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DR. PATRICIA BENNER NOVICE TO EXPERT - NURSING THEORIST


BIOGRAPHY AND CAREER OF DR PATRICIA BENNER

Dr. Benner earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in nursing from Pasadena College
in 1964. She went on to earn a Master of Science in Medical-Surgical Nursing
from the University of California at San Francisco in 1970, and a Ph.D. from the
University of California at Berkeley in 1982



In the late 1960s, Benner worked in the nursing field. This included working as
a Head Nurse of the Coronary Care Unit at the Kansas City General Hospital and
an Intensive Care Staff Nurse at the Stanford University Hospital and Medical
Center. From 1970 until 1975, she was a Research Associate at the University of
California at San Francisco School of Nursing.

Following that, she was a Research Assistant to Richard S. Lazarus at the
University of California at Berkeley. From 1979 until 1981, she was the Project
Director at the San Francisco Consortium/University of San Francisco for a
project achieving methods of intraprofessional consensus, assessment, and
evaluation. Since 1982, Dr Benner has been working in research and teaching at
the University of California at San Francisco School of Nursing.

Family and Travel


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Dr Benner has published nine books, including From Novice to Expert, Nursing
Pathways for Patient Safety, and The Primacy of Caring. She has also published
many articles. In 1995, she was awarded the 15th Helen Nahm Research Lecture
Award from the University of California at San Francisco School of Nursing.



She is currently a professor emerita in the Department of Physiological Nursing
at the University of California at San Francisco School of Nursing. Some of her
works include:

 * Educating Nurses: A Call for Radical Transformation (Jossey-Bass/Carnegie
   Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching)
 * From Novice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice,
   Commemorative Edition
 * Expertise in Nursing Practice: Caring, Clinical Judgment, and Ethics, Second
   Edition
 * Clinical Wisdom and Interventions in Acute and Critical Care: A
   Thinking-in-Action Approach, Second Edition
 * Interpretive Phenomenology: Embodiment, Caring, and Ethics in Health and
   Illness (Nurse-patient relations)
 * New Nurses Work Entry: A Trouble Sponsorship
 * Stress and Satisfaction on the Job




DR PATRICIA BENNER'S CONTRIBUTION TO NURSING THEORY: FROM NOVICE TO EXPERT
CONCEPT



Patricia Benner developed a concept known as “From Novice to Expert.” This
concept explains that nurses develop skills and an understanding of patient care
over time from a combination of a strong educational foundation and personal
experiences.

Dr Benner proposed that a nurse could gain knowledge and skills without actually
learning a theory. She describes this as a nurse “knowing how” without “knowing
that.” She further explains that the development of knowledge in fields such as
nursing is made up of the extension of knowledge through research and
understanding through clinical experience.

The theory identifies five levels of nursing experience: novice, advanced
beginner, competent, proficient, and expert.

 1. A novice is a beginner with no experience. They are taught general rules to
    help perform tasks, and their rule-governed behavior is limited and
    inflexible. In other words, they are told what to do and simply follow
    instruction.
 2. The advanced beginner shows acceptable performance, and has gained prior
    experience in actual nursing situations. This helps the nurse recognize
    recurring meaningful components so that principles, based on those
    experiences, begin to formulate in order to guide actions.
 3. A competent nurse generally has two or three years’ experience on the job in
    the same field. For example, two or three years in intensive care. The
    experience may also be similar day-to-day situations. These nurses are more
    aware of long-term goals, and they gain perspective from planning their own
    actions, which helps them achieve greater efficiency and organization.
 4. A proficient nurse perceives and understands situations as whole parts. He
    or she has a more holistic understanding of nursing, which improves
    decision-making. These nurses learn from experiences what to expect in
    certain situations, as well as how to modify plans as needed.
 5. Expert nurses no longer rely on principles, rules, or guidelines to connect
    situations and determine actions. They have a deeper background of
    experience and an intuitive grasp of clinical situations. Their performances
    are fluid, flexible, and highly-proficient. Benner’s writings explain that
    nursing skills through experience are a prerequisite for becoming an expert
    nurse.

These different levels of skills show changes in the three aspects of skilled
performance: movement from relying on abstract principles to using past
experiences to guide actions; change in the learner’s perception of situations
as whole parts rather than separate pieces; and passage from a detached observer
to an involved performer, engaged in the situation rather than simply outside of
it.

The levels reflect movement from reliance on past principles to the use of past
experience and change in the perception of the situation as a complete whole
with certain relevant parts. Each step builds on the previous step as principles
are refined and expanded by experience and clinical expertise.

Benner’s theory of From Novice to Expert changed the understanding of what it
means to be an expert in the nursing field. This moves the label from a nurse
with the highest pay or the most prestigious title to the nurse who provided the
best care to his or her patients.

For more detailed information: From Novice to Expert Concept





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