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2600:1901:0:c831:: Public Scan

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URL:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39700314/?utm_source=SimplePie&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=pubmed-2&utm_content=1zOrwYPa_1RS6jdZ...
Submission: On December 21 via api (December 21st 2024, 5:23:09 am UTC) from US — Scanned from FR

Form analysis
10 forms found in the DOM

GET /

<form action="/" method="get" autocomplete="off" class="usa-search usa-search-big search-form content-page-layout" id="search-form" role="search">
  <div class="inner-wrap">
    <a class="pubmed-logo" aria-label="Pubmed Logo" href="/" data-ga-category="featured_link" data-ga-action="pubmed_logo">


        <img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/b4540a7b-d925-4747-955d-e13551e0ee58/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg" alt="pubmed logo">
      
    </a>
    <a href="#" class="search-input-trigger" data-alt-title="Hide search bar" title="Show search bar" aria-label="Show search bar" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">
    </a>
    <div role="search" class="search-input">
      <div class="form-field ">
        <label class="usa-sr-only" for="id_term"> Search: </label>
        <span class="twitter-typeahead ncbi-autocomplete"><input type="search" name="term" data-skip-ie-scroll-to-top="" data-replace-term-with-exact="" data-exact-query="" placeholder="" class="term-input tt-input" required="required" id="id_term"
            spellcheck="false" dir="auto" style="position: relative; vertical-align: top;" aria-owns="id_term_listbox" role="combobox" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-expanded="false"><span role="status" aria-live="polite"
            style="position: absolute; padding: 0px; border: 0px; height: 1px; width: 1px; margin-bottom: -1px; margin-right: -1px; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); white-space: nowrap;"></span>
          <pre aria-hidden="true"
            style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden; white-space: pre; font-family: BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, &quot;Fira Sans&quot;, &quot;Droid Sans&quot;, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; text-indent: 0px; text-rendering: auto; text-transform: none;"></pre>
          <div role="listbox" class="tt-menu" id="id_term_listbox" aria-expanded="false" style="position: absolute; top: 100%; left: 0px; z-index: 100; display: none;">
            <div role="presentation" class="tt-dataset tt-dataset-0"></div>
          </div>
        </span><a href="#" class="clear-btn" aria-label="Clear search input" title="Clear search input" role="button" data-pinger-ignore=""></a><button type="submit" class="search-btn" aria-label="Search" data-pinger-ignore=""><span
            class="usa-search-submit-text">Search</span></button>
      </div>
    </div>
    <!-- Create alert and Create RSS are buttons that look like links -->
    <!-- Better for them to look like buttons but no space -->
    <div class="search-links-wrapper content-page-layout">
      <div class="search-links">
        <a href="/advanced/" class="search-input-link adv-search-link" data-ga-category="featured_link" data-ga-action="adv_search">Advanced</a>
        <a href="/clipboard/" class="search-input-link clipboard-link hidden" data-ga-category="featured_link" data-ga-action="clipboard">
          Clipboard <span class="amount-in-clipboard"></span>
        </a>
      </div>
      <span class="search-input-link user-guide-link" role="navigation" aria-label="User guide">
        <a href="/help/" data-ga-category="featured_link" data-ga-action="user_guide">
            User Guide
          </a>
      </span>
    </div>
  </div>
</form>

POST /results-export-ids/

<form id="save-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post"
  data-by-ids-method="post">
  <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="hu3MZ985cvaOzMMDfW8AJ2SOiiBioLkcomtstMtqfC09ExVvJERnqPsOlKgOOxfk">
  <div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
    <label for="save-action-format" class="action-panel-label"> Format: </label>
    <select id="save-action-format" name="results-format" class="action-panel-selector">
      <option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
      <option value="pubmed-text">PubMed</option>
      <option value="pmid">PMID</option>
      <option value="abstract">Abstract (text)</option>
      <option value="csv">CSV</option>
    </select>
  </div>
  <div class="action-panel-actions">
    <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="save" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button>
    <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Save citations to file' panel" ref="linksrc=close_save_panel" aria-controls="save-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="save"
      data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button>
  </div>
</form>

POST /send-email/

<form id="email-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/send-email/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-email-by-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/send-email/" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"
  method="post">
  <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="hu3MZ985cvaOzMMDfW8AJ2SOiiBioLkcomtstMtqfC09ExVvJERnqPsOlKgOOxfk">
  <div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
    <span class="action-panel-label"> Subject: </span>
    <span class="email-subject" id="email-subject" aria-label="Email subject">1 selected item: 39700314 - PubMed</span>
    <input type="hidden" name="email-subject" value="1 selected item: 39700314">
    <input type="hidden" name="email-subject-hash" value="a6061f44522523678e823a0d4253bc482a69cb6502147d36255a3ac49d45c387">
  </div>
  <div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
    <label for="email-to" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> To: </label>
    <input type="email" aria-label="Recipient Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-to" class="email-to" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="100" required="">
  </div>
  <div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
    <label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label"> From: </label>
    <input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
  </div>
  <div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
    <label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label"> Format: </label>
    <select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
      <option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
      <option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
      <option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
      <option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
    </select>
  </div>
  <div class="include-supplemental-container" style="display: none;">
    <input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
    <label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
  </div>
  <div class="form-field recaptcha ">
    <div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
  </div>
  <div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
  <div class="action-panel-actions">
    <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="email" data-ga-label="send"> Send email </button>
    <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel" ref="linksrc=close_email_panel" aria-controls="email-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="email" data-ga-label="cancel">
      Cancel </button>
  </div>
  <input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="">
  <input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524">
</form>

<form id="collections-action-panel-form" class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
  data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/" data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
  data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100" data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000" data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
  <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="hu3MZ985cvaOzMMDfW8AJ2SOiiBioLkcomtstMtqfC09ExVvJERnqPsOlKgOOxfk">
  <div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
    <ul class="radio-group-items">
      <li>
        <input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-new" class="collections-new" name="collections" value="new" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
        <label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
      </li>
      <li>
        <input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
        <label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <div class="controls-wrapper">
    <div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
      <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label>
      <input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=<>/"
        maxlength="100" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
      <div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div>
    </div>
    <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
      <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label>
      <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection"
        data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
      </select>
      <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
        <a href="#">Please try again</a>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="action-panel-actions">
    <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore="" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add" disabled=""> Add </button>
    <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections"
      data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button>
  </div>
</form>

<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
  data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
  data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
  <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="hu3MZ985cvaOzMMDfW8AJ2SOiiBioLkcomtstMtqfC09ExVvJERnqPsOlKgOOxfk">
  <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
    <div class="choice-group">
      <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
        <li>
          <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked="">
          <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
    <a href="#">Please try again</a>
  </div>
  <div class="action-panel-actions">
    <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore=""> Add </button>
    <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib"
      data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button>
  </div>
</form>

<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
  data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
  <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="hu3MZ985cvaOzMMDfW8AJ2SOiiBioLkcomtstMtqfC09ExVvJERnqPsOlKgOOxfk">
  <div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
    <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label>
    <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required="" pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=<>/">
  </div>
  <div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
    <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label>
    <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required=""></textarea>
  </div>
  <div class="test-search-term-wrap">
    <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
  </div>
  <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
    <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span>
    <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
      <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
      <ul class="radio-group-items">
        <li>
          <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked="">
          <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
        </li>
        <li>
          <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
          <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </fieldset>
  </div>
  <div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
    <div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
      <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label>
      <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
    </div>
    <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
      <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label>
      <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
        <option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
        <option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
        <option value="daily">Daily</option>
      </select>
    </div>
    <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
      <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label>
      <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
        <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
        <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
        <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
        <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
        <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
        <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
        <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
        <option value="day">The first day</option>
        <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
      </select>
    </div>
    <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional" style="display: none;">
      <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label>
      <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
        <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
        <option value="Monday">Monday</option>
        <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
        <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
        <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
        <option value="Friday">Friday</option>
        <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
      </select>
    </div>
    <div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
      <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label>
      <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
        <option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
        <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
        <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
        <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
        <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
      </select>
    </div>
    <div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
      <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label>
      <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
        <option value="1">1 item</option>
        <option value="5" selected="">5 items</option>
        <option value="10">10 items</option>
        <option value="20">20 items</option>
        <option value="50">50 items</option>
        <option value="100">100 items</option>
        <option value="200">200 items</option>
      </select>
    </div>
    <div>
      <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
      <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label>
    </div>
    <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
      <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label>
      <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="action-panel-actions">
    <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button>
    <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert"
      data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button>
  </div>
</form>

POST /results-export-ids/

<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post"
  data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post">
  <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="hu3MZ985cvaOzMMDfW8AJ2SOiiBioLkcomtstMtqfC09ExVvJERnqPsOlKgOOxfk">
  <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed">
  <div class="action-panel-actions">
    <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button>
    <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share"
      data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button>
  </div>
</form>

<form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value="">
  <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="hu3MZ985cvaOzMMDfW8AJ2SOiiBioLkcomtstMtqfC09ExVvJERnqPsOlKgOOxfk">
  <div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
    <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label>
    <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value="" required="" pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=<>/">
  </div>
  <div class="rss-limit-wrap">
    <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
      <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label>
      <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
        <option value="5">5</option>
        <option value="10">10</option>
        <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
        <option value="20">20</option>
        <option value="50">50</option>
        <option value="100">100</option>
      </select>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="action-panel-actions">
    <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button>
    <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel
    </button>
  </div>
  <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
    <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
    <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
    <button type="button" disabled="" class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button>
  </div>
</form>

<form id="collections-action-dialog-form" class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
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. 2024 Dec 19;19(12):e0309565.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309565. eCollection 2024.


INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE SOCIAL ISOLATION AND LONELINESS AMONG MINORITY ETHNIC
POPULATIONS IN OECD COUNTRIES: A SCOPING REVIEW

Emmanuel Sunday Nwofe  1 , Amirah Akhtar  1 , Sahdia Parveen  1 , Karen Windle 
1
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AFFILIATION

 * 1 Centre for Applied Dementia Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford,
   United Kingdom.

 * PMID: 39700314
 * PMCID: PMC11658517
 * DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309565

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INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE SOCIAL ISOLATION AND LONELINESS AMONG MINORITY ETHNIC
POPULATIONS IN OECD COUNTRIES: A SCOPING REVIEW

Emmanuel Sunday Nwofe et al. PLoS One. 2024.
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. 2024 Dec 19;19(12):e0309565.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309565. eCollection 2024.


AUTHORS

Emmanuel Sunday Nwofe  1 , Amirah Akhtar  1 , Sahdia Parveen  1 , Karen Windle 
1


AFFILIATION

 * 1 Centre for Applied Dementia Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford,
   United Kingdom.

 * PMID: 39700314
 * PMCID: PMC11658517
 * DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309565

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ABSTRACT

Background: Social isolation and loneliness (SIL) are complex issues that impact
mental and physical wellbeing and are significant public health concerns. People
from minority ethnic backgrounds living in Organisation for Economic Cooperation
and Development (OECD) member states may be particularly vulnerable to
experiencing SIL. This is due to various challenges associated with life in
foreign countries, including cultural differences, settlement issues, low
incomes, and discrimination. While many interventions have been developed to
address SIL in the general population, there is little information about
interventions designed for minority ethnic populations in OECD countries. Our
study aimed to 1) Investigate existing interventions for minority ethnic
communities in OECD countries; 2) Assess how these interventions are
conceptualised to increase awareness of SIL risks on health factors.3) Explore
culturally sensitive approaches in these interventions, and 4) Identify the most
effective interventions in reducing SIL in minority ethnic populations.

Methods and findings: We searched Medline, APA PsycINFO, Psychology and
Behavioural Sciences Collection, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus from their
inception to September 19th, 2023, and registered the scoping review at
https://osf.io/fnrvc. Our search yielded 10,479 results, of which 12 studies
were included: five RCTs, six non-randomized quasi-experimental studies, and one
qualitative study. Interventions were grouped into four main categories: social
facilitation, befriending, leisure and skills development, and health education
programmes. While only a few interventions targeted minority ethnic populations
specifically, our findings highlight the potential of culturally sensitive
interventions in reducing social isolation and loneliness among minority ethnic
communities in OECD countries. However, given the type and extent of evidence,
it is still unclear which interventions are superior in reducing SIL in minority
ethnic populations in OECD countries. Further research is necessary to
understand which activities may be most effective for which communities. Such
interventions should be designed and tailored to account for the broader risk
implications of SIL to raise awareness of the population's peculiar health risk
profile.

Discussion: Interventions designed to address SIL among minority ethnic groups
in OECD member states are scarce and have not been designed to account for the
health risks profile of the population. Integrated research designs involving
groups linked with minority ethnic populations are needed to link individual,
community, and societal factors alongside population risk profiles for increased
recognition of SIL as an important health factor.

Copyright: © 2024 Nwofe et al. This is an open access article distributed under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original author and source are credited.

PubMed Disclaimer


CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.


FIGURES

Fig 1. PRISMA flow diagram of search…

Fig 1. PRISMA flow diagram of search result and screening process.

Fig 1. PRISMA flow diagram of search result and screening process.

Fig 2. Summary of outcomes measured.

Fig 2. Summary of outcomes measured.

Fig 2. Summary of outcomes measured.

See this image and copyright information in PMC



REFERENCES

 1. 1. Kung CS, Pudney SE, Shields MA. Economic gradients in loneliness, social
       isolation and social support: Evidence from the UK Biobank. Social
       Science & Medicine. 2022;306:115122. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115122
       - DOI - PubMed
 2. 1. World Health Organisation. Commission on Social Connection. 2024
       [Available from:
       https://www.who.int/groups/commission-on-social-connection.
 3. 1. Prohaska T, Burholt V, Burns A, Golden J, Hawkley L, Lawlor B, et al..
       Consensus statement: loneliness in older adults, the 21st-century social
       determinant of health? BMJ open. 2020;10(8):e034967. doi:
       10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034967 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
 4. 1. Liang YY, Chen Y, Feng H, Liu X, Ai Q-YH, Xue H, et al.. Association of
       social isolation and loneliness with incident heart failure in a
       population-based cohort study. Heart Failure. 2023;11(3):334–44. - PMC -
       PubMed
 5. 1. Naito R, McKee M, Leong D, Bangdiwala S, Rangarajan S, Islam S, et al..
       Social isolation as a risk factor for all-cause mortality: Systematic
       review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. PloS one.
       2023;18(1):e0280308. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280308 - DOI - PMC -
       PubMed

Show all 81 references



PUBLICATION TYPES

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MESH TERMS

 * Ethnicity / psychology
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 * Humans
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 * Loneliness* / psychology
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 * Social Isolation* / psychology
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GRANTS AND FUNDING


The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.


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