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Space


THROWING AN “AXION BOMB” INTO A BLACK HOLE COULD BREAK A FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF
PHYSICS

This artist’s conception illustrates one of the most primitive supermassive
black holes known (central black dot) at the core of a young, star-rich galaxy.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech



New research shows how the fundamental law of conservation of charge could break
down near a black hole.

Singularities, such as those at the centre of black holes, where density becomes
infinite, are often said to be places where physics ‘breaks down’. However, this
doesn’t mean that ‘anything’ could happen, and physicists are interested in
which laws could break down, and how.



Now, a research team from Imperial College London, the Cockcroft Institute and
Lancaster University have proposed a way that singularities could violate the
law of conservation of charge. Their theory is published in Annalen der Physik.



Co-author Professor Martin McCall, from the Department of Physics at Imperial,
said: “’Physics breaks down at a singularity’ is one of the most famous
statements in pop-physics. But by showing how this might actually happen, we
take aim at one of the most cherished laws of physics: the conservation of
charge.”

DESTROYING CHARGE

The conservation of charge says that the total electric charge of any isolated
system – including the Universe as a whole – never changes. This means that if
negatively or positively charged particles move into one area, the same amount
of respectively charged particles must move out.









This has been shown at the very smallest scales: when different particles are
created or eliminated in experiments such as the Large Hadron Collider, the same
amount of negatively and positively charged particles are always produced or
destroyed, respectively.

Coupled axion and electromagnetic field. Credit: Imperial College London

Now, by modifying classic physics equations to include axions, a candidate for
dark matter, the team has been able to show that temporary singularities – such
as black holes that appear and then later evaporate – could destroy charge when
they come to the end of their life.

Axions are hypothetical particles that may explain dark matter – the ‘missing’
85 percent of the matter of the Universe. Their predicted properties could form
a field that would interact with the kind of fields physicists have known about
for centuries – electromagnetic fields, which are described by a set of
equations called Maxwell’s equations.









Using a branch of mathematics called differential geometry, the team found out
how to create or destroy charge, violating the charge conservation of the
Universe.

PHILOSOPHICAL IMPLICATIONS

Co-author Dr. Jonathan Gratus, from the Department of Physics at Lancaster
University, said: “You can imagine creating an ‘axion bomb’ that holds charge by
combining coupled axion and electromagnetic fields; and then dropping it into an
evaporating black hole. As the construction shrinks and disappears into the
singularity, it takes electrical charge with it.   It is the combination of a
temporary singularity and a newly proposed type of axion field that is crucial
to its success.”

Co-author Dr. Paul Kinsler, from the Department of Physics at Imperial, said:
“There are also philosophical implications. Although people often like to say
that physics ‘breaks down’, here we show that although exotic phenomena might
occur, what actually happens is nevertheless constrained by the still-working
laws of physics around the singularity.”

The team say the axion phenomenon would only occur under extreme conditions that
currently cannot be created in a lab, but that future advances in intense laser
fields might allow the theory to be tested in a terrestrial environment.









Reference: “Temporary Singularities and Axions: An Analytic Solution that
Challenges Charge Conservation” by Jonathan Gratus, Paul Kinsler and Martin W.
McCall, 5 May 2021, Annalen der Physik.
DOI: 10.1002/andp.202000565



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VIEW COMMENTS

 * xABBAAA says:
   July 1, 2021 at 5:15 am
   
   ... oh, my God, you are rally humans, but don't prove how human you are!
   The math and physics don't blend good, couldn't you stop your need for
   creation and study of another artefact...
   
   * TotallyNotAGreifer says:
     July 1, 2021 at 5:43 am
     
     Sci-fi expansion when?
     Also- Nerf comically large spoon melee.
     Thanks.
 * Stanislav Glazkov says:
   July 1, 2021 at 12:35 pm
   
   Well, the charge still can be preserved while the corresponding field
   collapses into singularity. As far as I understand it, charge is a quantum
   property of a dot-like object which interacts with the EM field through
   exchange of virtual photons existing everywhere while photons are
   momentum-particles in a way. When charge is an intrinsic property of a
   particle the sea of photons are just intetacting with because they are all
   entangled since the big bang there is a possibility of creating "pure" charge
   by destroying the entanglement through collaps into a black hole. The
   question is what happens when this "pure" charge (probably mass-less) since
   most particles get their masses from interactions with fields or virtual
   particles or other particles happens to get outside of the black hole. If the
   particle of "pure" charge does not connect back to the fields because this
   may happen only at big bang (or very high energy event) we might get a rather
   peculiar thing. A charge without corresponding forces since the particle can
   not excert them without proper entanglement to the sea of virtual photons.
   Universe may be full with such "forceless" particles from evaporated
   primordial black holes and our particle accelerators dont even create
   electrons/positrons on particle accelerators they just give the energy
   threshhold needed for a charge-"particle" to get entangled back with its
   surroundings and assuming this process goes on just like "before" with the
   whole universe itself (it must have happened once since the universe is
   expanding which means the procces of entanglement once started will go on
   further at the speed of light from the point where it began.

 * Stanislav Glazkov says:
   July 1, 2021 at 12:50 pm
   
   My idea is that black holes never ever destroy particles, only the means
   particles interact with each other. The problem is, as far as our science
   goes, we still dont know or dont really have the means to deduce which
   particles are particles and which are congregations of particles and need
   space because of that. Assuming black holes really "destroy" space leaving
   particles without any means to interact with each other, assuming particles
   leaving black holes do not reentangle themselves back spontaniously like
   nothing happened and require energy and conditions similar to big bang (or at
   least far from our energy levels/conditions, assuming particles will
   reentangle themselves given enough energy, assuming universe was indeed full
   or primordial black holes which evaporeted, assuming too much actually... we
   could tell what was before the universe by analysing what happens today by
   giving enough energy to get the particles back to interact with our universe.
   
   Well, assuming all this I'd say that the universe is strange as ...
   
   and probably there are many more ways for particles to organise themselves as
   we know of since since sometimes we get sh..t like heavy electrons (myons)...
   or even heavier electrons... or electrons hiding in a proton (neutron). We
   dont know shit about particles...

 * Stanislav Glazkov says:
   July 1, 2021 at 1:11 pm
   
   The proble is, our understanding of physics and the universe is encased
   between experimental data (which is never precise) and the need to assume as
   little as possible to be scientific and our ability to create models or
   simulations. While experiments leave us with data which is NEVER satisfyinly
   presice and we can mathemathicly tackle only the simplest cases (point like
   particles, featureless space) and our simulations take ages even at
   chromodynamics simulations we cant even make more assumtions (besides the
   fact it would be unscientific).
   
   Standart model assumes our physics being somewhat of a bottom of the sea
   where only simplest interactions and concepts take space but gravity destroys
   it all giving fermions masses which spread in a way we can not predict.
   Chances are, we are not at the bottom at all, but somewhere in between
   without any means to prove it. Worst case: what we observe is simply what we
   observe and has nothing to do with the universe itself. Somewhat bad case: we
   observe the observable. Everything besides the observable gets destroyed by
   the observation.
   Mind-blown case: atoms, molecules and everything below just happen to allign
   themselves with our every-day objects AND be observable and we are not made
   of atoms at all. Quarks and gluons may happen to allign themselves with atoms
   and atoms are not made of quarks and gluons at all. And it may go like this
   just a smidge less than forever.

 * Caleigh Fisher says:
   July 1, 2021 at 1:16 pm
   
   And throwing a pokemon ball is pretty cool too. Right now they are about
   equally real

 * Kathy O says:
   July 1, 2021 at 5:19 pm
   
   If putting an axiom bomb into a black hole, which consists of black matter,
   and that black matter makes up most of the universe, then would it be
   thought, that it could blow up the whole Universe? Especially, being that
   Physics states that the black hole may turn around and basically destroy the
   bomb when it was detonated at time of impact? And if it destroys the bomb,
   does that not still mean that it could explode inside the black hole/black
   matter/part of the Universe?
   
   Think about it.
   
   How else could one justify, what would happen if the bomb exploded inside the
   black hole. No one knows what is on the other side of the opening. Could it
   be a time warp? That can swollen one object, on one side of the Universe and
   spit it out on the other side? And if so, what kind of condition would it
   leave that said object in, or what would be left of that said object?
   
   This may sound far fetched, but could it also be a possibility? Does one
   actually know?
   
   And if so, then why would someone want to drop an axiom bomb into the black
   hole, made up of black particles/dark mass/Part of what the Universe is made
   up of? Or, how the Universe is constructed, together?
   
   * Obedient Beast Spawn says:
     July 6, 2021 at 4:58 pm
     
     I bet your man came up with this idea just like them to want to blow up
     things they don’t understand who’s to say they’re putting a bomb in a black
     hole calls the entire universe to suck inside itself .. Think of outer
     space like an ocean yes it’s black but it’s thick dark matter it’s not
     nothing it’s a lot of something which creates ripples And riffs It’s like
     when you go scuba diving and you wear a scuba mask you can see all the
     particles and things with the fish and as you move through the water you
     don’t actually touch a lot of it because it pushes it away from you so we
     don’t know a lot about around the ocean what business is it of ours to go
     and explore outside of our own bubble.. my opinion is don’t throw a bomb
     inside of anything ever what if it totally throws earth off the safe spot
     of perfect heat and cool I really don’t want to burn to death or freeze to
     death just because some monster wants to see what will happen...
 * Kathy O says:
   July 1, 2021 at 5:25 pm
   
   If putting an axiom bomb into a black hole, which consists of black matter,
   and that black matter makes up most of the universe, then would it not be
   thought, that it could blow up the whole Universe? Especially, being that
   Physics states that the black hole may turn around and basically destroy the
   bomb when it was detonated at time of impact? And if it destroys the bomb,
   then does that not still mean, that the axiom bomb could explode inside the
   black hole/black matter/part of the Universe?
   
   Think about it.
   
   How else could one justify, what would happen if the bomb exploded inside the
   black hole. No one knows what is on the other side of the opening. Could it
   be a time warp? That can swollen one object, on one side of the Universe, and
   spit it out on the other side? And if so, what kind of condition would it
   leave that said object in, or what would be left of that said object?
   
   This may sound far fetched, but could it also be a possibility? Does one
   actually know?
   
   And if so, then why would someone want to drop an axiom bomb into the black
   hole, made up of black particles/dark mass, and part of the Universe? Or, how
   part of the Universe is constructed, together?
   
   * SanJuan Elias says:
     July 1, 2021 at 7:33 pm
     
     This is as beautifully put as one of those beautiful math models by
     Hawkings, which turned out to be nothing more than well
     constructed/educated rubbish...yet yours makes much more sense, if only in
     its parsimony ...
 * SanJuan Elias says:
   July 1, 2021 at 7:18 pm
   
   Only God is really in command of ALL laws and in charge (like He told
   Pilatus) of those temporarily in charge now. Some might say that what is
   axiomatic indeed is the existence of self deceived, mere mortals who
   foolishly think so highly of themselves as to believe they are the ones in
   charge...A small brain fart like Capablanca had and puff, dark they all
   inmediately go...Shema!!!

 * kingrocker says:
   July 1, 2021 at 11:38 pm
   
   Several things here:
   1. "the total electric charge of any isolated system – including the Universe
   as a whole – never changes" for all we know, the law may not break down and
   instead "the Universe a is a whole" may not be an isolated system - why isn't
   this discussed?
   2. language could be better - "temporary singularity" used to address an
   evaporating black hole... when in fact they all evaporate and they are all
   temporary... cmon

 * Heh says:
   July 2, 2021 at 6:19 am
   
   Ferb, i know what we're gonna do today

Leave a Comment
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Imperial College London
Tags: AstronomyAstrophysicsBlack HoleImperial College LondonParticle
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July 1, 2021


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