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https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/public-cleanliness/environmental-cleaning-guidelines/advisories/advisory-on-co2-mon...
Submission: On July 27 via api from SG — Scanned from DE
Submission: On July 27 via api from SG — Scanned from DE
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<span>Advisory on CO2 Monitoring to Assess Ventilation Adequacy</span>
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<h1>Advisory on CO2 Monitoring to Assess Ventilation Adequacy</h1>
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<div class="sfContentBlock"><em>First released on June 2022<br></em><br>
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<td><strong>1. Introduction</strong></td>
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<div class="sfContentBlock">This Advisory Note guides premises managers on how carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) monitoring can be used as a proxy for ventilation adequacy, so that premises managers can take timely mitigating
measures when ventilation is poor (when CO<sub>2</sub> levels are above 800ppm). Measures to improve ventilation in indoor spaces can be found in the
<a href="https://go.gov.sg/bca-nea-moh-guidance-improve-ventilation" title="" class="" target="">Guidance Note on Improving Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality in Buildings amid the COVID-19 Situation</a>.<br><br><br>
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<td><strong>2. Prioritisation of premises for CO2 monitoring and ventilation improvements</strong></td>
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<div class="sfContentBlock">As Singapore transitions to COVID-19 endemicity, premises managers should take active steps to ensure good ventilation, especially in enclosed, air-conditioned indoor environments. Good ventilation
reduces the amount of virus aerosols and other indoor air pollutants that could be present. This will help mitigate the risk of aerosol-based transmission to protect the health of occupants, workers and general public in these
premises. Measures to improve ventilation will also enhance our resilience against new COVID-19 variants of concern and future airborne infectious disease threats.<p>Ensuring good ventilation is critical in premises with higher
risk of aerosol transmission, due to risk factors such as mask-off or bioaerosol-generating activities, prolonged time duration spent by occupants within the space, and/or the presence of vulnerable populations. A list of such
higher risk premises is shown below. Managers of such premises should proactively ensure that these premises are always well-ventilated. <br></p><strong>List of premises with higher risk of aerosol transmission
and/or presence of vulnerable group </strong>
<ul>
<li>Hospitals and clinics</li>
<li>Eldercare facilities, including nursing homes and day activity centres</li>
<li>Establishments with food and drinks served on-site*</li>
<li>Gyms and fitness studios<br>*Include food establishments, event venues, function rooms, nightlife establishments, karaoke establishments etc.<br></li>
</ul>
<p> CO<sub>2</sub> monitoring can be used as a quick, easy-to-implement proxy for ventilation adequacy, and to identify pockets of under-ventilated spaces or overcrowding within the premises. High CO<sub>2 </sub>levels imply
that there is insufficient outdoor air intake and/or overcrowding, and measures should be taken to improve ventilation or reduce occupancy.
<u>Managers of higher risk premises should carry out CO<sub>2</sub> monitoring regularly and take prompt action to improve ventilation, where necessary.</u></p>
<p>For more information, please refer to appended Guide to Premises Managers on CO<sub>2</sub> Monitoring.</p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<div class="sfContentBlock">
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<table class="nea-table table">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>GUIDE TO PREMISES MANAGERS ON CO<sub>2</sub> MONITORING</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sfContentBlock">
<div class="nea-accordion">
<div class="tab"><input id="What" to="" use="" type="checkbox" name="tabs"><label for="What" to="" use="">What to Use?</label>
<div class="tab-content">
<p>Use a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) portable CO<sub>2</sub> meter or install CO<sub>2</sub> monitors (NDIR) with real-time display, depending on your operational needs. </p>
<p>[Note: Refer to Annex for recommended specifications of CO<sub>2</sub> meters]</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="nea-accordion">
<div class="tab"><input id="Where" to="" measure="" type="checkbox" name="tabs"><label for="Where" to="" measure="">Where to Measure?</label>
<div class="tab-content">
<p></p>
<ul>
<li>Measure at spaces with highest occupant density.</li>
<li> Place CO<sub>2</sub> meters between 75cm and 120cm from the floor and as close as possible to the occupants’ breathing zone level, away from windows, doors or supply air vent where practicable.</li>
<li>Position CO<sub>2</sub> meters at least 0.5m away from any human occupant where practicable, as exhaled breath contains CO<sub>2</sub>, which may influence the readings and give rise to misleading measurement.</li>
<li>To better identify locations with poorer air flow, take measurement from multiple locations within the space.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="/images/default-source/advisories/crowds.jpg" data-displaymode="Original" alt="Crowds Sampling Points" title="Crowds Sampling Points"></p>
</div>
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<div class="tab"><input id="How" to="" measure="" type="checkbox" name="tabs"><label for="How" to="" measure="">How to Measure?</label>
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<p></p>
<ul>
<li>Measure CO<sub>2</sub> levels over a period of 5 min per sampling location.</li>
<li>The average CO<sub>2</sub> level over the measurement period serves as a quick assessment of ventilation adequacy.</li>
<li>Take measurements during peak occupancy, or at timings that are deemed to be representative of the premises’ activity. Instantaneous or ‘snapshot’ readings can be misleading, so several measurements should be taken
throughout the day. The frequency of measurements should be sufficient to ensure that changes in the use of the space throughout the day are represented in the readings.</li>
</ul>
<p>Note: Some CO<sub>2</sub> meters can auto-calculate and display the average CO<sub>2 </sub>reading over measurement period</p>
</div>
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<div class="tab"><input id="numbers" meaning="" type="checkbox" name="tabs"><label for="numbers" meaning="">What do the numbers mean?</label>
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<p></p>
<p>It is recommended to keep the CO<sub>2</sub> levels below 800 ppm over the measurement period in enclosed air-conditioned spaces. If the CO<sub>2 </sub>levels are above 800ppm[1], premises managers should assess the
situation and take the necessary measures to improve ventilation.</p>
<div>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%">
<div id="ftn1"></div>
</div>
<p>[1] The indoor CO<sub>2 </sub>levels should ideally not exceed 800 ppm in the context of COVID-19, and under no circumstance should they exceed the SS554:2016 (Singapore Standard SS554: 2016 Code of Practice
for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings) recommended limit of not more than 700 ppm in excess of outdoor levels, which is approximately 1,100 ppm.</p>
</div>
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<div class="tab"><input id="Next" steps="" type="checkbox" name="tabs"><label for="Next" steps="">Next Steps</label>
<div class="tab-content">
<p></p>
<ul>
<li>Taking CO<sub>2</sub> measurements can help to identify poorly ventilated spaces in the indoor environment.</li>
<li>You may refer to the latest <a href="https://go.gov.sg/bca-nea-moh-guidance-improve-ventilation">Guidance Note</a>, published by BCA, NEA and MOH, for recommended measures to improve ventilation in your
premises. Common ways include opening operable windows and doors, operating exhaust fans (e.g. in toilets, kitchens) at full capacity, or adding dedicated outdoor air supply/exhaust.</li>
<li> If you are unable to improve ventilation due to site constraints and the CO<sub>2</sub> readings are consistently above 800ppm, consider installing portable air cleaners with high-efficiency air filters such as HEPA
filters, which can help to remove virus aerosols. You may refer to
<a href="https://go.gov.sg/aircleaning-advisory">Technical Advisory on Use of Air-Cleaning Technologies to Mitigate COVID-19 Aerosol Transmission Risk</a> and
<a href="https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/public-cleanliness/environmental-cleaning-guidelines/guidelines/list-of-portable-air-cleaners-against-covid-19-virus-aerosols">List of Portable Air Cleaners Against COVID-19 Virus Aerosols</a>
for more information.</li>
</ul>
<p>Note: Localised air cleaning will not improve ventilation in indoor space but can help to reduce spread of diseases by removing virus aerosols.</p>
<p></p>
</div>
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<p> </p>
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<div class="sfContentBlock">
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<td><strong>ANNEX</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<div class="sfContentBlock">
<p><strong>(1) Recommended Specifications for CO<sub>2</sub> Meters</strong></p>
<div class="allow-overflow-item">
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" class="nea-table table">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="601" valign="top"><br>✔️ Non-dispersive infrared (NDIR)<br><br>✔️ Able to measure between 300 to 3,000ppm or more<br><br>✔️ Logging frequency of at least once every minute<br><br>✔️ Accuracy of not more than
±50 ppm or ±5% (measured within the specified measurement range)<br><br>✔️ Resolution of 10ppm or less<br><br>✔️ Can be calibrated<br><br>✔️ [Good to have] Provide average readings based on selected measurement
duration<br><br></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p><strong>(2) References</strong></p>
<div class="allow-overflow-item">
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" class="nea-table table">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="600">
<p><strong>(A) Guidance Note on Improving Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality in Buildings amid the COVID-19 Situation</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="468">
<p><a href="https://go.gov.sg/bca-nea-moh-guidance-improve-ventilation">https://go.gov.sg/bca-nea-moh-guidance-improve-ventilation</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="600">
<p><strong>(B) Technical Advisory on Use of Air-Cleaning Technologies to Mitigate COVID-19 Aerosol Transmission Risk</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="468">
<p><a href="https://go.gov.sg/aircleaning-advisory">https://go.gov.sg/aircleaning-advisory</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="600">
<p><strong>(C) List of Portable Air Cleaners Against COVID-19 Virus Aerosols</strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="468">
<p><a href="https://go.gov.sg/list-of-portable-air-cleaners-covid-19">https://go.gov.sg/list-of-portable-air-cleaners-covid-19</a></p>
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Advisory on CO2 Monitoring to Assess Ventilation Adequacy
ADVISORY ON CO2 MONITORING TO ASSESS VENTILATION ADEQUACY
First released on June 2022
1. Introduction
This Advisory Note guides premises managers on how carbon dioxide (CO2)
monitoring can be used as a proxy for ventilation adequacy, so that premises
managers can take timely mitigating measures when ventilation is poor (when CO2
levels are above 800ppm). Measures to improve ventilation in indoor spaces can
be found in the Guidance Note on Improving Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality in
Buildings amid the COVID-19 Situation.
2. Prioritisation of premises for CO2 monitoring and ventilation improvements
As Singapore transitions to COVID-19 endemicity, premises managers should take
active steps to ensure good ventilation, especially in enclosed, air-conditioned
indoor environments. Good ventilation reduces the amount of virus aerosols and
other indoor air pollutants that could be present. This will help mitigate the
risk of aerosol-based transmission to protect the health of occupants, workers
and general public in these premises. Measures to improve ventilation will also
enhance our resilience against new COVID-19 variants of concern and future
airborne infectious disease threats.
Ensuring good ventilation is critical in premises with higher risk of aerosol
transmission, due to risk factors such as mask-off or bioaerosol-generating
activities, prolonged time duration spent by occupants within the space, and/or
the presence of vulnerable populations. A list of such higher risk premises is
shown below. Managers of such premises should proactively ensure that these
premises are always well-ventilated.
List of premises with higher risk of aerosol transmission and/or presence of
vulnerable group
* Hospitals and clinics
* Eldercare facilities, including nursing homes and day activity centres
* Establishments with food and drinks served on-site*
* Gyms and fitness studios
*Include food establishments, event venues, function rooms, nightlife
establishments, karaoke establishments etc.
CO2 monitoring can be used as a quick, easy-to-implement proxy for ventilation
adequacy, and to identify pockets of under-ventilated spaces or overcrowding
within the premises. High CO2 levels imply that there is insufficient outdoor
air intake and/or overcrowding, and measures should be taken to improve
ventilation or reduce occupancy. Managers of higher risk premises should carry
out CO2 monitoring regularly and take prompt action to improve ventilation,
where necessary.
For more information, please refer to appended Guide to Premises Managers on CO2
Monitoring.
GUIDE TO PREMISES MANAGERS ON CO2 MONITORING
What to Use?
Use a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) portable CO2 meter or install CO2 monitors
(NDIR) with real-time display, depending on your operational needs.
[Note: Refer to Annex for recommended specifications of CO2 meters]
Where to Measure?
* Measure at spaces with highest occupant density.
* Place CO2 meters between 75cm and 120cm from the floor and as close as
possible to the occupants’ breathing zone level, away from windows, doors or
supply air vent where practicable.
* Position CO2 meters at least 0.5m away from any human occupant where
practicable, as exhaled breath contains CO2, which may influence the readings
and give rise to misleading measurement.
* To better identify locations with poorer air flow, take measurement from
multiple locations within the space.
How to Measure?
* Measure CO2 levels over a period of 5 min per sampling location.
* The average CO2 level over the measurement period serves as a quick
assessment of ventilation adequacy.
* Take measurements during peak occupancy, or at timings that are deemed to be
representative of the premises’ activity. Instantaneous or ‘snapshot’
readings can be misleading, so several measurements should be taken
throughout the day. The frequency of measurements should be sufficient to
ensure that changes in the use of the space throughout the day are
represented in the readings.
Note: Some CO2 meters can auto-calculate and display the average CO2 reading
over measurement period
What do the numbers mean?
It is recommended to keep the CO2 levels below 800 ppm over the measurement
period in enclosed air-conditioned spaces. If the CO2 levels are above
800ppm[1], premises managers should assess the situation and take the necessary
measures to improve ventilation.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] The indoor CO2 levels should ideally not exceed 800 ppm in the context of
COVID-19, and under no circumstance should they exceed the SS554:2016 (Singapore
Standard SS554: 2016 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-Conditioned
Buildings) recommended limit of not more than 700 ppm in excess of outdoor
levels, which is approximately 1,100 ppm.
Next Steps
* Taking CO2 measurements can help to identify poorly ventilated spaces in the
indoor environment.
* You may refer to the latest Guidance Note, published by BCA, NEA and MOH, for
recommended measures to improve ventilation in your premises. Common ways
include opening operable windows and doors, operating exhaust fans (e.g. in
toilets, kitchens) at full capacity, or adding dedicated outdoor air
supply/exhaust.
* If you are unable to improve ventilation due to site constraints and the CO2
readings are consistently above 800ppm, consider installing portable air
cleaners with high-efficiency air filters such as HEPA filters, which can
help to remove virus aerosols. You may refer to Technical Advisory on Use of
Air-Cleaning Technologies to Mitigate COVID-19 Aerosol Transmission Risk and
List of Portable Air Cleaners Against COVID-19 Virus Aerosols for more
information.
Note: Localised air cleaning will not improve ventilation in indoor space but
can help to reduce spread of diseases by removing virus aerosols.
ANNEX
(1) Recommended Specifications for CO2 Meters
✔️ Non-dispersive infrared (NDIR)
✔️ Able to measure between 300 to 3,000ppm or more
✔️ Logging frequency of at least once every minute
✔️ Accuracy of not more than ±50 ppm or ±5% (measured within the specified
measurement range)
✔️ Resolution of 10ppm or less
✔️ Can be calibrated
✔️ [Good to have] Provide average readings based on selected measurement
duration
(2) References
(A) Guidance Note on Improving Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality in Buildings
amid the COVID-19 Situation
https://go.gov.sg/bca-nea-moh-guidance-improve-ventilation
(B) Technical Advisory on Use of Air-Cleaning Technologies to Mitigate COVID-19
Aerosol Transmission Risk
https://go.gov.sg/aircleaning-advisory
(C) List of Portable Air Cleaners Against COVID-19 Virus Aerosols
https://go.gov.sg/list-of-portable-air-cleaners-covid-19
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Last updated 10 June 2022
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