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/*!
 * URI.js - Mutating URLs
 *
 * Version: 1.19.2
 *
 * Author: Rodney Rehm
 * Web: http://medialize.github.io/URI.js/
 *
 * Licensed under
 *   MIT License http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license
 *
 */
(function (root, factory) {
    'use strict';
    // https://github.com/umdjs/umd/blob/master/returnExports.js
    if (typeof module === 'object' && module.exports) {
        // Node
        module.exports = factory(require('./punycode'), require('./IPv6'), require('./SecondLevelDomains'));
    } else if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
        // AMD. Register as an anonymous module.
        define(['./punycode', './IPv6', './SecondLevelDomains'], factory);
    } else {
        // Browser globals (root is window)
        root.URI = factory(root.punycode, root.IPv6, root.SecondLevelDomains, root);
    }
}(this, function (punycode, IPv6, SLD, root) {
    'use strict';
    /*global location, escape, unescape */
    // FIXME: v2.0.0 renamce non-camelCase properties to uppercase
    /*jshint camelcase: false */

    // save current URI variable, if any
    var _URI = root && root.URI;

    function URI(url, base) {
        var _urlSupplied = arguments.length >= 1;
        var _baseSupplied = arguments.length >= 2;

        // Allow instantiation without the 'new' keyword
        if (!(this instanceof URI)) {
            if (_urlSupplied) {
                if (_baseSupplied) {
                    return new URI(url, base);
                }

                return new URI(url);
            }

            return new URI();
        }

        if (url === undefined) {
            if (_urlSupplied) {
                throw new TypeError('undefined is not a valid argument for URI');
            }

            if (typeof location !== 'undefined') {
                url = location.href + '';
            } else {
                url = '';
            }
        }

        if (url === null) {
            if (_urlSupplied) {
                throw new TypeError('null is not a valid argument for URI');
            }
        }

        this.href(url);

        // resolve to base according to http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/url/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#constructor
        if (base !== undefined) {
            return this.absoluteTo(base);
        }

        return this;
    }

    function isInteger(value) {
        return /^[0-9]+$/.test(value);
    }

    URI.version = '1.19.2';

    var p = URI.prototype;
    var hasOwn = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;

    function escapeRegEx(string) {
        // https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/commit/85ac21783c11f8ccab06106dba9735a31a86924d#commitcomment-821963
        return string.replace(/([.*+?^=!:${}()|[\]\/\\])/g, '\\$1');
    }

    function getType(value) {
        // IE8 doesn't return [Object Undefined] but [Object Object] for undefined value
        if (value === undefined) {
            return 'Undefined';
        }

        return String(Object.prototype.toString.call(value)).slice(8, -1);
    }

    function isArray(obj) {
        return getType(obj) === 'Array';
    }

    function filterArrayValues(data, value) {
        var lookup = {};
        var i, length;

        if (getType(value) === 'RegExp') {
            lookup = null;
        } else if (isArray(value)) {
            for (i = 0, length = value.length; i < length; i++) {
                lookup[value[i]] = true;
            }
        } else {
            lookup[value] = true;
        }

        for (i = 0, length = data.length; i < length; i++) {
            /*jshint laxbreak: true */
            var _match = lookup && lookup[data[i]] !== undefined
                || !lookup && value.test(data[i]);
            /*jshint laxbreak: false */
            if (_match) {
                data.splice(i, 1);
                length--;
                i--;
            }
        }

        return data;
    }

    function arrayContains(list, value) {
        var i, length;

        // value may be string, number, array, regexp
        if (isArray(value)) {
            // Note: this can be optimized to O(n) (instead of current O(m * n))
            for (i = 0, length = value.length; i < length; i++) {
                if (!arrayContains(list, value[i])) {
                    return false;
                }
            }

            return true;
        }

        var _type = getType(value);
        for (i = 0, length = list.length; i < length; i++) {
            if (_type === 'RegExp') {
                if (typeof list[i] === 'string' && list[i].match(value)) {
                    return true;
                }
            } else if (list[i] === value) {
                return true;
            }
        }

        return false;
    }

    function arraysEqual(one, two) {
        if (!isArray(one) || !isArray(two)) {
            return false;
        }

        // arrays can't be equal if they have different amount of content
        if (one.length !== two.length) {
            return false;
        }

        one.sort();
        two.sort();

        for (var i = 0, l = one.length; i < l; i++) {
            if (one[i] !== two[i]) {
                return false;
            }
        }

        return true;
    }

    function trimSlashes(text) {
        var trim_expression = /^\/+|\/+$/g;
        return text.replace(trim_expression, '');
    }

    URI._parts = function() {
        return {
            protocol: null,
            username: null,
            password: null,
            hostname: null,
            urn: null,
            port: null,
            path: null,
            query: null,
            fragment: null,
            // state
            preventInvalidHostname: URI.preventInvalidHostname,
            duplicateQueryParameters: URI.duplicateQueryParameters,
            escapeQuerySpace: URI.escapeQuerySpace
        };
    };
    // state: throw on invalid hostname
    // see https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/pull/345
    // and https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/issues/354
    URI.preventInvalidHostname = false;
    // state: allow duplicate query parameters (a=1&a=1)
    URI.duplicateQueryParameters = false;
    // state: replaces + with %20 (space in query strings)
    URI.escapeQuerySpace = true;
    // static properties
    URI.protocol_expression = /^[a-z][a-z0-9.+-]*$/i;
    URI.idn_expression = /[^a-z0-9\._-]/i;
    URI.punycode_expression = /(xn--)/i;
    // well, 333.444.555.666 matches, but it sure ain't no IPv4 - do we care?
    URI.ip4_expression = /^\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}$/;
    // credits to Rich Brown
    // source: http://forums.intermapper.com/viewtopic.php?p=1096#1096
    // specification: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4291.txt
    URI.ip6_expression = /^\s*((([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){7}([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){6}(:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}|((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3})|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){5}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,2})|:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3})|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){4}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,3})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})?:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3}))|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){3}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,4})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,2}:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3}))|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){2}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,5})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,3}:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3}))|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){1}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,6})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,4}:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3}))|:))|(:(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,7})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,5}:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3}))|:)))(%.+)?\s*$/;
    // expression used is "gruber revised" (@gruber v2) determined to be the
    // best solution in a regex-golf we did a couple of ages ago at
    // * http://mathiasbynens.be/demo/url-regex
    // * http://rodneyrehm.de/t/url-regex.html
    URI.find_uri_expression = /\b((?:[a-z][\w-]+:(?:\/{1,3}|[a-z0-9%])|www\d{0,3}[.]|[a-z0-9.\-]+[.][a-z]{2,4}\/)(?:[^\s()<>]+|\(([^\s()<>]+|(\([^\s()<>]+\)))*\))+(?:\(([^\s()<>]+|(\([^\s()<>]+\)))*\)|[^\s`!()\[\]{};:'".,<>?«»“”‘’]))/ig;
    URI.findUri = {
        // valid "scheme://" or "www."
        start: /\b(?:([a-z][a-z0-9.+-]*:\/\/)|www\.)/gi,
        // everything up to the next whitespace
        end: /[\s\r\n]|$/,
        // trim trailing punctuation captured by end RegExp
        trim: /[`!()\[\]{};:'".,<>?«»“”„‘’]+$/,
        // balanced parens inclusion (), [], {}, <>
        parens: /(\([^\)]*\)|\[[^\]]*\]|\{[^}]*\}|<[^>]*>)/g,
    };
    // http://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes.html
    // http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers#Well-known_ports
    URI.defaultPorts = {
        http: '80',
        https: '443',
        ftp: '21',
        gopher: '70',
        ws: '80',
        wss: '443'
    };
    // list of protocols which always require a hostname
    URI.hostProtocols = [
        'http',
        'https'
    ];

    // allowed hostname characters according to RFC 3986
    // ALPHA DIGIT "-" "." "_" "~" "!" "$" "&" "'" "(" ")" "*" "+" "," ";" "=" %encoded
    // I've never seen a (non-IDN) hostname other than: ALPHA DIGIT . - _
    URI.invalid_hostname_characters = /[^a-zA-Z0-9\.\-:_]/;
    // map DOM Elements to their URI attribute
    URI.domAttributes = {
        'a': 'href',
        'blockquote': 'cite',
        'link': 'href',
        'base': 'href',
        'script': 'src',
        'form': 'action',
        'img': 'src',
        'area': 'href',
        'iframe': 'src',
        'embed': 'src',
        'source': 'src',
        'track': 'src',
        'input': 'src', // but only if type="image"
        'audio': 'src',
        'video': 'src'
    };
    URI.getDomAttribute = function(node) {
        if (!node || !node.nodeName) {
            return undefined;
        }

        var nodeName = node.nodeName.toLowerCase();
        // <input> should only expose src for type="image"
        if (nodeName === 'input' && node.type !== 'image') {
            return undefined;
        }

        return URI.domAttributes[nodeName];
    };

    function escapeForDumbFirefox36(value) {
        // https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/issues/91
        return escape(value);
    }

    // encoding / decoding according to RFC3986
    function strictEncodeURIComponent(string) {
        // see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/encodeURIComponent
        return encodeURIComponent(string)
            .replace(/[!'()*]/g, escapeForDumbFirefox36)
            .replace(/\*/g, '%2A');
    }
    URI.encode = strictEncodeURIComponent;
    URI.decode = decodeURIComponent;
    URI.iso8859 = function() {
        URI.encode = escape;
        URI.decode = unescape;
    };
    URI.unicode = function() {
        URI.encode = strictEncodeURIComponent;
        URI.decode = decodeURIComponent;
    };
    URI.characters = {
        pathname: {
            encode: {
                // RFC3986 2.1: For consistency, URI producers and normalizers should
                // use uppercase hexadecimal digits for all percent-encodings.
                expression: /%(24|26|2B|2C|3B|3D|3A|40)/ig,
                map: {
                    // -._~!'()*
                    '%24': '$',
                    '%26': '&',
                    '%2B': '+',
                    '%2C': ',',
                    '%3B': ';',
                    '%3D': '=',
                    '%3A': ':',
                    '%40': '@'
                }
            },
            decode: {
                expression: /[\/\?#]/g,
                map: {
                    '/': '%2F',
                    '?': '%3F',
                    '#': '%23'
                }
            }
        },
        reserved: {
            encode: {
                // RFC3986 2.1: For consistency, URI producers and normalizers should
                // use uppercase hexadecimal digits for all percent-encodings.
                expression: /%(21|23|24|26|27|28|29|2A|2B|2C|2F|3A|3B|3D|3F|40|5B|5D)/ig,
                map: {
                    // gen-delims
                    '%3A': ':',
                    '%2F': '/',
                    '%3F': '?',
                    '%23': '#',
                    '%5B': '[',
                    '%5D': ']',
                    '%40': '@',
                    // sub-delims
                    '%21': '!',
                    '%24': '$',
                    '%26': '&',
                    '%27': '\'',
                    '%28': '(',
                    '%29': ')',
                    '%2A': '*',
                    '%2B': '+',
                    '%2C': ',',
                    '%3B': ';',
                    '%3D': '='
                }
            }
        },
        urnpath: {
            // The characters under `encode` are the characters called out by RFC 2141 as being acceptable
            // for usage in a URN. RFC2141 also calls out "-", ".", and "_" as acceptable characters, but
            // these aren't encoded by encodeURIComponent, so we don't have to call them out here. Also
            // note that the colon character is not featured in the encoding map; this is because URI.js
            // gives the colons in URNs semantic meaning as the delimiters of path segements, and so it
            // should not appear unencoded in a segment itself.
            // See also the note above about RFC3986 and capitalalized hex digits.
            encode: {
                expression: /%(21|24|27|28|29|2A|2B|2C|3B|3D|40)/ig,
                map: {
                    '%21': '!',
                    '%24': '$',
                    '%27': '\'',
                    '%28': '(',
                    '%29': ')',
                    '%2A': '*',
                    '%2B': '+',
                    '%2C': ',',
                    '%3B': ';',
                    '%3D': '=',
                    '%40': '@'
                }
            },
            // These characters are the characters called out by RFC2141 as "reserved" characters that
            // should never appear in a URN, plus the colon character (see note above).
            decode: {
                expression: /[\/\?#:]/g,
                map: {
                    '/': '%2F',
                    '?': '%3F',
                    '#': '%23',
                    ':': '%3A'
                }
            }
        }
    };
    URI.encodeQuery = function(string, escapeQuerySpace) {
        var escaped = URI.encode(string + '');
        if (escapeQuerySpace === undefined) {
            escapeQuerySpace = URI.escapeQuerySpace;
        }

        return escapeQuerySpace ? escaped.replace(/%20/g, '+') : escaped;
    };
    URI.decodeQuery = function(string, escapeQuerySpace) {
        string += '';
        if (escapeQuerySpace === undefined) {
            escapeQuerySpace = URI.escapeQuerySpace;
        }

        try {
            return URI.decode(escapeQuerySpace ? string.replace(/\+/g, '%20') : string);
        } catch(e) {
            // we're not going to mess with weird encodings,
            // give up and return the undecoded original string
            // see https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/issues/87
            // see https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/issues/92
            return string;
        }
    };
    // generate encode/decode path functions
    var _parts = {'encode':'encode', 'decode':'decode'};
    var _part;
    var generateAccessor = function(_group, _part) {
        return function(string) {
            try {
                return URI[_part](string + '').replace(URI.characters[_group][_part].expression, function(c) {
                    return URI.characters[_group][_part].map[c];
                });
            } catch (e) {
                // we're not going to mess with weird encodings,
                // give up and return the undecoded original string
                // see https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/issues/87
                // see https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/issues/92
                return string;
            }
        };
    };

    for (_part in _parts) {
        URI[_part + 'PathSegment'] = generateAccessor('pathname', _parts[_part]);
        URI[_part + 'UrnPathSegment'] = generateAccessor('urnpath', _parts[_part]);
    }

    var generateSegmentedPathFunction = function(_sep, _codingFuncName, _innerCodingFuncName) {
        return function(string) {
            // Why pass in names of functions, rather than the function objects themselves? The
            // definitions of some functions (but in particular, URI.decode) will occasionally change due
            // to URI.js having ISO8859 and Unicode modes. Passing in the name and getting it will ensure
            // that the functions we use here are "fresh".
            var actualCodingFunc;
            if (!_innerCodingFuncName) {
                actualCodingFunc = URI[_codingFuncName];
            } else {
                actualCodingFunc = function(string) {
                    return URI[_codingFuncName](URI[_innerCodingFuncName](string));
                };
            }

            var segments = (string + '').split(_sep);

            for (var i = 0, length = segments.length; i < length; i++) {
                segments[i] = actualCodingFunc(segments[i]);
            }

            return segments.join(_sep);
        };
    };

    // This takes place outside the above loop because we don't want, e.g., encodeUrnPath functions.
    URI.decodePath = generateSegmentedPathFunction('/', 'decodePathSegment');
    URI.decodeUrnPath = generateSegmentedPathFunction(':', 'decodeUrnPathSegment');
    URI.recodePath = generateSegmentedPathFunction('/', 'encodePathSegment', 'decode');
    URI.recodeUrnPath = generateSegmentedPathFunction(':', 'encodeUrnPathSegment', 'decode');

    URI.encodeReserved = generateAccessor('reserved', 'encode');

    URI.parse = function(string, parts) {
        var pos;
        if (!parts) {
            parts = {
                preventInvalidHostname: URI.preventInvalidHostname
            };
        }
        // [protocol"://"[username[":"password]"@"]hostname[":"port]"/"?][path]["?"querystring]["#"fragment]

        // extract fragment
        pos = string.indexOf('#');
        if (pos > -1) {
            // escaping?
            parts.fragment = string.substring(pos + 1) || null;
            string = string.substring(0, pos);
        }

        // extract query
        pos = string.indexOf('?');
        if (pos > -1) {
            // escaping?
            parts.query = string.substring(pos + 1) || null;
            string = string.substring(0, pos);
        }

        // extract protocol
        if (string.substring(0, 2) === '//') {
            // relative-scheme
            parts.protocol = null;
            string = string.substring(2);
            // extract "user:pass@host:port"
            string = URI.parseAuthority(string, parts);
        } else {
            pos = string.indexOf(':');
            if (pos > -1) {
                parts.protocol = string.substring(0, pos) || null;
                if (parts.protocol && !parts.protocol.match(URI.protocol_expression)) {
                    // : may be within the path
                    parts.protocol = undefined;
                } else if (string.substring(pos + 1, pos + 3) === '//') {
                    string = string.substring(pos + 3);

                    // extract "user:pass@host:port"
                    string = URI.parseAuthority(string, parts);
                } else {
                    string = string.substring(pos + 1);
                    parts.urn = true;
                }
            }
        }

        // what's left must be the path
        parts.path = string;

        // and we're done
        return parts;
    };
    URI.parseHost = function(string, parts) {
        if (!string) {
            string = '';
        }

        // Copy chrome, IE, opera backslash-handling behavior.
        // Back slashes before the query string get converted to forward slashes
        // See: https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/386fd24f49b0e9d1a8a076592a404168faeecc34/lib/url.js#L115-L124
        // See: https://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=25916
        // https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/pull/233
        string = string.replace(/\\/g, '/');

        // extract host:port
        var pos = string.indexOf('/');
        var bracketPos;
        var t;

        if (pos === -1) {
            pos = string.length;
        }

        if (string.charAt(0) === '[') {
            // IPv6 host - http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-6man-text-addr-representation-04#section-6
            // I claim most client software breaks on IPv6 anyways. To simplify things, URI only accepts
            // IPv6+port in the format [2001:db8::1]:80 (for the time being)
            bracketPos = string.indexOf(']');
            parts.hostname = string.substring(1, bracketPos) || null;
            parts.port = string.substring(bracketPos + 2, pos) || null;
            if (parts.port === '/') {
                parts.port = null;
            }
        } else {
            var firstColon = string.indexOf(':');
            var firstSlash = string.indexOf('/');
            var nextColon = string.indexOf(':', firstColon + 1);
            if (nextColon !== -1 && (firstSlash === -1 || nextColon < firstSlash)) {
                // IPv6 host contains multiple colons - but no port
                // this notation is actually not allowed by RFC 3986, but we're a liberal parser
                parts.hostname = string.substring(0, pos) || null;
                parts.port = null;
            } else {
                t = string.substring(0, pos).split(':');
                parts.hostname = t[0] || null;
                parts.port = t[1] || null;
            }
        }

        if (parts.hostname && string.substring(pos).charAt(0) !== '/') {
            pos++;
            string = '/' + string;
        }

        if (parts.preventInvalidHostname) {
            URI.ensureValidHostname(parts.hostname, parts.protocol);
        }

        if (parts.port) {
            URI.ensureValidPort(parts.port);
        }

        return string.substring(pos) || '/';
    };
    URI.parseAuthority = function(string, parts) {
        string = URI.parseUserinfo(string, parts);
        return URI.parseHost(string, parts);
    };
    URI.parseUserinfo = function(string, parts) {
        // extract username:password
        var firstSlash = string.indexOf('/');
        var pos = string.lastIndexOf('@', firstSlash > -1 ? firstSlash : string.length - 1);
        var t;

        // authority@ must come before /path
        if (pos > -1 && (firstSlash === -1 || pos < firstSlash)) {
            t = string.substring(0, pos).split(':');
            parts.username = t[0] ? URI.decode(t[0]) : null;
            t.shift();
            parts.password = t[0] ? URI.decode(t.join(':')) : null;
            string = string.substring(pos + 1);
        } else {
            parts.username = null;
            parts.password = null;
        }

        return string;
    };
    URI.parseQuery = function(string, escapeQuerySpace) {
        if (!string) {
            return {};
        }

        // throw out the funky business - "?"[name"="value"&"]+
        string = string.replace(/&+/g, '&').replace(/^\?*&*|&+$/g, '');

        if (!string) {
            return {};
        }

        var items = {};
        var splits = string.split('&');
        var length = splits.length;
        var v, name, value;

        for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            v = splits[i].split('=');
            name = URI.decodeQuery(v.shift(), escapeQuerySpace);
            // no "=" is null according to http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/url/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#collect-url-parameters
            value = v.length ? URI.decodeQuery(v.join('='), escapeQuerySpace) : null;

            if (hasOwn.call(items, name)) {
                if (typeof items[name] === 'string' || items[name] === null) {
                    items[name] = [items[name]];
                }

                items[name].push(value);
            } else {
                items[name] = value;
            }
        }

        return items;
    };

    URI.build = function(parts) {
        var t = '';
        var requireAbsolutePath = false

        if (parts.protocol) {
            t += parts.protocol + ':';
        }

        if (!parts.urn && (t || parts.hostname)) {
            t += '//';
            requireAbsolutePath = true
        }

        t += (URI.buildAuthority(parts) || '');

        if (typeof parts.path === 'string') {
            if (parts.path.charAt(0) !== '/' && requireAbsolutePath) {
                t += '/';
            }

            t += parts.path;
        }

        if (typeof parts.query === 'string' && parts.query) {
            t += '?' + parts.query;
        }

        if (typeof parts.fragment === 'string' && parts.fragment) {
            t += '#' + parts.fragment;
        }
        return t;
    };
    URI.buildHost = function(parts) {
        var t = '';

        if (!parts.hostname) {
            return '';
        } else if (URI.ip6_expression.test(parts.hostname)) {
            t += '[' + parts.hostname + ']';
        } else {
            t += parts.hostname;
        }

        if (parts.port) {
            t += ':' + parts.port;
        }

        return t;
    };
    URI.buildAuthority = function(parts) {
        return URI.buildUserinfo(parts) + URI.buildHost(parts);
    };
    URI.buildUserinfo = function(parts) {
        var t = '';

        if (parts.username) {
            t += URI.encode(parts.username);
        }

        if (parts.password) {
            t += ':' + URI.encode(parts.password);
        }

        if (t) {
            t += '@';
        }

        return t;
    };
    URI.buildQuery = function(data, duplicateQueryParameters, escapeQuerySpace) {
        // according to http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986 or http://labs.apache.org/webarch/uri/rfc/rfc3986.html
        // being »-._~!$&'()*+,;=:@/?« %HEX and alnum are allowed
        // the RFC explicitly states ?/foo being a valid use case, no mention of parameter syntax!
        // URI.js treats the query string as being application/x-www-form-urlencoded
        // see http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/interact/forms.html#form-content-type

        var t = '';
        var unique, key, i, length;
        for (key in data) {
            if (hasOwn.call(data, key)) {
                if (isArray(data[key])) {
                    unique = {};
                    for (i = 0, length = data[key].length; i < length; i++) {
                        if (data[key][i] !== undefined && unique[data[key][i] + ''] === undefined) {
                            t += '&' + URI.buildQueryParameter(key, data[key][i], escapeQuerySpace);
                            if (duplicateQueryParameters !== true) {
                                unique[data[key][i] + ''] = true;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                } else if (data[key] !== undefined) {
                    t += '&' + URI.buildQueryParameter(key, data[key], escapeQuerySpace);
                }
            }
        }

        return t.substring(1);
    };
    URI.buildQueryParameter = function(name, value, escapeQuerySpace) {
        // http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/interact/forms.html#form-content-type -- application/x-www-form-urlencoded
        // don't append "=" for null values, according to http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/url/raw-file/tip/Overview.html#url-parameter-serialization
        return URI.encodeQuery(name, escapeQuerySpace) + (value !== null ? '=' + URI.encodeQuery(value, escapeQuerySpace) : '');
    };

    URI.addQuery = function(data, name, value) {
        if (typeof name === 'object') {
            for (var key in name) {
                if (hasOwn.call(name, key)) {
                    URI.addQuery(data, key, name[key]);
                }
            }
        } else if (typeof name === 'string') {
            if (data[name] === undefined) {
                data[name] = value;
                return;
            } else if (typeof data[name] === 'string') {
                data[name] = [data[name]];
            }

            if (!isArray(value)) {
                value = [value];
            }

            data[name] = (data[name] || []).concat(value);
        } else {
            throw new TypeError('URI.addQuery() accepts an object, string as the name parameter');
        }
    };

    URI.setQuery = function(data, name, value) {
        if (typeof name === 'object') {
            for (var key in name) {
                if (hasOwn.call(name, key)) {
                    URI.setQuery(data, key, name[key]);
                }
            }
        } else if (typeof name === 'string') {
            data[name] = value === undefined ? null : value;
        } else {
            throw new TypeError('URI.setQuery() accepts an object, string as the name parameter');
        }
    };

    URI.removeQuery = function(data, name, value) {
        var i, length, key;

        if (isArray(name)) {
            for (i = 0, length = name.length; i < length; i++) {
                data[name[i]] = undefined;
            }
        } else if (getType(name) === 'RegExp') {
            for (key in data) {
                if (name.test(key)) {
                    data[key] = undefined;
                }
            }
        } else if (typeof name === 'object') {
            for (key in name) {
                if (hasOwn.call(name, key)) {
                    URI.removeQuery(data, key, name[key]);
                }
            }
        } else if (typeof name === 'string') {
            if (value !== undefined) {
                if (getType(value) === 'RegExp') {
                    if (!isArray(data[name]) && value.test(data[name])) {
                        data[name] = undefined;
                    } else {
                        data[name] = filterArrayValues(data[name], value);
                    }
                } else if (data[name] === String(value) && (!isArray(value) || value.length === 1)) {
                    data[name] = undefined;
                } else if (isArray(data[name])) {
                    data[name] = filterArrayValues(data[name], value);
                }
            } else {
                data[name] = undefined;
            }
        } else {
            throw new TypeError('URI.removeQuery() accepts an object, string, RegExp as the first parameter');
        }
    };
    URI.hasQuery = function(data, name, value, withinArray) {
        switch (getType(name)) {
            case 'String':
                // Nothing to do here
                break;

            case 'RegExp':
                for (var key in data) {
                    if (hasOwn.call(data, key)) {
                        if (name.test(key) && (value === undefined || URI.hasQuery(data, key, value))) {
                            return true;
                        }
                    }
                }

                return false;

            case 'Object':
                for (var _key in name) {
                    if (hasOwn.call(name, _key)) {
                        if (!URI.hasQuery(data, _key, name[_key])) {
                            return false;
                        }
                    }
                }

                return true;

            default:
                throw new TypeError('URI.hasQuery() accepts a string, regular expression or object as the name parameter');
        }

        switch (getType(value)) {
            case 'Undefined':
                // true if exists (but may be empty)
                return name in data; // data[name] !== undefined;

            case 'Boolean':
                // true if exists and non-empty
                var _booly = Boolean(isArray(data[name]) ? data[name].length : data[name]);
                return value === _booly;

            case 'Function':
                // allow complex comparison
                return !!value(data[name], name, data);

            case 'Array':
                if (!isArray(data[name])) {
                    return false;
                }

                var op = withinArray ? arrayContains : arraysEqual;
                return op(data[name], value);

            case 'RegExp':
                if (!isArray(data[name])) {
                    return Boolean(data[name] && data[name].match(value));
                }

                if (!withinArray) {
                    return false;
                }

                return arrayContains(data[name], value);

            case 'Number':
                value = String(value);
            /* falls through */
            case 'String':
                if (!isArray(data[name])) {
                    return data[name] === value;
                }

                if (!withinArray) {
                    return false;
                }

                return arrayContains(data[name], value);

            default:
                throw new TypeError('URI.hasQuery() accepts undefined, boolean, string, number, RegExp, Function as the value parameter');
        }
    };


    URI.joinPaths = function() {
        var input = [];
        var segments = [];
        var nonEmptySegments = 0;

        for (var i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {
            var url = new URI(arguments[i]);
            input.push(url);
            var _segments = url.segment();
            for (var s = 0; s < _segments.length; s++) {
                if (typeof _segments[s] === 'string') {
                    segments.push(_segments[s]);
                }

                if (_segments[s]) {
                    nonEmptySegments++;
                }
            }
        }

        if (!segments.length || !nonEmptySegments) {
            return new URI('');
        }

        var uri = new URI('').segment(segments);

        if (input[0].path() === '' || input[0].path().slice(0, 1) === '/') {
            uri.path('/' + uri.path());
        }

        return uri.normalize();
    };

    URI.commonPath = function(one, two) {
        var length = Math.min(one.length, two.length);
        var pos;

        // find first non-matching character
        for (pos = 0; pos < length; pos++) {
            if (one.charAt(pos) !== two.charAt(pos)) {
                pos--;
                break;
            }
        }

        if (pos < 1) {
            return one.charAt(0) === two.charAt(0) && one.charAt(0) === '/' ? '/' : '';
        }

        // revert to last /
        if (one.charAt(pos) !== '/' || two.charAt(pos) !== '/') {
            pos = one.substring(0, pos).lastIndexOf('/');
        }

        return one.substring(0, pos + 1);
    };

    URI.withinString = function(string, callback, options) {
        options || (options = {});
        var _start = options.start || URI.findUri.start;
        var _end = options.end || URI.findUri.end;
        var _trim = options.trim || URI.findUri.trim;
        var _parens = options.parens || URI.findUri.parens;
        var _attributeOpen = /[a-z0-9-]=["']?$/i;

        _start.lastIndex = 0;
        while (true) {
            var match = _start.exec(string);
            if (!match) {
                break;
            }

            var start = match.index;
            if (options.ignoreHtml) {
                // attribut(e=["']?$)
                var attributeOpen = string.slice(Math.max(start - 3, 0), start);
                if (attributeOpen && _attributeOpen.test(attributeOpen)) {
                    continue;
                }
            }

            var end = start + string.slice(start).search(_end);
            var slice = string.slice(start, end);
            // make sure we include well balanced parens
            var parensEnd = -1;
            while (true) {
                var parensMatch = _parens.exec(slice);
                if (!parensMatch) {
                    break;
                }

                var parensMatchEnd = parensMatch.index + parensMatch[0].length;
                parensEnd = Math.max(parensEnd, parensMatchEnd);
            }

            if (parensEnd > -1) {
                slice = slice.slice(0, parensEnd) + slice.slice(parensEnd).replace(_trim, '');
            } else {
                slice = slice.replace(_trim, '');
            }

            if (slice.length <= match[0].length) {
                // the extract only contains the starting marker of a URI,
                // e.g. "www" or "http://"
                continue;
            }

            if (options.ignore && options.ignore.test(slice)) {
                continue;
            }

            end = start + slice.length;
            var result = callback(slice, start, end, string);
            if (result === undefined) {
                _start.lastIndex = end;
                continue;
            }

            result = String(result);
            string = string.slice(0, start) + result + string.slice(end);
            _start.lastIndex = start + result.length;
        }

        _start.lastIndex = 0;
        return string;
    };

    URI.ensureValidHostname = function(v, protocol) {
        // Theoretically URIs allow percent-encoding in Hostnames (according to RFC 3986)
        // they are not part of DNS and therefore ignored by URI.js

        var hasHostname = !!v; // not null and not an empty string
        var hasProtocol = !!protocol;
        var rejectEmptyHostname = false;

        if (hasProtocol) {
            rejectEmptyHostname = arrayContains(URI.hostProtocols, protocol);
        }

        if (rejectEmptyHostname && !hasHostname) {
            throw new TypeError('Hostname cannot be empty, if protocol is ' + protocol);
        } else if (v && v.match(URI.invalid_hostname_characters)) {
            // test punycode
            if (!punycode) {
                throw new TypeError('Hostname "' + v + '" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.-:_] and Punycode.js is not available');
            }
            if (punycode.toASCII(v).match(URI.invalid_hostname_characters)) {
                throw new TypeError('Hostname "' + v + '" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.-:_]');
            }
        }
    };

    URI.ensureValidPort = function (v) {
        if (!v) {
            return;
        }

        var port = Number(v);
        if (isInteger(port) && (port > 0) && (port < 65536)) {
            return;
        }

        throw new TypeError('Port "' + v + '" is not a valid port');
    };

    // noConflict
    URI.noConflict = function(removeAll) {
        if (removeAll) {
            var unconflicted = {
                URI: this.noConflict()
            };

            if (root.URITemplate && typeof root.URITemplate.noConflict === 'function') {
                unconflicted.URITemplate = root.URITemplate.noConflict();
            }

            if (root.IPv6 && typeof root.IPv6.noConflict === 'function') {
                unconflicted.IPv6 = root.IPv6.noConflict();
            }

            if (root.SecondLevelDomains && typeof root.SecondLevelDomains.noConflict === 'function') {
                unconflicted.SecondLevelDomains = root.SecondLevelDomains.noConflict();
            }

            return unconflicted;
        } else if (root.URI === this) {
            root.URI = _URI;
        }

        return this;
    };

    p.build = function(deferBuild) {
        if (deferBuild === true) {
            this._deferred_build = true;
        } else if (deferBuild === undefined || this._deferred_build) {
            this._string = URI.build(this._parts);
            this._deferred_build = false;
        }

        return this;
    };

    p.clone = function() {
        return new URI(this);
    };

    p.valueOf = p.toString = function() {
        return this.build(false)._string;
    };


    function generateSimpleAccessor(_part){
        return function(v, build) {
            if (v === undefined) {
                return this._parts[_part] || '';
            } else {
                this._parts[_part] = v || null;
                this.build(!build);
                return this;
            }
        };
    }

    function generatePrefixAccessor(_part, _key){
        return function(v, build) {
            if (v === undefined) {
                return this._parts[_part] || '';
            } else {
                if (v !== null) {
                    v = v + '';
                    if (v.charAt(0) === _key) {
                        v = v.substring(1);
                    }
                }

                this._parts[_part] = v;
                this.build(!build);
                return this;
            }
        };
    }

    p.protocol = generateSimpleAccessor('protocol');
    p.username = generateSimpleAccessor('username');
    p.password = generateSimpleAccessor('password');
    p.hostname = generateSimpleAccessor('hostname');
    p.port = generateSimpleAccessor('port');
    p.query = generatePrefixAccessor('query', '?');
    p.fragment = generatePrefixAccessor('fragment', '#');

    p.search = function(v, build) {
        var t = this.query(v, build);
        return typeof t === 'string' && t.length ? ('?' + t) : t;
    };
    p.hash = function(v, build) {
        var t = this.fragment(v, build);
        return typeof t === 'string' && t.length ? ('#' + t) : t;
    };

    p.pathname = function(v, build) {
        if (v === undefined || v === true) {
            var res = this._parts.path || (this._parts.hostname ? '/' : '');
            return v ? (this._parts.urn ? URI.decodeUrnPath : URI.decodePath)(res) : res;
        } else {
            if (this._parts.urn) {
                this._parts.path = v ? URI.recodeUrnPath(v) : '';
            } else {
                this._parts.path = v ? URI.recodePath(v) : '/';
            }
            this.build(!build);
            return this;
        }
    };
    p.path = p.pathname;
    p.href = function(href, build) {
        var key;

        if (href === undefined) {
            return this.toString();
        }

        this._string = '';
        this._parts = URI._parts();

        var _URI = href instanceof URI;
        var _object = typeof href === 'object' && (href.hostname || href.path || href.pathname);
        if (href.nodeName) {
            var attribute = URI.getDomAttribute(href);
            href = href[attribute] || '';
            _object = false;
        }

        // window.location is reported to be an object, but it's not the sort
        // of object we're looking for:
        // * location.protocol ends with a colon
        // * location.query != object.search
        // * location.hash != object.fragment
        // simply serializing the unknown object should do the trick
        // (for location, not for everything...)
        if (!_URI && _object && href.pathname !== undefined) {
            href = href.toString();
        }

        if (typeof href === 'string' || href instanceof String) {
            this._parts = URI.parse(String(href), this._parts);
        } else if (_URI || _object) {
            var src = _URI ? href._parts : href;
            for (key in src) {
                if (key === 'query') { continue; }
                if (hasOwn.call(this._parts, key)) {
                    this._parts[key] = src[key];
                }
            }
            if (src.query) {
                this.query(src.query, false);
            }
        } else {
            throw new TypeError('invalid input');
        }

        this.build(!build);
        return this;
    };

    // identification accessors
    p.is = function(what) {
        var ip = false;
        var ip4 = false;
        var ip6 = false;
        var name = false;
        var sld = false;
        var idn = false;
        var punycode = false;
        var relative = !this._parts.urn;

        if (this._parts.hostname) {
            relative = false;
            ip4 = URI.ip4_expression.test(this._parts.hostname);
            ip6 = URI.ip6_expression.test(this._parts.hostname);
            ip = ip4 || ip6;
            name = !ip;
            sld = name && SLD && SLD.has(this._parts.hostname);
            idn = name && URI.idn_expression.test(this._parts.hostname);
            punycode = name && URI.punycode_expression.test(this._parts.hostname);
        }

        switch (what.toLowerCase()) {
            case 'relative':
                return relative;

            case 'absolute':
                return !relative;

            // hostname identification
            case 'domain':
            case 'name':
                return name;

            case 'sld':
                return sld;

            case 'ip':
                return ip;

            case 'ip4':
            case 'ipv4':
            case 'inet4':
                return ip4;

            case 'ip6':
            case 'ipv6':
            case 'inet6':
                return ip6;

            case 'idn':
                return idn;

            case 'url':
                return !this._parts.urn;

            case 'urn':
                return !!this._parts.urn;

            case 'punycode':
                return punycode;
        }

        return null;
    };

    // component specific input validation
    var _protocol = p.protocol;
    var _port = p.port;
    var _hostname = p.hostname;

    p.protocol = function(v, build) {
        if (v) {
            // accept trailing ://
            v = v.replace(/:(\/\/)?$/, '');

            if (!v.match(URI.protocol_expression)) {
                throw new TypeError('Protocol "' + v + '" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.+-] or doesn\'t start with [A-Z]');
            }
        }

        return _protocol.call(this, v, build);
    };
    p.scheme = p.protocol;
    p.port = function(v, build) {
        if (this._parts.urn) {
            return v === undefined ? '' : this;
        }

        if (v !== undefined) {
            if (v === 0) {
                v = null;
            }

            if (v) {
                v += '';
                if (v.charAt(0) === ':') {
                    v = v.substring(1);
                }

                URI.ensureValidPort(v);
            }
        }
        return _port.call(this, v, build);
    };
    p.hostname = function(v, build) {
        if (this._parts.urn) {
            return v === undefined ? '' : this;
        }

        if (v !== undefined) {
            var x = { preventInvalidHostname: this._parts.preventInvalidHostname };
            var res = URI.parseHost(v, x);
            if (res !== '/') {
                throw new TypeError('Hostname "' + v + '" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.-]');
            }

            v = x.hostname;
            if (this._parts.preventInvalidHostname) {
                URI.ensureValidHostname(v, this._parts.protocol);
            }
        }

        return _hostname.call(this, v, build);
    };

    // compound accessors
    p.origin = function(v, build) {
        if (this._parts.urn) {
            return v === undefined ? '' : this;
        }

        if (v === undefined) {
            var protocol = this.protocol();
            var authority = this.authority();
            if (!authority) {
                return '';
            }

            return (protocol ? protocol + '://' : '') + this.authority();
        } else {
            var origin = URI(v);
            this
                .protocol(origin.protocol())
                .authority(origin.authority())
                .build(!build);
            return this;
        }
    };
    p.host = function(v, build) {
        if (this._parts.urn) {
            return v === undefined ? '' : this;
        }

        if (v === undefined) {
            return this._parts.hostname ? URI.buildHost(this._parts) : '';
        } else {
            var res = URI.parseHost(v, this._parts);
            if (res !== '/') {
                throw new TypeError('Hostname "' + v + '" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.-]');
            }

            this.build(!build);
            return this;
        }
    };
    p.authority = function(v, build) {
        if (this._parts.urn) {
            return v === undefined ? '' : this;
        }

        if (v === undefined) {
            return this._parts.hostname ? URI.buildAuthority(this._parts) : '';
        } else {
            var res = URI.parseAuthority(v, this._parts);
            if (res !== '/') {
                throw new TypeError('Hostname "' + v + '" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9.-]');
            }

            this.build(!build);
            return this;
        }
    };
    p.userinfo = function(v, build) {
        if (this._parts.urn) {
            return v === undefined ? '' : this;
        }

        if (v === undefined) {
            var t = URI.buildUserinfo(this._parts);
            return t ? t.substring(0, t.length -1) : t;
        } else {
            if (v[v.length-1] !== '@') {
                v += '@';
            }

            URI.parseUserinfo(v, this._parts);
            this.build(!build);
            return this;
        }
    };
    p.resource = function(v, build) {
        var parts;

        if (v === undefined) {
            return this.path() + this.search() + this.hash();
        }

        parts = URI.parse(v);
        this._parts.path = parts.path;
        this._parts.query = parts.query;
        this._parts.fragment = parts.fragment;
        this.build(!build);
        return this;
    };

    // fraction accessors
    p.subdomain = function(v, build) {
        if (this._parts.urn) {
            return v === undefined ? '' : this;
        }

        // convenience, return "www" from "www.example.org"
        if (v === undefined) {
            if (!this._parts.hostname || this.is('IP')) {
                return '';
            }

            // grab domain and add another segment
            var end = this._parts.hostname.length - this.domain().length - 1;
            return this._parts.hostname.substring(0, end) || '';
        } else {
            var e = this._parts.hostname.length - this.domain().length;
            var sub = this._parts.hostname.substring(0, e);
            var replace = new RegExp('^' + escapeRegEx(sub));

            if (v && v.charAt(v.length - 1) !== '.') {
                v += '.';
            }

            if (v.indexOf(':') !== -1) {
                throw new TypeError('Domains cannot contain colons');
            }

            if (v) {
                URI.ensureValidHostname(v, this._parts.protocol);
            }

            this._parts.hostname = this._parts.hostname.replace(replace, v);
            this.build(!build);
            return this;
        }
    };
    p.domain = function(v, build) {
        if (this._parts.urn) {
            return v === undefined ? '' : this;
        }

        if (typeof v === 'boolean') {
            build = v;
            v = undefined;
        }

        // convenience, return "example.org" from "www.example.org"
        if (v === undefined) {
            if (!this._parts.hostname || this.is('IP')) {
                return '';
            }

            // if hostname consists of 1 or 2 segments, it must be the domain
            var t = this._parts.hostname.match(/\./g);
            if (t && t.length < 2) {
                return this._parts.hostname;
            }

            // grab tld and add another segment
            var end = this._parts.hostname.length - this.tld(build).length - 1;
            end = this._parts.hostname.lastIndexOf('.', end -1) + 1;
            return this._parts.hostname.substring(end) || '';
        } else {
            if (!v) {
                throw new TypeError('cannot set domain empty');
            }

            if (v.indexOf(':') !== -1) {
                throw new TypeError('Domains cannot contain colons');
            }

            URI.ensureValidHostname(v, this._parts.protocol);

            if (!this._parts.hostname || this.is('IP')) {
                this._parts.hostname = v;
            } else {
                var replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx(this.domain()) + '$');
                this._parts.hostname = this._parts.hostname.replace(replace, v);
            }

            this.build(!build);
            return this;
        }
    };
    p.tld = function(v, build) {
        if (this._parts.urn) {
            return v === undefined ? '' : this;
        }

        if (typeof v === 'boolean') {
            build = v;
            v = undefined;
        }

        // return "org" from "www.example.org"
        if (v === undefined) {
            if (!this._parts.hostname || this.is('IP')) {
                return '';
            }

            var pos = this._parts.hostname.lastIndexOf('.');
            var tld = this._parts.hostname.substring(pos + 1);

            if (build !== true && SLD && SLD.list[tld.toLowerCase()]) {
                return SLD.get(this._parts.hostname) || tld;
            }

            return tld;
        } else {
            var replace;

            if (!v) {
                throw new TypeError('cannot set TLD empty');
            } else if (v.match(/[^a-zA-Z0-9-]/)) {
                if (SLD && SLD.is(v)) {
                    replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx(this.tld()) + '$');
                    this._parts.hostname = this._parts.hostname.replace(replace, v);
                } else {
                    throw new TypeError('TLD "' + v + '" contains characters other than [A-Z0-9]');
                }
            } else if (!this._parts.hostname || this.is('IP')) {
                throw new ReferenceError('cannot set TLD on non-domain host');
            } else {
                replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx(this.tld()) + '$');
                this._parts.hostname = this._parts.hostname.replace(replace, v);
            }

            this.build(!build);
            return this;
        }
    };
    p.directory = function(v, build) {
        if (this._parts.urn) {
            return v === undefined ? '' : this;
        }

        if (v === undefined || v === true) {
            if (!this._parts.path && !this._parts.hostname) {
                return '';
            }

            if (this._parts.path === '/') {
                return '/';
            }

            var end = this._parts.path.length - this.filename().length - 1;
            var res = this._parts.path.substring(0, end) || (this._parts.hostname ? '/' : '');

            return v ? URI.decodePath(res) : res;

        } else {
            var e = this._parts.path.length - this.filename().length;
            var directory = this._parts.path.substring(0, e);
            var replace = new RegExp('^' + escapeRegEx(directory));

            // fully qualifier directories begin with a slash
            if (!this.is('relative')) {
                if (!v) {
                    v = '/';
                }

                if (v.charAt(0) !== '/') {
                    v = '/' + v;
                }
            }

            // directories always end with a slash
            if (v && v.charAt(v.length - 1) !== '/') {
                v += '/';
            }

            v = URI.recodePath(v);
            this._parts.path = this._parts.path.replace(replace, v);
            this.build(!build);
            return this;
        }
    };
    p.filename = function(v, build) {
        if (this._parts.urn) {
            return v === undefined ? '' : this;
        }

        if (typeof v !== 'string') {
            if (!this._parts.path || this._parts.path === '/') {
                return '';
            }

            var pos = this._parts.path.lastIndexOf('/');
            var res = this._parts.path.substring(pos+1);

            return v ? URI.decodePathSegment(res) : res;
        } else {
            var mutatedDirectory = false;

            if (v.charAt(0) === '/') {
                v = v.substring(1);
            }

            if (v.match(/\.?\//)) {
                mutatedDirectory = true;
            }

            var replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx(this.filename()) + '$');
            v = URI.recodePath(v);
            this._parts.path = this._parts.path.replace(replace, v);

            if (mutatedDirectory) {
                this.normalizePath(build);
            } else {
                this.build(!build);
            }

            return this;
        }
    };
    p.suffix = function(v, build) {
        if (this._parts.urn) {
            return v === undefined ? '' : this;
        }

        if (v === undefined || v === true) {
            if (!this._parts.path || this._parts.path === '/') {
                return '';
            }

            var filename = this.filename();
            var pos = filename.lastIndexOf('.');
            var s, res;

            if (pos === -1) {
                return '';
            }

            // suffix may only contain alnum characters (yup, I made this up.)
            s = filename.substring(pos+1);
            res = (/^[a-z0-9%]+$/i).test(s) ? s : '';
            return v ? URI.decodePathSegment(res) : res;
        } else {
            if (v.charAt(0) === '.') {
                v = v.substring(1);
            }

            var suffix = this.suffix();
            var replace;

            if (!suffix) {
                if (!v) {
                    return this;
                }

                this._parts.path += '.' + URI.recodePath(v);
            } else if (!v) {
                replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx('.' + suffix) + '$');
            } else {
                replace = new RegExp(escapeRegEx(suffix) + '$');
            }

            if (replace) {
                v = URI.recodePath(v);
                this._parts.path = this._parts.path.replace(replace, v);
            }

            this.build(!build);
            return this;
        }
    };
    p.segment = function(segment, v, build) {
        var separator = this._parts.urn ? ':' : '/';
        var path = this.path();
        var absolute = path.substring(0, 1) === '/';
        var segments = path.split(separator);

        if (segment !== undefined && typeof segment !== 'number') {
            build = v;
            v = segment;
            segment = undefined;
        }

        if (segment !== undefined && typeof segment !== 'number') {
            throw new Error('Bad segment "' + segment + '", must be 0-based integer');
        }

        if (absolute) {
            segments.shift();
        }

        if (segment < 0) {
            // allow negative indexes to address from the end
            segment = Math.max(segments.length + segment, 0);
        }

        if (v === undefined) {
            /*jshint laxbreak: true */
            return segment === undefined
                ? segments
                : segments[segment];
            /*jshint laxbreak: false */
        } else if (segment === null || segments[segment] === undefined) {
            if (isArray(v)) {
                segments = [];
                // collapse empty elements within array
                for (var i=0, l=v.length; i < l; i++) {
                    if (!v[i].length && (!segments.length || !segments[segments.length -1].length)) {
                        continue;
                    }

                    if (segments.length && !segments[segments.length -1].length) {
                        segments.pop();
                    }

                    segments.push(trimSlashes(v[i]));
                }
            } else if (v || typeof v === 'string') {
                v = trimSlashes(v);
                if (segments[segments.length -1] === '') {
                    // empty trailing elements have to be overwritten
                    // to prevent results such as /foo//bar
                    segments[segments.length -1] = v;
                } else {
                    segments.push(v);
                }
            }
        } else {
            if (v) {
                segments[segment] = trimSlashes(v);
            } else {
                segments.splice(segment, 1);
            }
        }

        if (absolute) {
            segments.unshift('');
        }

        return this.path(segments.join(separator), build);
    };
    p.segmentCoded = function(segment, v, build) {
        var segments, i, l;

        if (typeof segment !== 'number') {
            build = v;
            v = segment;
            segment = undefined;
        }

        if (v === undefined) {
            segments = this.segment(segment, v, build);
            if (!isArray(segments)) {
                segments = segments !== undefined ? URI.decode(segments) : undefined;
            } else {
                for (i = 0, l = segments.length; i < l; i++) {
                    segments[i] = URI.decode(segments[i]);
                }
            }

            return segments;
        }

        if (!isArray(v)) {
            v = (typeof v === 'string' || v instanceof String) ? URI.encode(v) : v;
        } else {
            for (i = 0, l = v.length; i < l; i++) {
                v[i] = URI.encode(v[i]);
            }
        }

        return this.segment(segment, v, build);
    };

    // mutating query string
    var q = p.query;
    p.query = function(v, build) {
        if (v === true) {
            return URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
        } else if (typeof v === 'function') {
            var data = URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
            var result = v.call(this, data);
            this._parts.query = URI.buildQuery(result || data, this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
            this.build(!build);
            return this;
        } else if (v !== undefined && typeof v !== 'string') {
            this._parts.query = URI.buildQuery(v, this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
            this.build(!build);
            return this;
        } else {
            return q.call(this, v, build);
        }
    };
    p.setQuery = function(name, value, build) {
        var data = URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);

        if (typeof name === 'string' || name instanceof String) {
            data[name] = value !== undefined ? value : null;
        } else if (typeof name === 'object') {
            for (var key in name) {
                if (hasOwn.call(name, key)) {
                    data[key] = name[key];
                }
            }
        } else {
            throw new TypeError('URI.addQuery() accepts an object, string as the name parameter');
        }

        this._parts.query = URI.buildQuery(data, this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
        if (typeof name !== 'string') {
            build = value;
        }

        this.build(!build);
        return this;
    };
    p.addQuery = function(name, value, build) {
        var data = URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
        URI.addQuery(data, name, value === undefined ? null : value);
        this._parts.query = URI.buildQuery(data, this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
        if (typeof name !== 'string') {
            build = value;
        }

        this.build(!build);
        return this;
    };
    p.removeQuery = function(name, value, build) {
        var data = URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
        URI.removeQuery(data, name, value);
        this._parts.query = URI.buildQuery(data, this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
        if (typeof name !== 'string') {
            build = value;
        }

        this.build(!build);
        return this;
    };
    p.hasQuery = function(name, value, withinArray) {
        var data = URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
        return URI.hasQuery(data, name, value, withinArray);
    };
    p.setSearch = p.setQuery;
    p.addSearch = p.addQuery;
    p.removeSearch = p.removeQuery;
    p.hasSearch = p.hasQuery;

    // sanitizing URLs
    p.normalize = function() {
        if (this._parts.urn) {
            return this
                .normalizeProtocol(false)
                .normalizePath(false)
                .normalizeQuery(false)
                .normalizeFragment(false)
                .build();
        }

        return this
            .normalizeProtocol(false)
            .normalizeHostname(false)
            .normalizePort(false)
            .normalizePath(false)
            .normalizeQuery(false)
            .normalizeFragment(false)
            .build();
    };
    p.normalizeProtocol = function(build) {
        if (typeof this._parts.protocol === 'string') {
            this._parts.protocol = this._parts.protocol.toLowerCase();
            this.build(!build);
        }

        return this;
    };
    p.normalizeHostname = function(build) {
        if (this._parts.hostname) {
            if (this.is('IDN') && punycode) {
                this._parts.hostname = punycode.toASCII(this._parts.hostname);
            } else if (this.is('IPv6') && IPv6) {
                this._parts.hostname = IPv6.best(this._parts.hostname);
            }

            this._parts.hostname = this._parts.hostname.toLowerCase();
            this.build(!build);
        }

        return this;
    };
    p.normalizePort = function(build) {
        // remove port of it's the protocol's default
        if (typeof this._parts.protocol === 'string' && this._parts.port === URI.defaultPorts[this._parts.protocol]) {
            this._parts.port = null;
            this.build(!build);
        }

        return this;
    };
    p.normalizePath = function(build) {
        var _path = this._parts.path;
        if (!_path) {
            return this;
        }

        if (this._parts.urn) {
            this._parts.path = URI.recodeUrnPath(this._parts.path);
            this.build(!build);
            return this;
        }

        if (this._parts.path === '/') {
            return this;
        }

        _path = URI.recodePath(_path);

        var _was_relative;
        var _leadingParents = '';
        var _parent, _pos;

        // handle relative paths
        if (_path.charAt(0) !== '/') {
            _was_relative = true;
            _path = '/' + _path;
        }

        // handle relative files (as opposed to directories)
        if (_path.slice(-3) === '/..' || _path.slice(-2) === '/.') {
            _path += '/';
        }

        // resolve simples
        _path = _path
            .replace(/(\/(\.\/)+)|(\/\.$)/g, '/')
            .replace(/\/{2,}/g, '/');

        // remember leading parents
        if (_was_relative) {
            _leadingParents = _path.substring(1).match(/^(\.\.\/)+/) || '';
            if (_leadingParents) {
                _leadingParents = _leadingParents[0];
            }
        }

        // resolve parents
        while (true) {
            _parent = _path.search(/\/\.\.(\/|$)/);
            if (_parent === -1) {
                // no more ../ to resolve
                break;
            } else if (_parent === 0) {
                // top level cannot be relative, skip it
                _path = _path.substring(3);
                continue;
            }

            _pos = _path.substring(0, _parent).lastIndexOf('/');
            if (_pos === -1) {
                _pos = _parent;
            }
            _path = _path.substring(0, _pos) + _path.substring(_parent + 3);
        }

        // revert to relative
        if (_was_relative && this.is('relative')) {
            _path = _leadingParents + _path.substring(1);
        }

        this._parts.path = _path;
        this.build(!build);
        return this;
    };
    p.normalizePathname = p.normalizePath;
    p.normalizeQuery = function(build) {
        if (typeof this._parts.query === 'string') {
            if (!this._parts.query.length) {
                this._parts.query = null;
            } else {
                this.query(URI.parseQuery(this._parts.query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace));
            }

            this.build(!build);
        }

        return this;
    };
    p.normalizeFragment = function(build) {
        if (!this._parts.fragment) {
            this._parts.fragment = null;
            this.build(!build);
        }

        return this;
    };
    p.normalizeSearch = p.normalizeQuery;
    p.normalizeHash = p.normalizeFragment;

    p.iso8859 = function() {
        // expect unicode input, iso8859 output
        var e = URI.encode;
        var d = URI.decode;

        URI.encode = escape;
        URI.decode = decodeURIComponent;
        try {
            this.normalize();
        } finally {
            URI.encode = e;
            URI.decode = d;
        }
        return this;
    };

    p.unicode = function() {
        // expect iso8859 input, unicode output
        var e = URI.encode;
        var d = URI.decode;

        URI.encode = strictEncodeURIComponent;
        URI.decode = unescape;
        try {
            this.normalize();
        } finally {
            URI.encode = e;
            URI.decode = d;
        }
        return this;
    };

    p.readable = function() {
        var uri = this.clone();
        // removing username, password, because they shouldn't be displayed according to RFC 3986
        uri.username('').password('').normalize();
        var t = '';
        if (uri._parts.protocol) {
            t += uri._parts.protocol + '://';
        }

        if (uri._parts.hostname) {
            if (uri.is('punycode') && punycode) {
                t += punycode.toUnicode(uri._parts.hostname);
                if (uri._parts.port) {
                    t += ':' + uri._parts.port;
                }
            } else {
                t += uri.host();
            }
        }

        if (uri._parts.hostname && uri._parts.path && uri._parts.path.charAt(0) !== '/') {
            t += '/';
        }

        t += uri.path(true);
        if (uri._parts.query) {
            var q = '';
            for (var i = 0, qp = uri._parts.query.split('&'), l = qp.length; i < l; i++) {
                var kv = (qp[i] || '').split('=');
                q += '&' + URI.decodeQuery(kv[0], this._parts.escapeQuerySpace)
                    .replace(/&/g, '%26');

                if (kv[1] !== undefined) {
                    q += '=' + URI.decodeQuery(kv[1], this._parts.escapeQuerySpace)
                        .replace(/&/g, '%26');
                }
            }
            t += '?' + q.substring(1);
        }

        t += URI.decodeQuery(uri.hash(), true);
        return t;
    };

    // resolving relative and absolute URLs
    p.absoluteTo = function(base) {
        var resolved = this.clone();
        var properties = ['protocol', 'username', 'password', 'hostname', 'port'];
        var basedir, i, p;

        if (this._parts.urn) {
            throw new Error('URNs do not have any generally defined hierarchical components');
        }

        if (!(base instanceof URI)) {
            base = new URI(base);
        }

        if (resolved._parts.protocol) {
            // Directly returns even if this._parts.hostname is empty.
            return resolved;
        } else {
            resolved._parts.protocol = base._parts.protocol;
        }

        if (this._parts.hostname) {
            return resolved;
        }

        for (i = 0; (p = properties[i]); i++) {
            resolved._parts[p] = base._parts[p];
        }

        if (!resolved._parts.path) {
            resolved._parts.path = base._parts.path;
            if (!resolved._parts.query) {
                resolved._parts.query = base._parts.query;
            }
        } else {
            if (resolved._parts.path.substring(-2) === '..') {
                resolved._parts.path += '/';
            }

            if (resolved.path().charAt(0) !== '/') {
                basedir = base.directory();
                basedir = basedir ? basedir : base.path().indexOf('/') === 0 ? '/' : '';
                resolved._parts.path = (basedir ? (basedir + '/') : '') + resolved._parts.path;
                resolved.normalizePath();
            }
        }

        resolved.build();
        return resolved;
    };
    p.relativeTo = function(base) {
        var relative = this.clone().normalize();
        var relativeParts, baseParts, common, relativePath, basePath;

        if (relative._parts.urn) {
            throw new Error('URNs do not have any generally defined hierarchical components');
        }

        base = new URI(base).normalize();
        relativeParts = relative._parts;
        baseParts = base._parts;
        relativePath = relative.path();
        basePath = base.path();

        if (relativePath.charAt(0) !== '/') {
            throw new Error('URI is already relative');
        }

        if (basePath.charAt(0) !== '/') {
            throw new Error('Cannot calculate a URI relative to another relative URI');
        }

        if (relativeParts.protocol === baseParts.protocol) {
            relativeParts.protocol = null;
        }

        if (relativeParts.username !== baseParts.username || relativeParts.password !== baseParts.password) {
            return relative.build();
        }

        if (relativeParts.protocol !== null || relativeParts.username !== null || relativeParts.password !== null) {
            return relative.build();
        }

        if (relativeParts.hostname === baseParts.hostname && relativeParts.port === baseParts.port) {
            relativeParts.hostname = null;
            relativeParts.port = null;
        } else {
            return relative.build();
        }

        if (relativePath === basePath) {
            relativeParts.path = '';
            return relative.build();
        }

        // determine common sub path
        common = URI.commonPath(relativePath, basePath);

        // If the paths have nothing in common, return a relative URL with the absolute path.
        if (!common) {
            return relative.build();
        }

        var parents = baseParts.path
            .substring(common.length)
            .replace(/[^\/]*$/, '')
            .replace(/.*?\//g, '../');

        relativeParts.path = (parents + relativeParts.path.substring(common.length)) || './';

        return relative.build();
    };

    // comparing URIs
    p.equals = function(uri) {
        var one = this.clone();
        var two = new URI(uri);
        var one_map = {};
        var two_map = {};
        var checked = {};
        var one_query, two_query, key;

        one.normalize();
        two.normalize();

        // exact match
        if (one.toString() === two.toString()) {
            return true;
        }

        // extract query string
        one_query = one.query();
        two_query = two.query();
        one.query('');
        two.query('');

        // definitely not equal if not even non-query parts match
        if (one.toString() !== two.toString()) {
            return false;
        }

        // query parameters have the same length, even if they're permuted
        if (one_query.length !== two_query.length) {
            return false;
        }

        one_map = URI.parseQuery(one_query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);
        two_map = URI.parseQuery(two_query, this._parts.escapeQuerySpace);

        for (key in one_map) {
            if (hasOwn.call(one_map, key)) {
                if (!isArray(one_map[key])) {
                    if (one_map[key] !== two_map[key]) {
                        return false;
                    }
                } else if (!arraysEqual(one_map[key], two_map[key])) {
                    return false;
                }

                checked[key] = true;
            }
        }

        for (key in two_map) {
            if (hasOwn.call(two_map, key)) {
                if (!checked[key]) {
                    // two contains a parameter not present in one
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }

        return true;
    };

    // state
    p.preventInvalidHostname = function(v) {
        this._parts.preventInvalidHostname = !!v;
        return this;
    };

    p.duplicateQueryParameters = function(v) {
        this._parts.duplicateQueryParameters = !!v;
        return this;
    };

    p.escapeQuerySpace = function(v) {
        this._parts.escapeQuerySpace = !!v;
        return this;
    };

    return URI;
}));