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CIPROFLOXACIN ONLINE


ARTICLE PLAN: INFO CIPROFLOXACIN

Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic medication that belongs to the fluoroquinolone
class of drugs. It is commonly used to treat bacterial infections in various
parts of the body. The medication works by inhibiting the DNA gyrase enzyme in
bacteria, which prevents the reproduction and spread of the infection.


WHAT IS CIPROFLOXACIN?

Ciprofloxacin is a medication that falls under the class of fluoroquinolone
antibiotics. It is commonly prescribed to treat various bacterial infections in
the body. The active ingredient in ciprofloxacin inhibits the DNA gyrase enzyme
in bacteria, which prevents the bacteria from reproducing and spreading the
infection.

Ciprofloxacin is available in different forms, including tablets,
extended-release tablets, and oral suspension. It can be used to treat
infections in different parts of the body, such as urinary tract infections,
respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, bone and joint
infections, gastrointestinal infections, and more.

It is important to note that ciprofloxacin is effective against a wide range of
bacteria, including both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. However, it
may not be effective against certain strains of bacteria that have developed
resistance to the medication.

Before taking ciprofloxacin, it is important to consult with a healthcare
professional who can determine the appropriate dosage and duration of treatment
based on the specific infection being treated and other individual factors. It
is also essential to follow the prescribed instructions for taking the
medication and complete the full course of treatment to ensure the infection is
completely eradicated.


WHAT IS CIPROFLOXACIN?

Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic medication that belongs to the fluoroquinolone
class of drugs. It is commonly prescribed to treat various bacterial infections
in the body.

The active ingredient in ciprofloxacin inhibits the DNA gyrase enzyme in
bacteria, preventing them from reproducing and spreading the infection. It is
effective against a wide range of bacteria, both gram-negative and
gram-positive.

Ciprofloxacin is available in different forms, such as tablets, extended-release
tablets, and oral suspension. It is used to treat infections in different parts
of the body, including urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections,
skin and soft tissue infections, and more.

Before taking ciprofloxacin, it is important to consult with a healthcare
professional to determine the appropriate dosage and duration of treatment. It
should be taken as prescribed and for the full course to ensure the infection is
completely cleared.


WHY IS CIPROFLOXACIN PRESCRIBED?

Ciprofloxacin is prescribed to treat various bacterial infections in the body.
It is commonly used for infections in the urinary tract, respiratory tract,
skin, soft tissue, bones, and joints. Additionally, it may be prescribed for
gastrointestinal infections, including those caused by E. coli and Salmonella.

Ciprofloxacin is effective against a wide range of bacteria, both gram-negative
and gram-positive. It works by inhibiting the bacterial DNA gyrase enzyme, which
prevents DNA replication and bacterial growth.

Common conditions that may require ciprofloxacin treatment include urinary tract
infections, pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis, skin infections, and bone and
joint infections. It may also be used for gonorrhea, traveler's diarrhea, and
other specific bacterial infections;

It is important to note that ciprofloxacin should only be used to treat
bacterial infections and is not effective against viral infections such as the
common cold or flu. It should be prescribed and used under the guidance of a
healthcare professional to ensure appropriate treatment and minimize the risk of
antibiotic resistance.


WHICH BACTERIA DOES CIPROFLOXACIN KILL?

Ciprofloxacin is effective against a wide range of bacteria, both gram-negative
and gram-positive. Some of the gram-negative bacteria that ciprofloxacin can
kill include Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella spp., Shigella spp.,
Citrobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Proteus mirabilis, and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

It is also effective against some gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus
aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, although it may have limited activity
against certain strains of these bacteria.

Ciprofloxacin works by inhibiting the DNA gyrase enzyme in bacteria, which is
essential for DNA replication and cell division. Without this enzyme, bacteria
are unable to grow and multiply, leading to their death.

It is important to note that ciprofloxacin may not be effective against all
strains of bacteria, especially those that have developed resistance to the
medication. Therefore, it is crucial to use ciprofloxacin only as prescribed by
a healthcare professional and to follow the full course of treatment to ensure
the complete eradication of the infection.


TAKING CIPROFLOXACIN

When taking ciprofloxacin, it is important to follow the prescribed instructions
and to take the medication as directed by a healthcare professional. The tablets
should be swallowed whole with a small amount of liquid, preferably after a
meal.

If the medication is taken on an empty stomach, the active ingredient is
absorbed more quickly. The dosage and duration of treatment will depend on the
specific infection being treated, its severity, and other individual factors.

For lower respiratory tract infections, a typical dosage is 500 mg twice a day
for mild to moderate infections, and 750 mg twice a day for severe infections;
The duration of treatment is usually 7 to 14 days.

Ciprofloxacin should be taken consistently and for the full course of treatment,
even if symptoms improve before the treatment is completed. This helps to ensure
that the infection is fully eradicated and reduces the risk of developing
antibiotic resistance.


HOW TO TAKE CIPROFLOXACIN CORRECTLY

When taking ciprofloxacin, it is important to follow the prescribed instructions
and take the medication as directed by a healthcare professional. The tablets
should be swallowed whole with a small amount of liquid after a meal. If taken
on an empty stomach, the active ingredient is absorbed more quickly.

The dosage and duration of treatment will depend on the specific infection being
treated, its severity, and other individual factors. For lower respiratory tract
infections, a typical dosage is 500 mg twice a day for mild to moderate
infections and 750 mg twice a day for severe infections. The duration of
treatment is usually 7 to 14 days.

It is important to take ciprofloxacin consistently and for the full course of
treatment, even if symptoms improve before completing the treatment. This helps
ensure that the infection is completely eradicated and reduces the risk of
developing antibiotic resistance.

If you have any questions or concerns about how to take ciprofloxacin correctly,
it is best to consult with a healthcare professional who can provide
personalized guidance based on your specific condition.


CAN CIPROFLOXACIN BE TAKEN ON AN EMPTY STOMACH?

Ciprofloxacin can be taken on an empty stomach, but it is generally recommended
to take it with a meal. Taking ciprofloxacin with food can help reduce the risk
of stomach upset and improve the absorption of the medication.

If you take ciprofloxacin on an empty stomach, it may be absorbed more quickly,
leading to faster onset of action. However, taking it with food can help to
ensure a more consistent level of the medication in the body, which may be
beneficial for certain infections.

It is important to follow the specific instructions provided by your healthcare
professional regarding whether to take ciprofloxacin with or without food. If
you have any concerns or questions about how to take the medication correctly,
it is best to consult with your healthcare provider for personalized guidance.


POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS

Like any medication, ciprofloxacin may cause side effects in some individuals.
Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and
headache. These side effects are usually mild and go away on their own.

Less common but serious side effects may occur, such as tendon rupture, allergic
reactions, central nervous system effects (such as seizures or hallucinations),
and abnormal heart rhythms. If any of these side effects occur, it is important
to seek medical attention immediately.

Certain individuals may have an increased risk of experiencing side effects from
ciprofloxacin, such as the elderly, those with kidney or liver problems, and
those taking certain medications that interact with ciprofloxacin.

It is important to discuss any concerns or potential side effects with your
healthcare professional before starting ciprofloxacin. They can provide guidance
on how to manage any side effects and determine if ciprofloxacin is the
appropriate treatment for you.


COMMON SIDE EFFECTS OF CIPROFLOXACIN

Ciprofloxacin may cause some common side effects, which are usually mild and go
away on their own. These can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain,
and headache. These side effects can often be managed by drinking plenty of
fluids and taking the medication with food.

It is important to note any severe or persistent side effects and seek medical
attention. Some less common but serious side effects of ciprofloxacin may
include tendon rupture, allergic reactions, central nervous system effects (such
as seizures or hallucinations), and abnormal heart rhythms.

If you experience any of these serious side effects, it is important to stop
taking the medication and seek immediate medical help. It is also important to
inform your healthcare professional about any pre-existing medical conditions or
medications you are taking to ensure safe use of ciprofloxacin.

Remember to always consult with a healthcare professional for personalized
advice and guidance regarding the potential side effects associated with
ciprofloxacin.


LESS COMMON BUT SERIOUS SIDE EFFECTS

In addition to the common side effects, ciprofloxacin may also cause less common
but serious side effects. These include tendon rupture, which may occur
primarily in the Achilles tendon but can also affect other tendons in the body.
It is important to stop taking the medication and seek immediate medical
attention if you experience any sudden pain, swelling, or stiffness in the
joints.

Allergic reactions, although rare, may also occur when taking ciprofloxacin.
Symptoms of an allergic reaction may include rash, itching, swelling, severe
dizziness, or difficulty breathing. If you experience any of these symptoms,
seek medical help immediately.

Central nervous system effects such as seizures or hallucinations are also less
common but serious side effects that may occur with ciprofloxacin use.
Additionally, ciprofloxacin may cause abnormal heart rhythms, which can be
potentially life-threatening.

If you experience any of these less common but serious side effects, discontinue
the medication and seek immediate medical attention. It is important to discuss
any concerns or potential side effects with your healthcare professional before
starting ciprofloxacin.


WHO SHOULD NOT TAKE CIPROFLOXACIN?

There are certain individuals who should not take ciprofloxacin. This includes
individuals who have a known hypersensitivity or allergy to ciprofloxacin or
other fluoroquinolone antibiotics. It is important to inform your healthcare
professional about any known allergies before starting ciprofloxacin.

In addition, ciprofloxacin is contraindicated in individuals who are taking
tizanidine, as the combination may lead to severe lowering of blood pressure and
increased drowsiness.

Pregnant women and nursing mothers should also avoid taking ciprofloxacin, as it
may be associated with potential risks to the developing fetus and breastfeeding
infant.

Individuals with a history of tendon disorders or tendon rupture should exercise
caution when considering ciprofloxacin, as it may increase the risk of tendon
rupture.

It is essential to discuss your medical history and any current medications with
your healthcare professional before initiating treatment with ciprofloxacin to
ensure it is safe and appropriate for you.

There are certain individuals who should not take ciprofloxacin. This includes
individuals who have a known hypersensitivity or allergy to ciprofloxacin or
other fluoroquinolone antibiotics. It is important to inform your healthcare
professional about any known allergies or sensitivities before starting
ciprofloxacin.

Ciprofloxacin is also contraindicated in individuals who are taking tizanidine,
as the combination may lead to severe lowering of blood pressure and increased
drowsiness.

Pregnant women and nursing mothers should also avoid taking ciprofloxacin, as it
may be associated with potential risks to the developing fetus and breastfeeding
infant. It is important to discuss with your healthcare provider the potential
risks and benefits of using ciprofloxacin during pregnancy or while
breastfeeding.

Additionally, individuals with a history of tendon disorders or tendon rupture
should exercise caution when considering ciprofloxacin, as it may increase the
risk of tendon rupture. Inform your healthcare provider about any previous
tendon problems before starting the medication.

It is important to discuss your medical history and any current medications with
your healthcare professional before initiating treatment with ciprofloxacin to
ensure it is safe and appropriate for you.


CONTRAINDICATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS

There are certain individuals who should not take ciprofloxacin. This includes
individuals who have a known hypersensitivity or allergy to ciprofloxacin or
other fluoroquinolone antibiotics. It is important to inform your healthcare
professional about any known allergies or sensitivities before starting
ciprofloxacin.

Ciprofloxacin is also contraindicated in individuals who are taking tizanidine,
as the combination may lead to severe lowering of blood pressure and increased
drowsiness.

Pregnant women and nursing mothers should also avoid taking ciprofloxacin, as it
may be associated with potential risks to the developing fetus and breastfeeding
infant. It is important to discuss with your healthcare provider the potential
risks and benefits of using ciprofloxacin during pregnancy or while
breastfeeding.

Additionally, individuals with a history of tendon disorders or tendon rupture
should exercise caution when considering ciprofloxacin, as it may increase the
risk of tendon rupture. Inform your healthcare provider about any previous
tendon problems before starting the medication.

It is important to discuss your medical history and any current medications with
your healthcare professional before initiating treatment with ciprofloxacin to
ensure it is safe and appropriate for you.


DRUGS THAT INTERACT WITH CIPROFLOXACIN

There are several drugs that may interact with ciprofloxacin and potentially
affect its effectiveness or increase the risk of side effects. It is important
to inform your healthcare professional about all medications, including
over-the-counter drugs and herbal supplements, that you are taking.

Some common drugs that may interact with ciprofloxacin include antacids
containing aluminum or magnesium, sucralfate, didanosine, theophylline,
warfarin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

These medications may interfere with the absorption or effectiveness of
ciprofloxacin or increase the risk of certain side effects. Your healthcare
provider may need to adjust the dosage or monitor you closely if you are taking
these medications along with ciprofloxacin.

Additionally, it is important to avoid taking ciprofloxacin with dairy products
or calcium-fortified foods and beverages, as they can reduce the absorption of
the medication.

It is always best to consult with your healthcare professional for personalized
advice regarding potential drug interactions with ciprofloxacin.


SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

When using ciprofloxacin, there are some special considerations to keep in mind.
It is important to take the medication exactly as prescribed by your healthcare
professional. Do not skip doses or stop taking the medication prematurely, even
if you start feeling better.

Ciprofloxacin may increase the sensitivity of the skin to the sun, so it is
important to use sunscreen and avoid prolonged sun exposure while taking the
medication.

If you have a history of kidney or liver problems, your healthcare provider may
need to adjust the dosage of ciprofloxacin or monitor you closely during
treatment.

It is also important to stay well-hydrated while taking ciprofloxacin. Drink
plenty of fluids unless otherwise instructed by your healthcare professional.

If you experience any unusual or severe symptoms while taking ciprofloxacin,
such as persistent diarrhea, tendon pain, or signs of an allergic reaction, seek
medical attention immediately.

Follow the instructions provided by your healthcare professional and communicate
any concerns or questions you may have during your treatment with ciprofloxacin.


CIPROFLOXACIN USE IN CHILDREN

Ciprofloxacin is generally not recommended for use in children, especially those
younger than 18 years old. The use of ciprofloxacin in children is usually
reserved for specific situations, such as the treatment of complicated urinary
tract infections or prevention of lung infections in children with cystic
fibrosis.

Children may be more susceptible to certain side effects of ciprofloxacin, such
as tendon problems, joint pain, and abnormal heart rhythm. Additionally,
ciprofloxacin can affect the development of bones and joints in children.

The dosing and duration of ciprofloxacin treatment in children should be
carefully determined by a pediatrician. They will consider factors such as the
child's age, weight, overall health, and the specific infection being treated.

It is important to discuss the potential risks and benefits of ciprofloxacin use
in children with a healthcare professional, to ensure appropriate and safe
treatment.

Ciprofloxacin is generally not recommended for use during pregnancy and
breastfeeding, unless the potential benefits outweigh the risks. The safety of
ciprofloxacin in pregnant women and its effects on the developing fetus have not
been fully established.

Ciprofloxacin may pass into breast milk and could potentially harm a nursing
infant. Therefore, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional
before using ciprofloxacin while breastfeeding.

If you are pregnant or breastfeeding and require treatment with an antibiotic,
your healthcare provider will evaluate the potential risks and benefits and
determine the most suitable alternative.

If you become pregnant while taking ciprofloxacin, or if you are breastfeeding
and notice any unusual symptoms or effects in your infant, seek medical advice
immediately.

It is essential to discuss your individual circumstances and any concerns with a
healthcare professional to make an informed decision regarding the use of
ciprofloxacin during pregnancy or while breastfeeding.


FORMS OF CIPROFLOXACIN

Ciprofloxacin is available in various forms, including tablets, oral suspension,
and extended-release tablets. The tablets are typically swallowed whole with a
small amount of liquid. The oral suspension is a liquid form of the medication
that may be easier to administer to children or individuals who have difficulty
swallowing.

The extended-release tablets are designed to release the medication slowly over
a longer period, allowing for less frequent dosing. This form of ciprofloxacin
is usually taken once daily.

It is important to follow the specific instructions provided by the healthcare
professional or the medication package for the correct use and dosage of the
specific form of ciprofloxacin prescribed.

Choosing the appropriate form of ciprofloxacin will depend on factors such as
the individual's age, ability to swallow tablets, and the specific infection
being treated.

Always consult with a healthcare professional for guidance on the appropriate
form of ciprofloxacin for your specific condition.


CIPROFLOXACIN USE DURING PREGNANCY AND BREASTFEEDING

Ciprofloxacin is generally not recommended for use during pregnancy and
breastfeeding, unless the potential benefits outweigh the risks. The safety of
ciprofloxacin in pregnant women and its effects on the developing fetus have not
been fully established.

Ciprofloxacin may pass into breast milk and could potentially harm a nursing
infant. Therefore, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional
before using ciprofloxacin while breastfeeding.

If you are pregnant or breastfeeding and require treatment with an antibiotic,
your healthcare provider will evaluate the potential risks and benefits and
determine the most suitable alternative.

If you become pregnant while taking ciprofloxacin, or if you are breastfeeding
and notice any unusual symptoms or effects in your infant, seek medical advice
immediately.

It is essential to discuss your individual circumstances and any concerns with a
healthcare professional to make an informed decision regarding the use of
ciprofloxacin during pregnancy or while breastfeeding.


COMPARING BRAND NAME AND GENERIC CIPROFLOXACIN

Brand name ciprofloxacin and generic ciprofloxacin are both forms of the same
active ingredient and are generally equally effective in treating bacterial
infections. The main difference between the two is the name and the
manufacturer.

Brand name ciprofloxacin is the original medication developed and marketed by a
pharmaceutical company. It often has a higher cost compared to the generic
version due to the research and development costs associated with bringing the
medication to the market.

Generic ciprofloxacin is a less expensive version of the brand name medication.
It contains the same active ingredient, dosage form, strength, and quality as
the brand name medication. Generic medications undergo rigorous testing for
safety and effectiveness before being approved for use.

In most cases, generic ciprofloxacin is interchangeable with the brand name
version and can be prescribed by healthcare professionals. However, it is
important to discuss with your pharmacist if it is possible to switch from the
brand name to the generic version.

Both brand name and generic ciprofloxacin come with the same precautions,
potential side effects, and drug interactions. It is important to follow the
instructions provided by your healthcare professional and report any unusual
side effects to them.


ALTERNATIVE ANTIBIOTICS




There are several alternative antibiotics that can be used in place of
ciprofloxacin for similar conditions. Some examples include:

 * Amoxicillin: a commonly prescribed antibiotic for respiratory tract
   infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and urinary tract infections.
 * Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: often used for urinary tract infections and
   certain types of pneumonia.
 * Doxycycline: a broad-spectrum antibiotic used for various bacterial
   infections including respiratory tract infections and certain sexually
   transmitted infections.
 * Azithromycin: commonly prescribed for respiratory tract infections, skin and
   soft tissue infections, and certain sexually transmitted infections.

The choice of alternative antibiotic depends on the specific infection, the
susceptibility of the bacteria to different antibiotics, and individual patient
factors such as allergies and previous treatment history.

It is important to consult with a healthcare professional to determine the most
appropriate alternative antibiotic if ciprofloxacin is not the first-line
treatment or if it is contraindicated.


OTHER ANTIBIOTICS FOR SIMILAR CONDITIONS

There are several alternative antibiotics that can be used in place of
ciprofloxacin for similar conditions. Some commonly prescribed alternatives
include:

 * Amoxicillin: an antibiotic that is commonly used for respiratory tract
   infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and urinary tract infections.
 * Bactrim (sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim): a combination antibiotic used for
   urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, and certain types of
   pneumonia.
 * Doxycycline: a broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against respiratory tract
   infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and certain sexually transmitted
   infections.
 * Azithromycin: an antibiotic commonly used for respiratory tract infections,
   skin and soft tissue infections, and certain sexually transmitted infections.

The choice of alternative antibiotic will depend on factors such as the specific
infection, the susceptibility of the bacteria to different antibiotics, and
individual patient factors such as allergies and previous treatment history.

It is important to consult with a healthcare professional to determine the most
appropriate alternative antibiotic if ciprofloxacin is not the recommended or
suitable option for the particular condition.


WHEN CIPROFLOXACIN IS NOT THE FIRST-LINE TREATMENT

In certain cases, ciprofloxacin may not be the first-line treatment for certain
conditions. The choice of the initial antibiotic treatment depends on factors
such as the type of infection, the specific bacteria causing the infection, and
the local resistance patterns.

For example, ciprofloxacin is not typically recommended as the first-line
treatment for acute sinusitis, lower respiratory tract infections, and
uncomplicated gonorrhea. Alternative antibiotics, such as amoxicillin for
sinusitis, azithromycin for respiratory tract infections, and ceftriaxone for
gonorrhea, are commonly prescribed.

The decision to use an alternative antibiotic is made by healthcare
professionals based on their clinical judgment and current treatment guidelines.
Factors such as the severity of the infection and the patient's medical history
are also considered.

It is important to trust your healthcare professional's expertise and follow
their recommended treatment plan. They will prescribe the most appropriate
antibiotic to effectively treat your specific condition.




Ciprofloxacin is an effective antibiotic used to treat various bacterial
infections. It is important to follow the prescribed dosage and duration of
treatment as directed by a healthcare professional. Ciprofloxacin can be taken
with or without food, but it is generally recommended to take it with a meal to
minimize stomach upset.

Like any medication, ciprofloxacin may have potential side effects, both common
and serious. It is important to be aware of these side effects and seek medical
attention if necessary. Certain individuals, such as pregnant women,
breastfeeding mothers, and those with specific medical conditions, should
consult with their healthcare professional before taking ciprofloxacin.

There are alternative antibiotics available for similar conditions if
ciprofloxacin is not the first-line treatment. It is important to discuss with a
healthcare professional to determine the most appropriate antibiotic for your
specific situation.

Overall, ciprofloxacin is a valuable antibiotic that can effectively treat
bacterial infections. However, it is crucial to use it responsibly, follow the
recommendations of healthcare professionals, and report any concerns or adverse
effects experienced during treatment.


SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS

Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections.

It is important to take ciprofloxacin as prescribed by a healthcare
professional.

The medication can be taken with or without food, but it is generally
recommended to take it with a meal.

Ciprofloxacin may have potential side effects, both common and serious.

Special considerations should be taken into account for pregnant women,
breastfeeding mothers, and individuals with specific medical conditions.

There are alternative antibiotics available for similar conditions when
ciprofloxacin is not the first-line treatment;

Ciprofloxacin comes in various forms such as tablets, oral suspension, and
extended-release tablets.

Brand name and generic ciprofloxacin contain the same active ingredient but may
have differences in cost and manufacturer.

It is important to consult with healthcare professionals for personalized advice
and guidance regarding ciprofloxacin use and alternatives.

Follow the instructions and recommendations provided by healthcare professionals
to ensure safe and effective use of ciprofloxacin.


FINAL THOUGHTS

Ciprofloxacin is an important antibiotic that is commonly used to treat
bacterial infections. It is crucial to follow the prescribed dosage and duration
of treatment to ensure its effectiveness.

While ciprofloxacin is generally well-tolerated, it is important to be aware of
potential side effects and seek medical attention if necessary. Certain
individuals, such as pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers, should exercise
caution and consult with healthcare professionals before using ciprofloxacin.

If ciprofloxacin is not the first-line treatment for a particular condition,
there are alternative antibiotics available that can be considered. Healthcare
professionals will determine the most appropriate antibiotic based on factors
such as the type of infection and susceptibility of the bacteria.

Regardless of the form of ciprofloxacin prescribed, it is important to take the
medication as directed and report any concerns or adverse effects to healthcare
professionals.

Overall, ciprofloxacin is an effective antibiotic that plays a significant role
in the treatment of bacterial infections. Trust the guidance of healthcare
professionals and adhere to their recommendations for safe and effective use.


REFERENCES

National Librar? of Medicine. Ciprofloxacin. Retrieved from
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/com??und/Ciprofloxacin

World Health Organization. Ciprofloxacin. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ciprofloxacin

Mayo Clinic. ?iproflox?cin (Oral Route). Retrieved from
htt?s://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/ci?rofloxacin-?ral-route/proper-use/drg-20072288

Food ?nd Drug Administration. Medication Guide? Ciprofloxacin. Retrieved from
https://www.fda.g?v/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/medication-guide-ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride

RxList. Cipro (Ciprofloxacin)? Uses, D?sage, Side Effects. Retrieved from
https://www.rxlist.com/cipro-side-effects-drug-center.htm

DrugBank. Ciprofloxacin. Retrieved from https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00537

American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. ?titis Externa.
Retrieved from https://www.entnet.org/otitis-externa

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