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No. 62 (2020)
Cure and Care
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Investigation into healthcare facilities involves dealing with multiple spheres
beyond the technological, physical and psychological. Nowadays, the growing
emphasis on wellbeing goes beyond the seminal ideas that modern buildings were
cleansing machines, or that modern architecture and urbanism were shaped by
bacteria. Presenting some stimulating philosophically-orientated essays, this
journal makes a link between the Modern Movement and what we have entitled the
“Cure and Care” concept, connecting health and the environment, body and design.
Considering healthcare buildings and their role in the welfare policy of
societies, the discussion addresses future challenges, driven by developments in
technology and medicine, envisaging a key role for healthcare facilities in
ensuring a sustainable built environment.

Editors: Ana Tostões

Keywords: Modern Movement, Modern architecture, Modern housing, Post-war
housing, Welfare architecture, Mass housing.

 

Published: 2021-12-28


EDITORIAL

 * Health at the core of Modern Movement Architecture
   Ana Tostões
    * PDF
   
   Investigation into healthcare facilities involves dealing with multiple
   spheres beyond the technological, physical and psychological. Nowadays, the
   growing emphasis on wellbeing goes beyond the seminal ideas that modern
   buildings were cleansing machines, or that modern architecture and urbanism
   were shaped by bacteria. Presenting some stimulating
   philosophically-orientated essays, this journal makes a link between the
   Modern Movement and what we have entitled the “Cure and Care” concept,
   connecting health and the environment, body and design. Considering
   healthcare buildings and their role...


INTRODUCTION

 * Cure and care at the cradle of innovation
   Daniela Arnaut
    * PDF
   
   “Illness is the night-side of life” tying one’s up in its own body and
   weaknesses leading either to curative or care spaces that instead of bringing
   hope bring to mind loneliness and death. Even if the tendency is to believe
   in the efficiency of medical processes, the collective memory of healthcare
   buildings is related to discomfort. Ill bodies enter a machine where they are
   homogenized, losing autonomy and privacy. Intimacy is exposed in a public
   domain. In healthcare buildings the focus is on medical procedure and not on
   the prostrate body, which is the real origin and dimensional...


ESSAYS

 * The Bacterial Clients of Modern Architecture
   Beatriz Colomina, Mark Wigley
    * PDF
   
   The human is an unstable idea; simultaneously an all-powerful creature –
   capable of transforming the whole ecology of the planet – yet extremely
   fragile, a murky ghost. Contemporary research into our microbiome portrays
   the human itself as a mobile ecology constructed by the endless flux of
   interactions between thousands of different species of bacteria – some of
   which are millions of years old and others joined us just a few months ago.
   This challenges conventional understandings of architecture. What does it
   mean to house the human when we no longer think that the human organism is...
 * The Ur-Forms of Modernism. On 19th Century Hospitalized and Hygienic
   Dimensions of Architecture
   Georges Teyssot
    * PDF
   
   During the 19th century, a shift in the meaning of the notion of type took
   place, accompanied by the idea of an explicit inscription of habits and needs
   in space. A new correlation between the architectural type and the habitual
   was established. If only tentatively, esthetics and planning could now be
   harmoniously reunited through the introduction of new habits in order to
   generate a collective way of living. As a result, the object of architecture
   became to moralize and to reform. The “dream” of this period was that of a
   purely technological solution for civil building and housing. It...
 * Landscape architecture according to Olmsted: beyond purifying the air,
   pacifying the mind
   Catherine Maumi
    * PDF
   
   Although the works of Frederick Law Olmsted – such as Central Park, Prospect
   Park, Franklin Park, Riverside – are today widely recognized and appreciated,
   some of them having, in fact, been the object of important restoration work,
   the thinking which engendered them is much more unfamiliar, notably due to
   its complexity. The mission of landscape architecture, as it is defined by
   Olmsted, is above all social: to improve the living conditions of the
   population, beginning with the most unfavored. It is not just a matter of
   providing breathing spaces, but of allowing people to experience places...
 * Modern Hospitals and Cultural Heritage
   Cor Wagenaar
    * PDF
   
   The decades between 1950 and 1980 mark the heydays of modern hospital
   architecture. It represents an ideal merger between Modernism and medicine
   and a highly specific approach to health and illness as medical qualities.
   Since the 1990s, public health experts have recognized that aspects that have
   been discarded both by medicine and by modern architecture should be
   re-integrated in all policies that target health: the modern hospital has
   become a relic of the past. This essay is a plea to incorporate the changing
   views on health and illness in the value assessment of the modern hospital.
 * Sanatoriums in Europe: Build Heritage and Transformation Strategies
   Phillipe Grandvoinnet
    * PDF
   
   Sanatoriums are an emblematic program of the Modern Movement in architecture.
   Prolifically built in Europe between 1900 and 1950, they constitute today a
   remarkable architectural heritage whose technical, functional and spatial
   qualities are well documented. Since the decline of tuberculosis after the
   WWII, those sanatoriums that were not demolished have been constantly
   transformed and reused. Although iconic sanatoriums benefited from meticulous
   restoration, guided by precise historical and technical knowledge, much
   remains to be done to explore and develop the reuse potential of these...
 * The New Deal Infrastructure of New York: The Hospitals of Isadore Rosenfield
   Charles Giraudet
    * PDF
   
   In New York, the New Deal saw the construction of a new breed of hospitals
   under the direction of Isadore Rosenfield (1893-1980). Though quasi-unknown
   today, his contribution to the field of hospital design cannot be overstated
   in terms of the quantity of facilities he built on four continents and the
   philosophy underlying his activities as an architect, planner and educator.
   Currently, though, even his most successful buildings are being demolished or
   converted without documentation. The author examines the context and some
   issues encountered in his photographic recording of these...
 * Architecture at the service of care: France-USA Memorial Hospital of Saint-Lô
   Donato Severo
    * PDF
   
   The France-USA Memorial Hospital in Saint-Lô, Normandy (1948-1965), is known
   as one of the most relevant French Reconstruction projects. It is the first
   important work crafted by the French-American architect, Paul Nelson
   (1895-1979). His humanist approach inspired a series of unprecedented,
   meaningful and technical architectural innovations. The organization of the
   new hospital, based on functionality and modernity; polychromic and artistic
   inclusion; extended high-quality work, notably the "claustra" façade; ovoid
   surgical rooms and technical equipment are testimonies to the major
   quality...
 * Seven notes on the program and design of healthcare buildings’ rehabilitation
   Paulo Providência
    * PDF
   
   One of the characteristics of the 20th century heritage hospital is the
   permanent remodeling of its spaces, a sign of the frequent changes in
   clinical practices which, in turn, bring about functional, construction and
   spatial changes. This characteristic, due to the functional prevalence of
   health facilities, generates forms of environmental and territorial
   consumerism. Contrary to any conservation or crystallizing idea of the
   heritage hospital, this present reflection seeks to find the aspects of this
   heritage that may be preserved in the remodeling processes, informed by the
   recent trends...
 * Demedicalize Architecture
   Giovanna Borasi, Mirko Zardini
    * PDF
   
   Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) long ago observed, “In the order of things it
   is found that one never seeks to avoid one inconvenience without running into
   another; but prudence consists in knowing how to recognize the qualities of
   inconveniences, and in picking the less bad as good.” Given these complex
   conditions of engagement, it is critical that the relationship between
   architecture and health be revised. While perhaps partly responsible,
   architecture is not always capable of providing positive solutions for the
   environment or the “sick” body. Instead, a confused and anxious...


DOCUMENTATION ISSUES

 * Charles Fulton: the regional reach of modernism in Australia
   Paul Sanders, Marissa Lindquist
    * PDF
   
   Charles Fulton (1905-1987) was an Australian architect who applied influences
   of European Modernism, particularly the civic architecture of Willem Dudok,
   into the design for several hospital projects in regional towns across
   Queensland, at the same time adapting a climatic responsive rationale to the
   projects. As with many remote contexts that have been overlooked by a
   European and American centric focus upon Modern architecture, the account of
   Australian Modernism has not been widely acknowledged outside its borders,
   despite a local momentum to effectively document and publish its...
 * Spanish Pantheon in Rome. A Permanent Abode
   Ángela García de Paredes
    * PDF
   
   The Spanish Pantheon in the Campo di Verano was entrusted to three resident
   artists at the Academy of Spain in Rome in 1957: architects José María García
   de Paredes (1924-1990) and Javier Carvajal (1926-2013) and sculptor Joaquín
   García Donaire (1926-2003). They proposed an open space devoid of religious
   symbols apart from the chapels around it. This work explores a new direction
   that moves away from the usual funerary monument: a symbolic space composed
   of two planes in equilibrium laid out on a smooth platform where there is no
   distinction between sculpture and architecture. This place is...


HERITAGE IN DANGER

 * Hôpital Edouard Herriot à Lyon, Tony Garnier, 1933
   Philippe Dufieux
    * PDF
   
   At a time when Lyon celebrates the one hundred and fifty years of the birth
   of one of the most famous architects of the beginning of the 20th century,
   Tony Garnier (1869-1948), the observation of the conservation of the works of
   the designer of the Cité industrielle (1917) is very disturbing. Garnier’s
   heritage remains extremely fragile and the protection measures are
   insufficient. Several complexes and buildings have been destroyed and
   disfigured, for example the Abattoirs de la Mouche in Gerland (Lyon,
   1909-1914) that were demolished in 1974. The large hall of the market has
   been...


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