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AFFIRMATIVE ACTION: SHOULD WE FAVOR CLASS OVER RACE?

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AFFIRMATIVE ACTION: SHOULD WE FAVOR CLASS OVER RACE?

By OZY Editors

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WHY YOU SHOULD CARE

Because it’s getting harder for low-income students to keep up with their
wealthier peers.

By OZY Editors

July 5, 2017
OZY's electrifying TV show serves up provocative questions each week.OZY's
electrifying TV show serves up provocative questions each week. We want to hear
your thoughts: thirdrail@ozy.com

Our question this week: Should we favor class over race in affirmative
action? Email us or comment below with your thoughts.

The recent rumors of Justice Anthony Kennedy’s retirement from the U.S. Supreme
Court and the prospect of President Donald Trump replacing him with a more
conservative justice serve as reminders that race-based affirmative action in
America may be on its last pair of 80-year-old legal legs. Last year, the
often-swing justice was the deciding vote in a 4-3 decision in Fisher v.
University of Texas, upholding the University of Texas’ race-conscious
admissions system.

The precarious legal footing, and a renewed interest in addressing income and
educational inequality, has led a number of states and schools to develop
class-based preferences in admissions policies that they hope will improve both
income and racial diversity. Regardless of the Supreme Court’s composition, is
it time to move beyond racial preferences in admissions? Should more places
consider jettisoning race-based affirmative action in favor of class-based?

> Can class-based admissions policies be trusted to maintain minority
> representation levels?

Although affirmative action policies are used in the U.S. workplace, their use
in the sphere of higher education has been the focal point of recent Supreme
Court cases, and hence the center of the debate. It wasn’t long ago that the
achievement gap between white and Black students in America was twice as large
as the one between students from low-income and high-income families. But that
dynamic has shifted in recent years, according to a recent report from the Jack
Kent Cooke Foundation, an independent educational organization. The income gap
now is twice as big as the race one. While students from the bottom-income
quartile make up about 3 percent of enrollment in the most competitive U.S.
colleges, their peers from the top-income quartile make up a whopping 72
percent, despite affirmative action policies and rising Pell Grant levels at
these schools.

Why such a pronounced class difference? “The biggest problem is money,”
best-selling author Malcolm Gladwell told OZY last summer before discussing
educational inequality at OZY Fest in New York City’s Central Park. “College has
gotten absurdly expensive, and lower-income Americans can’t afford it,” he said.
On average, students from low-income families are less likely than their more
advantaged peers to have access to Advanced Placement courses, to visit college
campuses, to make early applications, to have knowledge of available financial
aid and to enjoy a host of other resources that help one navigate and win entry
into a selective college.

 

To address such class discrepancies (and to get around restrictions on
race-based preferences), a number of states, including Texas, California and
Florida, have “percent plans” that guarantee admission to state universities for
the top-ranked graduates at each high school in the state, and a number of
colleges have adopted socioeconomic-based admissions. The University of
Colorado, Boulder, for example, uses a number of socioeconomic variables (a
“disadvantage index”) in admissions to boost its numbers of both low-income
students and underrepresented minorities.



It’s not clear, however, whether CU’s policy can be successfully transplanted
elsewhere, or whether class-based admissions policies can be trusted to maintain
minority representation levels absent the inclusion of race-based factors.
According to Angel L. Harris, a sociology professor at Duke University who has
studied the impact of percent plans like Texas’ on racial compositions, income
and race-based preferences are not interchangeable, and “moving away from
race-based admissions policies,” as he argues in The New York Times, “appears to
lead to a reduction in the representation of diverse perspectives.”

American employers who voluntarily implement race-based affirmative action plans
to promote a more diverse workforce have closely observed the Supreme Court’s
rulings on race-conscious admissions policies, and will undoubtedly also monitor
how well class-based policies might succeed in the realm of higher education.
And if class-based decisions can work in admissions, then perhaps they can help
inform hiring decisions too.  

What do you think? Should we favor class over race when it comes to affirmative
action? Email thirdrail@ozy.com.





 * OZY Editors, OZY Author Contact OZY Editors


July 5, 2017

TOPICS

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 * Inequality
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 * Universities



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