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 1. Home
 2. Diseases A-Z


CARDIAC ARREST IN DOGS

By PetMD Editorial on Apr. 15, 2010



CARDIOPULMONARY ARREST IN DOGS

Cardiac arrest (also known as cardiopulmonary arrest or circulatory arrest)
occurs when normal blood circulation ceases due to the heart's inability to
contract (heart failure). Like many other body systems, the respiratory and
cardiovascular systems work in a coordinated fashion. Therefore, if a dog fails
to breathe for more than six minutes, it can lead to heart failure and cardiac
arrest -- both of which can be fatal. Cardiac arrest can occur in dogs of any
age, sex, or breed.


SYMPTOMS AND TYPES

Blood circulation may remain intact if the animal resumes breathing within four
minutes of the initial problem. However, if it lasts longer than six minutes it
can lead to cardiac arrest. Common symptoms associated with this emergency
include:

 * Dilated pupils
 * Spontaneous loss of consciousness (syncope)
 * Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes (cyanosis); a sign that
   oxygen in the blood is dangerously diminished
 * Heavy breathing (dyspnea) and gasping
 * Hypothermia
 * Lack of response to stimulation


CAUSES

 * Abnormally low levels of oxygen in arterial blood (hypoxemia)
 * Low oxygen supply; possible due to anemia
 * Heart disease (e.g., infections, inflammation, trauma, neoplasia of heart)
 * Metabolic diseases
 * Electrolyte imbalances (e.g., hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia)
 * Abnormally low bodily fluid levels
 * Shock
 * Use of anesthetic drugs
 * Blood poisoning caused by bacterial toxic substances in the blood (toxemia)
 * Brain trauma
 * Electrical shock


DIAGNOSIS

Cardiac arrest is an emergency that will require immediate veterinary assistance
to assess the animal's condition and the form of treatment. You will need to
give a thorough history of your dog’s health to your veterinarian, including the
onset and nature of the symptoms and possible incidents that might have
precipitated the complications. He or she will then perform a complete physical
examination, focusing on the dog's airways, breathing ability, and circulation.
Your veterinarian will also constantly monitor your dog's blood pressure and
pulse rate.

Routine diagnostic exams used to determine the underlying cause of the cardiac
arrest include chest X-rays, complete blood count, biochemistry profile, and
urinalysis. Blood samples are collected to determine the level of gases,
including oxygen, in the blood. Dogs suspected of having an underlying heart
disease may undergo echocardiography to evaluate the extent of the problem.




TREATMENT

This is a life-threatening emergency that will require immediate hospitalization
and intensive nursing support and treatment. The primary goal is to restart the
dog's heart rhythm and respiration rate, which may require cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR).

Once the trachea is cleared and CPR is performed, a tube may be passed into the
trachea to facilitate breathing. Oxygen may also be supplied to normalize the
blood oxygen levels.

Dogs with heart failure may require external cardiac massage to stimulate heart
to beat normally. Those unresponsive to cardiac massage may receive rapid chest
compressions. Typically medications are administered to assist in normalizing
cardiac functions. Otherwise, the chest is incised to provide the open chest
resuscitation to the animal or medications are administered directly into the
heart -- both of which are considered a last resort.


LIVING AND MANAGEMENT

The overall prognosis will depend on the underlying cause of the cardiac arrest
and the course of treatment. Unfortunately, less than 10 percent of dogs
recover, even after successful emergency treatment.

If your dog's condition does stabilize, it will need to stay in the hospital for
a few days. There, the veterinarian may monitor cardiac functions and blood
pressure and and treat any further complications.

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