the Conservative Fund, the fundraising arm of
the Conservative Party of Canada.


In April 2017, Harper took a position as an advisor with the Silicon Valley tech
fund 8VC. It invests in health care, financial and transportation companies. In
February 2018, he was unanimously elected chairman of the International Democrat
Union, a group of centre-right party leaders from around the world that was
co-founded by George H.W. Bush and Margaret Thatcher, among others.

In 2018, Harper began to establish a more prominent presence on the
international scene. In February, he told an American audience that “I could
have wielded a lot more power. I think I probably could still easily be leader
of my party if I wanted to. I mean, I’m de facto the founder of my party.” On 16
October 2018 — three years to the day after the 2015 federal election —
McClelland & Stewart published Harper’s book, Right Here, Right Now: Politics
and Leadership in the Age of Disruption. It focuses on the state of conservatism
in the face of rising international populism.

In January 2019, Harper addressed a group of investors and oil and gas
executives in London, England. He argued that investors had lost confidence in
Canada’s energy sector and laid out steps to rectify the situation. In June, he
announced that he was remaining neutral in the UK Conservative Party’s
leadership race, despite rumours that he had been hired as a consultant by
Jeremy Hunt’s campaign. In October, Harper spoke out in favour of Conservative
Party leader Boris Johnson’s decision to prorogue the British Parliament. He was
also highly critical of Britain’s Supreme Court for ruling that Johnson’s
attempt to prorogue parliament was illegal, and for taking steps to prevent such
a move in the future. Following Andrew Scheer’s resignation as leader of the
Conservative Party of Canada in December 2019, many pundits speculated that
Harper may run to replace him.

See also: Maclean’s Article: Stephen Harper Profile (9 May 2005); Maclean’s
Article: Stephen Harper Interview (19 January 2009); Maclean’s Article: Stephen
Harper Here to Stay? (11 May 2009); Maclean’s Article: Stephen Harper Interview
(19 October 2009); Maclean’s Article: Stephen Harper the Expert? (16 August
2010).


HONOURS AND AWARDS

 * Queen’s Privy Council for Canada (2006)
 * Canada’s Newsmaker of the Year, Time Magazine (2006)
 * Woodrow Wilson Award, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars,
   Smithsonian Institution (2006)
 * Presidential Gold Medallion for Humanitarianism, B’nai B’rith International
   (2008)
 * World Statesman of the Year, Appeal of Conscience Foundation (2012)
 * Honorary Degree, Tel Aviv University (2014)
 * Order of Liberty, Government of Ukraine (2016)
 * Companion, Order of Canada (2019)




PRIME MINISTERS OF CANADA


NAME

Party

Term

Sir John A. Macdonald

Con.

1867-1873

Alexander Mackenzie

Lib.

1873-1878

Sir John A. Macdonald

Con.

1878-1891

Sir John J.C. Abbott

Con.

1891-1892

Sir John Sparrow Thompson

Con.

1892-1894

Sir Mackenzie Bowell

Con.

1894-1896

Sir Charles Tupper

Con.

1896

Sir Wilfrid Laurier

Lib.

1896-1911

Sir Robert Borden

Con.

1911-1917

Sir Robert Borden

Union Gov

1917-1920

Arthur Meighen

Con.

1920-1921

W.L. Mackenzie King

Lib.

1921-1926

Arthur Meighen

Con.

1926

W.L. Mackenzie King

Lib.

1926-1930

R.B. Bennett

Con.

1930-1935

W.L. Mackenzie King

Lib.

1935-1948

Louis St-Laurent

Lib.

1948-1957

John Diefenbaker

Con.

1957-1963

Lester B. Pearson

Lib.

1963-1968

Pierre Elliott Trudeau

Lib.

1968-1979

Joe Clark

Con.

1979-1980

Pierre Elliott Trudeau

Lib.

1980-1984

John Turner

Lib.

1984

Brian Mulroney

Con.

1984-1993

Kim Campbell

Con.

1993

Jean Chrétien

Lib.

1993-2003

Paul Martin

Lib.

2003-2006

Stephen Harper

Con.

2006-2015

Justin Trudeau

Lib.

2015-


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FURTHER READING

 * Tom Flanagan, Waiting for the Wave: The Reform Party and the Conservative
   Movement (McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2009).
   

 * Lawrence Martin, Harperland: The Politics of Control (Viking, 2010).
   

 * John Ibbitson, Stephen Harper (Signal, 2015).
   

 * Michael Harris, Part of One: Stephen Harper and Canada’s Radical Makeover
   (Viking, 2014).
   

 * Paul Wells, Right Side Up: The Fall of Paul Martin and the Rise of Stephen
   Harper’s New Conservatism (Douglas Gibson Books, 2007).
   

 * Tom Flanagan, Harper's Team: Behind the Scenes in the Conservative Rise to
   Power (McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2007).

 * Paul Wells, The Longer I’m Prime Minister: Stephen Harper and Canada, 2006–
   (Random House Canada, 2013).
   


EXTERNAL LINKS

 * Member of Parliament ProfileOfficial parliamentary profile of Prime Minister
   Stephen Harper.

 * The Longer I'm Prime MinisterSynopsis of a biography which explores Stephen
   Harper's understanding of Canada, and who he speaks for in the national
   conversation. From indio.ca.

 * Conservative Party of CanadaThe official website for the Conservative Party
   of Canada.

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