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NEJM ILLUSTRATED GLOSSARY

nejm.org

 1.  *
 2.  A
 3.  B
 4.  C
 5.  D
 6.  E
 7.  F
 8.  G
 9.  H
 10. I
 11. J
 12. K
 13. L
 14. M
 15. N
 16. O
 17. P
 18. Q
 19. R
 20. S
 21. T
 22. U
 23. V
 24. W
 25. X
 26. Y
 27. Z


GLOSSARY TERMS

 1.   Helicobacter pylori
 2.   IDH1 variant
 3.   Trypanosoma brucei
 4.   16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Sequencing
 5.   Actin cytoskeleton
 6.   Adult stem cell
 7.   Allele
 8.   Allograft
 9.   Alternative splicing
 10.  Anatomical connectivity map
 11.  Aneuploidy
 12.  Anoikis
 13.  Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
 14.  Antisense oligonucleotide
 15.  Autophagy
 16.  Autosome
 17.  Base pair
 18.  Blastocyst
 19.  Bromodomain
 20.  Cancer genome
 21.  Cell-free DNA
 22.  Chimeric
 23.  Chimeric antigen receptor T cells
 24.  Chromodomain
 25.  Clinical genome and exome sequencing (CGES)
 26.  Clonal hematopoiesis
 27.  Clone
 28.  Codon
 29.  Complement fixation
 30.  Complex condition
 31.  Conditioning
 32.  Conditioning chemotherapy
 33.  Copy-number variation
 34.  CRISPR-Cas9
 35.  Cytokine release syndrome
 36.  Damaging variant
 37.  De novo mutation
 38.  Definitive endoderm
 39.  Digital biomarker
 40.  Digital diagnostic
 41.  Digital therapeutic
 42.  DNA
 43.  DNA damage
 44.  DNA methylation
 45.  Double-strand break
 46.  Driver mutation
 47.  Ecologic momentary assessment
 48.  Ectoderm
 49.  Ectosomes
 50.  Electroporation
 51.  Embryoid body
 52.  Embryonic stem cell
 53.  Endocytosis
 54.  Endoderm
 55.  Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)
 56.  Epigenetic change
 57.  Epigenetic eraser
 58.  Epigenetic insulator
 59.  Epigenetic mover
 60.  Epigenetic reader
 61.  Epigenetic shaper
 62.  Epigenetic writer
 63.  Epigenomic
 64.  Episome
 65.  Exome
 66.  Exon
 67.  Exosomes
 68.  Extracellular vesicles
 69.  Filtration, DNA sequence variant
 70.  Frameshift mutation
 71.  Functional connectivity map
 72.  Functional MRI
 73.  G protein–coupled receptor
 74.  Gain-of-function variant
 75.  Gastrulation
 76.  Gene
 77.  Gene fusion
 78.  Gene therapy
 79.  Genic intolerance
 80.  Genome
 81.  Gonadal dysgenesis
 82.  GTPase
 83.  Haploinsufficiency
 84.  Haplotype
 85.  Hedgehog signaling pathway
 86.  Helminth
 87.  Hematopoiesis
 88.  Hematopoietic stem cell
 89.  Hereditary cancer syndrome
 90.  Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)
 91.  Heterogonesis
 92.  Heterozygosity
 93.  Histone
 94.  Homologous recombination
 95.  HR-mediated DNA repair
 96.  Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I
 97.  Hyperimmune acute rejection
 98.  Ikaros (IKZF1) and Aiolos (IKZF3)
 99.  Immunogenicity
 100. Indel
 101. Induced pluripotent stem cell
 102. Insertional oncogenesis
 103. Intermediate mesoderm
 104. Interquartile range (IQR)
 105. Kinase
 106. KRAS signaling
 107. Lesion network map
 108. Liquid biopsy
 109. Long-read sequencing
 110. Loss-of-function variant
 111. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
 112. Median bias
 113. Mendelian disease
 114. Mesenchymal stem cell
 115. Mesoangioblast
 116. Mesoderm
 117. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
 118. Metadata
 119. Metagenomic sequencing
 120. Microdeletion syndrome
 121. MicroRNA (miRNA)
 122. Minor-allele frequency
 123. Missense mutation
 124. Monoclonal antibody
 125. Monogenic disease
 126. Mutation hotspot
 127. Myoblast
 128. Natural killer (NK) cell
 129. Neoantigen
 130. Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)
 131. Neural crest
 132. Neuroectoderm
 133. Niche
 134. Noncoding RNA
 135. Noncoding variant
 136. Nonhomologous end joining
 137. Nonsense variant
 138. Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD)
 139. Nuclease
 140. Nucleosome
 141. Nucleotide
 142. Oligonucleotide
 143. Organoid
 144. Organotypic culture
 145. Outer subventricular zone
 146. Pancreatic α-cell
 147. Pathognomonic
 148. Penetrance
 149. Phagocytosis
 150. Plasmid
 151. Point mutation
 152. Polyadenylation
 153. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
 154. Portal hypertension
 155. Prodrug
 156. Pronephric, mesonephric, and metanephric nephrons
 157. Protein prenylation
 158. R-spondin method
 159. Reactive oxygen species
 160. Recombinant human protein
 161. Reference genome
 162. Regulatory T (Treg) cell
 163. Reporter gene
 164. RNA
 165. Segregation, Gene Segregation
 166. Sesquizygosity
 167. Shelterin
 168. Short-read sequencing and alignment
 169. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
 170. Small (or short) interfering RNA (siRNA)
 171. Small-molecule drug
 172. Solvent front variant
 173. Somatic cell nuclear transfer
 174. Somatic stem cell
 175. Somatic variant
 176. Somitogenesis
 177. Splicing
 178. Stop-gain variant
 179. Structural variant
 180. Synthetic promoter
 181. T-cell lysis
 182. Targeted nucleases
 183. Telomerase
 184. Telomere
 185. Thrombin
 186. Toll-like receptor
 187. Transcription
 188. Transduction
 189. Translation
 190. Tumor-associated antigen
 191. Type VII collagen
 192. Ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation
 193. Variable-number tandem repeat
 194. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A)
 195. VDJ recombination
 196. Xenotransplantation


16S RIBOSOMAL RNA GENE SEQUENCING




ACTIN CYTOSKELETON




ADULT STEM CELL




ALLELE




ALLOGRAFT




ALTERNATIVE SPLICING




ANATOMICAL CONNECTIVITY MAP




ANEUPLOIDY




ANOIKIS




ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT CELLULAR CYTOTOXICITY




ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE




AUTOPHAGY




AUTOSOME




BASE PAIR




BLASTOCYST




BROMODOMAIN




CANCER GENOME




CELL-FREE DNA




CHIMERIC




CHIMERIC ANTIGEN RECEPTOR T CELLS




CHROMODOMAIN




CLINICAL GENOME AND EXOME SEQUENCING (CGES)




CLONAL HEMATOPOIESIS




CLONE




CODON




COMPLEMENT FIXATION




COMPLEX CONDITION




CONDITIONING




CONDITIONING CHEMOTHERAPY




COPY-NUMBER VARIATION




CRISPR-CAS9




CYTOKINE RELEASE SYNDROME




DAMAGING VARIANT




DE NOVO MUTATION




DEFINITIVE ENDODERM




DIGITAL BIOMARKER




DIGITAL DIAGNOSTIC




DIGITAL THERAPEUTIC




DNA




DNA DAMAGE




DNA METHYLATION




DOUBLE-STRAND BREAK




DRIVER MUTATION




ECOLOGIC MOMENTARY ASSESSMENT




ECTODERM




ECTOSOMES




ELECTROPORATION




EMBRYOID BODY




EMBRYONIC STEM CELL




ENDOCYTOSIS




ENDODERM




EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (EGFR)




EPIGENETIC CHANGE




EPIGENETIC ERASER




EPIGENETIC INSULATOR




EPIGENETIC MOVER




EPIGENETIC READER




EPIGENETIC SHAPER




EPIGENETIC WRITER




EPIGENOMIC




EPISOME




EXOME




EXON




EXOSOMES




EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES




FILTRATION, DNA SEQUENCE VARIANT




FRAMESHIFT MUTATION




FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY MAP




FUNCTIONAL MRI




G PROTEIN–COUPLED RECEPTOR




GAIN-OF-FUNCTION VARIANT




GASTRULATION




GENE




GENE FUSION




GENE THERAPY




GENIC INTOLERANCE




GENOME




GONADAL DYSGENESIS




GTPASE




HAPLOINSUFFICIENCY




HAPLOTYPE




HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY




HELICOBACTER PYLORI




HELMINTH




HEMATOPOIESIS




HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL




HEREDITARY CANCER SYNDROME




HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1 (HSV-1)




HETEROGONESIS




HETEROZYGOSITY




HISTONE




HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION




HR-MEDIATED DNA REPAIR




HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN (HLA) CLASS I




HYPERIMMUNE ACUTE REJECTION




IDH1 VARIANT




IKAROS (IKZF1) AND AIOLOS (IKZF3)




IMMUNOGENICITY




INDEL




INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL




INSERTIONAL ONCOGENESIS




INTERMEDIATE MESODERM




INTERQUARTILE RANGE (IQR)




KINASE




KRAS SIGNALING




LESION NETWORK MAP




LIQUID BIOPSY




LONG-READ SEQUENCING




LOSS-OF-FUNCTION VARIANT




MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC)




MEDIAN BIAS




MENDELIAN DISEASE




MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL




MESOANGIOBLAST




MESODERM




MESSENGER RNA (MRNA)




METADATA




METAGENOMIC SEQUENCING




MICRODELETION SYNDROME




MICRORNA (MIRNA)




MINOR-ALLELE FREQUENCY




MISSENSE MUTATION




MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY




MONOGENIC DISEASE




MUTATION HOTSPOT




MYOBLAST




NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELL




NEOANTIGEN




NEONATAL FC RECEPTOR (FCRN)




NEURAL CREST




NEUROECTODERM




NICHE




NONCODING RNA




NONCODING VARIANT




NONHOMOLOGOUS END JOINING




NONSENSE VARIANT




NONSENSE-MEDIATED MRNA DECAY (NMD)




NUCLEASE




NUCLEOSOME




NUCLEOTIDE




OLIGONUCLEOTIDE




ORGANOID




ORGANOTYPIC CULTURE




OUTER SUBVENTRICULAR ZONE




PANCREATIC Α-CELL




PATHOGNOMONIC




PENETRANCE




PHAGOCYTOSIS




PLASMID




POINT MUTATION




POLYADENYLATION




POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)




PORTAL HYPERTENSION




PRODRUG




PRONEPHRIC, MESONEPHRIC, AND METANEPHRIC NEPHRONS




PROTEIN PRENYLATION




R-SPONDIN METHOD




REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES




RECOMBINANT HUMAN PROTEIN




REFERENCE GENOME




REGULATORY T (TREG) CELL




REPORTER GENE




RNA




SEGREGATION, GENE SEGREGATION




SESQUIZYGOSITY




SHELTERIN




SHORT-READ SEQUENCING AND ALIGNMENT




SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM (SNP)




SMALL (OR SHORT) INTERFERING RNA (SIRNA)




SMALL-MOLECULE DRUG




SOLVENT FRONT VARIANT




SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER




SOMATIC STEM CELL




SOMATIC VARIANT




SOMITOGENESIS




SPLICING




STOP-GAIN VARIANT




STRUCTURAL VARIANT




SYNTHETIC PROMOTER




T-CELL LYSIS




TARGETED NUCLEASES




TELOMERASE




TELOMERE




THROMBIN




TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR




TRANSCRIPTION




TRANSDUCTION




TRANSLATION




TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI




TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN




TYPE VII COLLAGEN




UBIQUITIN-MEDIATED PROTEIN DEGRADATION




VARIABLE-NUMBER TANDEM REPEAT




VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A (VEGF-A)




VDJ RECOMBINATION




XENOTRANSPLANTATION


Copyright © 2023 Massachusetts Medical Society

Visual Representation

Created: 11/28/2023

Last Updated: 11/28/2023

Copyright © 2023 Massachusetts Medical Society




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