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HEALTH DESK

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Disease outcomes

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Vaccines

Variants

402
Health Desk articles

IF CHILDREN AREN'T VACCINATED ARE THEY LIKELY TO GET A SERIOUS CASE OF OMICRON
IF INFECTED?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Feb 4, 2022
|
Updated on
Feb 4, 2022
February 4, 2022
|
Explainer
If an unvaccinated child is infected with COVID-19, including the Omicron
variant, they are not very likely to get a serious case of COVID-19. However,
they are more likely to get a serious case of COVID-19 than an unvaccinated
child. Data is still emerging on if Omicron puts a child at higher risk of a
severe case, but early research shows it may be more mild among kids than Delta.

DOES HOLDING YOUR BREATH FOR A PERIOD OF TIME WITHOUT COUGHING OR FEELING
DISCOMFORT MEAN YOU ARE FREE FROM COVID-19 OR OTHER LUNG ISSUES?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 8, 2020
|
Updated on
Feb 3, 2022
February 3, 2022
|
Explainer
While holding your breath without coughing during an at-home lung test might
give you some very basic indication about your lungs' capacity, these tests are
not accurate or reliable indicators about your overall lung health or a COVID-19
infection.

WHY ARE MRNA VACCINES AN UNLIKELY CAUSE OF ANY NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 29, 2021
|
Updated on
Feb 2, 2022
February 3, 2022
|
Explainer
There is currently no scientific evidence that the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines by
Pfizer or Moderna lead to neurodegenerative diseases.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GETTING COVID-19 WITH AND WITHOUT A VACCINE?

by
Dr. Ahmad Hegazi
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 28, 2022
|
Updated on
Jan 28, 2022
January 28, 2022
|
Explainer
Covid-19 cases currently include infections of unvaccinated individuals, as well
as vaccinated individuals (known as breakthrough infection or breakthrough
disease). Breakthrough infections are not a surprise, since no vaccine is 100%
protective against Covid-19, however vaccinated people are much less likely to
get infected, spread disease, and have severe outcomes compared to unvaccinated
individuals.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT AT-HOME RECIPES FOR HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE AND QUININE?

by
Hannah Cai
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 27, 2022
|
Updated on
Jan 27, 2022
January 28, 2022
|
Explainer
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are synthetic drugs available only by medical
prescription. Social media posts claiming that hydroxychloroquine can be made at
home using citrus peels are false. Quinine sulfate is a natural compound similar
to chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine that is found in cinchona bark, an
ingredient in tonic water. While tonic water can be made at home using citrus
and store bought cinchona powder, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine can only be
produced by highly trained chemists.

DO COVID-19 ANTIBODIES TRANSFER FROM PREGNANT MOMS TO BABIES?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 1, 2021
|
Updated on
Jan 24, 2022
January 25, 2022
|
Explainer
Early research suggests that COVID-19 antibodies (blood proteins produced by the
body's immune system when it detects harmful substances) can be transferred to
infants through the placenta during pregnancy and through breast milk after the
baby is born. However, exact estimates on how many antibodies are transferred
and if there’s better transfer of antibodies after natural infection (getting
sick from COVID-19) versus after COVID-19 vaccination, requires further
research.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE IMPACT OF TOOTHPASTE FLUORIDE ON MELATONIN LEVELS?

by
Hannah Cai
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 20, 2022
|
Updated on
Jan 20, 2022
January 21, 2022
|
Explainer
At this time, there is no evidence to discourage use of fluoride in toothpaste
to prevent pineal calcification. Topical fluoride treatment is critical for
preventing tooth decay and subsequent infections. More research is needed to
understand what causes pineal calcification.

DO FACE MASKS WORK DIFFERENTLY AGAINST THE OMICRON AND DELTA VARIANTS?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 19, 2022
|
Updated on
Jan 19, 2022
January 19, 2022
|
Explainer
Masks can have different levels of effectiveness for different variants of
COVID-19. While masks are crucial for protecting against any variant of
COVID-19, including Omicron, some variants that are more transmissible may have
a higher chance of getting through masks because it’s easier to be infected by
that variant, which makes certain masks less effective compared to other
variants that are less transmissible.

CAN BAKING SODA BE USED TO PREVENT, TREAT, OR CURE COVID-19?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 19, 2022
|
Updated on
Jan 19, 2022
January 20, 2022
|
Explainer
Baking Soda is not proven to be effective at preventing or curing COVID-19.
Authorized vaccines against COVID-19 that have undergone clinical trials are the
only preventative option, in addition to some recently authorized treatment
pills, that are known so far to reduce the severity of illness and deaths due to
COVID-19.

ARE VACCINATED PEOPLE MORE LIKELY TO GET THE OMICRON VARIANT?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 14, 2022
|
Updated on
Jan 14, 2022
January 14, 2022
|
Explainer
Data is clear that people who are vaccinated, overall, are less likely to test
positive for COVID-19 regardless of the variant, compared to people who are
unvaccinated. People who are vaccinated and infected, however, are more likely
to be infected with Omicron than other variants compared to people who are
unvaccinated and infected.

IS IT POSSIBLE TO COMPARE SYMPTOMS OF THE DELTA AND OMICRON VARIANTS?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 13, 2022
|
Updated on
Jan 14, 2022
January 14, 2022
|
Explainer
Symptoms cannot be used to differentiate between the Omicron and Delta variants.
Most symptoms from infection by the SARS-CoV-2 variants overlap. The definitive
way to distinguish variants of SARS-CoV-2 is through a laboratory method called
genomic sequencing that is used for public health surveillance to understand the
emergence and spread of variants of a virus.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT ASTHMA AND COVID-19?

by
Hannah Cai
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 12, 2022
|
Updated on
Jan 12, 2022
January 13, 2022
|
Explainer
Asthma is a chronic disease that affects the respiratory system. People with
asthma are generally considered to have a higher risk of developing respiratory
infections, like influenza. However, it is unclear whether having asthma
increases the risk of developing the COVID-19 respiratory infection.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT SILDENAFIL AND COVID-19?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 10, 2022
|
Updated on
Jan 10, 2022
January 10, 2022
|
Explainer
There is currently no cure for COVID-19. Researchers are currently studying what
impacts, if any, Viagra and nitric oxide have against the virus.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT NUTRIENTS IN DONOR BREAST MILK?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 10, 2022
|
Updated on
Jan 10, 2022
January 12, 2022
|
Explainer
Donated breast milk is pasteurized to kill any harmful bacteria or viruses. The
most common form of breast milk pasteurization is Holder Pasteurization (HoP).
While HoP is effective at removing harmful bacteria from breast milk, there is
also evidence that it can lead to a loss of some proteins that help babies’
immune systems. Overall, research shows that pros of HoP outweigh any cons and
that the majority of beneficial nutrients are retained.

HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE FOR COVID-19 SYMPTOMS TO APPEAR?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 6, 2022
|
Updated on
Jan 7, 2022
January 7, 2022
|
Explainer
COVID-19 symptoms vary from person to person, and so does the time it takes for
the symptoms to appear. In general, it may take between two to 14 days after
exposure to the coronavirus for symptoms to appear. Symptom onset also depends
on the variant to which one is exposed.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT IMMUNITY BEFORE AND AFTER OMICRON INFECTIONS?

by
Fallback
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 7, 2022
|
Updated on
Jan 7, 2022
January 7, 2022
|
Explainer
Whether through vaccination or prior infection, the human immune system can
become stronger with repeated exposure to a pathogen and has the ability to
remember familiar infections. This happens through what are known as “B cells”
of the immune system. These cells can recall previous infections and generate
antibodies in response to the new infection. Importantly, this response is not
guaranteed. The immunity resulting from both vaccination and infection changes
over time, and can change based on which variant causes the infection, how long
the virus remains in someone’s body, their age, the vaccine they received and
their general health.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT GETTING THE FLU AND COVID-19 AT THE SAME TIME?

by
Hannah Cai
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 6, 2022
|
Updated on
Jan 6, 2022
January 7, 2022
|
Explainer
“Flurona” is a term popularized by media to describe the condition of being
infected with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza at the same time. It is not a new
COVID-19 variant, and it is not a separate disease. A person is considered to be
co-infected when they are diagnosed with two or more infections at the same
time. The presence of multiple diseases in the same person has been observed
before, for example, during the 1957 and 1968 influenza pandemics. A similar
term, superinfection, is defined by the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention as an infection that is acquired after diagnosis of another
infection, especially when caused by antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. The
primary difference between co-infection and superinfection is the timing of the
second infection.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT EYE PROBLEMS RELATED TO COVID-19 VACCINES?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Dec 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Dec 22, 2021
December 22, 2021
|
Explainer
Currently, there is no established causal link that connects mRNA COVID-19
vaccines to blindness or other eye problems. However, there are a number of case
reports of blindness and other ocular side effects (eye problems) that have
raised concerns among side effects and that are being researched to better
understand if there is a causal link or not; it’s possible that there is but
there have not been enough reports in reporting systems or studies to determine
whether these side effects are due to the vaccines or due to coincidence.

WHAT TREATS PARASITES IN HUMANS?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Dec 22, 2021
|
Updated on
Dec 22, 2021
December 22, 2021
|
Explainer
Prescription medications are the primary treatment method for parasites in human
bodies.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT COVID-19 REINFECTION AND REACTIVATION?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Dec 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Dec 21, 2021
December 21, 2021
|
Explainer
Reinfection with COVID-19 is possible and is much more likely to occur among
unvaccinated people. Reactivation is different from reinfection. Reactivation
occurs when a person who appears to have recovered from a virus still has small
amounts of dormant virus in their body that becomes active again and can
reactivate symptoms. Viral shedding is also separate from the two. Viral
shedding is when the cells in your body that host the infection release virus
particles that are then “shed” into the environment. These can be infectious or
not infectious, but both can result in a positive COVID-19 test.

THERE IS NO EVIDENCE THAT MRNA COVID-19 VACCINES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH
MISCARRIAGES

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Dec 9, 2021
|
Updated on
Dec 9, 2021
December 13, 2021
|
Explainer
There is no evidence that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines cause or are associated with
increased risks for miscarriages.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE OMICRON VARIANT?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Dec 7, 2021
|
Updated on
Dec 7, 2021
December 7, 2021
|
Explainer
The Omicron variant is a new, likely highly transmissible COVID-19 variant with
many mutations. It was first detected in South Africa in November 2021 and later
that month was deemed a Variant of Concern by the World Health Organization.

HOW IS EXCESS MORTALITY A MEASURE OF COVID-19?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Dec 3, 2021
|
Updated on
Dec 3, 2021
December 7, 2021
|
Explainer
Excess mortality accounts for all deaths that wouldn't normally occur due to
some circumstance like COVID-19. Excess mortality measurements are clearer than
total mortality due to a circumstance because they account for differences in
how deaths are calculated and when, how capable health systems are of handling
enlarged case loads due to COVID-19, how deaths are reported in different
regional health systems, how deaths related to the circumstance is defined, and
more.

DO COVID-19 VACCINES REDUCE DEATH?

by
Dr. Ahmad Hegazi
Health Desk
|
Published on
Dec 1, 2021
|
Updated on
Dec 1, 2021
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Recent research published in the New England Journal of Medicine, and conducted
in Scotland examined the protective effect of vaccination against COVID-19 found
that vaccination was 90% effective in preventing death. This study is the first
of its kind to be conducted across the entire country to examine how effective
the vaccines are in preventing death from COVID-19. The majority of cases
studied were infected with the Delta variant. Researchers reported that
vaccination with the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine and the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine
was 91%, and 90% effective in preventing deaths, respectively, among people who
have received two doses of each vaccine.

ARE UNVACCINATED PEOPLE NOT GETTING AILMENTS SUCH AS MYOCARDITIS, PERICARDITIS,
BLOOD CLOTS, STROKES OR HEART ATTACKS?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Nov 30, 2021
|
Updated on
Nov 30, 2021
November 30, 2021
|
Explainer
People who have not been vaccinated are still being impacted with heart issues
such as myocarditis, pericarditis, blood clots, strokes, heart attacks, and
other ailments just as they were before the pandemic began. However, COVID-19
increases the risk of blood clots and many other health issues dramatically.
People who have not been vaccinated against the virus face much higher risks of
severe symptoms from an infection than those who have been fully vaccinated.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF MASK (FOR EXAMPLE, CLOTH VS
MEDICAL) AND THEIR IMPACT ON TRANSMISSION?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Nov 30, 2021
|
Updated on
Nov 30, 2021
November 30, 2021
|
Explainer
There are two main types of face coverings to prevent COVID-19 and other
diseases: 1) face masks (such as surgical masks and cloth masks), and 2)
respirators (such as KN95s and N95s). All masks offer protection against
COVID-19 both for the wearer and those around the wearer. Studies show that N95s
offer the best protection followed by surgical masks and then cloth masks, but
this can vary based on factors such as fit and length of wear.

WHAT IS VITILIGO AND IS IT DEADLY?

by
Dr. Ahmad Hegazi
Health Desk
|
Published on
Nov 30, 2021
|
Updated on
Nov 30, 2021
December 6, 2021
|
Explainer
Vitiligo is not contagious or life threatening condition. It is, however,
considered a life-altering condition as it affects the appearance of an
individual over time and makes them vulnerable to social and cultural stigma in
different parts of the world. Vitiligo is also generally considered to be an
autoimmune disorder and can put an individual at risk of other complications
such as other autoimmune diseases and higher risk of sunburns or skin cancer.

HOW OFTEN CAN A PERSON DONATE BLOOD?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Nov 30, 2021
|
Updated on
Nov 30, 2021
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
How often a person is able to donate blood depends on which country they live in
and their national standards.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT MIXING COVID-19 VACCINES WITH MEDICATIONS?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Nov 26, 2021
|
Updated on
Nov 26, 2021
November 30, 2021
|
Explainer
COVID-19 vaccines are not impacted by the large majority of prescription and
over-the-counter medications people may take, even people over the age of 60.
However, certain medications might impact how effective the vaccines can be be
in people who take them regularly. Immunosuppressive medications and other
medications that affect the immune system—including chemotherapy and steroids
like prednisone—may decrease the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. The vast
majority of prescription medications do not affect the immune system.

WHAT SIDE EFFECTS HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH SINOVAC’S VACCINE?

by
Dr. Ahmad Hegazi
Health Desk
|
Published on
Nov 22, 2021
|
Updated on
Nov 22, 2021
December 1, 2021
|
Explainer
Published data on phase 1 and phase 2 clinical trials reports that the most
common side-effect of the Sinovac vaccine is pain at the site of the injection,
which is also common with other available COVID-19 vaccines. According to the
World Health Organization’s information on the safety of this vaccine, this is
the only side-effect that is related to the vaccine with certainty. Other mild
side effects have been reported such as headache, fatigue and muscle pain, which
resolved after two days, and researchers noted that they occurred in both the
study group that took the vaccine, as well as the group that took the placebo
(did not receive the vaccine for comparison). The studies also reported a lower
chance of developing fever as a side-effect of this vaccine when compared to
other COVID-19 vaccines.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT COVID-19 TRANSMISSION IN VACCINATED INDIVIDUALS?

by
Dr. Ahmad Hegazi
Health Desk
|
Published on
Nov 12, 2021
|
Updated on
Nov 12, 2021
November 12, 2021
|
Explainer
Several recent studies have reached similar conclusions around transmission of
COVID-19 among vaccinated individuals: 1. Individuals who are fully vaccinated
transmit the virus less than those who are partially vaccinated (received one
dose only) and unvaccinated individuals have the highest risk of transmission.
2. Vaccines are less effective against preventing transmission of the Delta
variant, when compared to other variants of COVID-19. Vaccines can reduce
transmission by preventing infections and reducing the amount of infectious
virus in someone’s body if they do get sick. However, the exact rate of
transmission among vaccinated individuals (though it is rare) is still
uncertain. A lot of cases of infection in vaccinated people do not progress to
symptomatic disease, making it harder to know who is sick and collect data on
how contagious they may be.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT INHERITING INTELLIGENCE FROM OUR PARENTS?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Nov 9, 2021
|
Updated on
Nov 10, 2021
November 10, 2021
|
Explainer
Intelligence can be attributed to the overall effect of a multitude of genes
passed down from parents, as well as the socio-economic environment in which one
grows up. Genetic research indicates that about half of the differences in
intelligence can be attributed to differences in our genetics, but intelligence
is also dependent on external factors. The environment, socio-economic, and
health conditions can play a big role in our intelligence.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT TROMETHAMINE IN COVID-19 VACCINES?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Nov 10, 2021
|
Updated on
Nov 10, 2021
November 15, 2021
|
Explainer
This use of tromethamine in approved COVID-19 vaccines is safe. There is no
evidence that COVID-19 vaccines with tromethamine cause serious adverse health
effects. There is also no evidence that tromethamine was added to “stabilize
patients” from any negative health effects of the COVID-19 vaccines. Instead,
pharmaceutical companies have repeatedly stated that tromethamine is used to
stabilize the vaccine itself and lengthen the time doses can be kept in storage.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT VACCINES IN TEENS?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Nov 9, 2021
|
Updated on
Nov 9, 2021
November 9, 2021
|
Explainer
COVID-19 vaccines do not impact development, puberty, or fertility in teenagers
or children. It is not possible for the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines made by Pfizer or
Moderna to interfere with a child's genetics. Like other childhood vaccines,
these new immunizations will not impact puberty or fertility in teenagers.

CAN WE TRUST ANTIBODY TESTS TO TELL WHO HAS BEEN INFECTED AND WHO HASN'T?

by
Dr. Ahmad Hegazi
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 7, 2020
|
Updated on
Nov 8, 2021
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
According to the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
antibody tests should not be generally used for diagnosing a COVID-19 infection,
because the body can take up to three weeks to produce antibodies in response to
a new infection. For this reason, the presence of antibodies is a good measure
of protection and is generally not reliable for diagnosis.

WHAT ARE THE HEALTH RISKS OF SELF-REMOVING AN IUD?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Nov 4, 2021
|
Updated on
Nov 5, 2021
November 5, 2021
|
Explainer
An Intrauterine Device (IUD) is a long-acting reversible birth control that is
inserted and removed into the uterus by medical professionals. The American
College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) does not recommend that
individuals remove IUDs themselves. Sometimes people may try to remove the IUD
themselves to avoid the cost of visiting a physician, or if an appointment with
a doctor is not available. The overall recommendation on self-removal of an IUD
is mixed. Many people on social media are sharing their experiences of removing
their own IUD and believe that doing so provides them with autonomy over birth
control and reduces barriers to the use of IUDs, while several OB/GYNs strongly
advise against doing so for safety reasons. Please consult your doctor for
individual advice.

HOW DO VACCINE DOSES WORK IN CHILDREN?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Nov 4, 2021
|
Updated on
Nov 4, 2021
November 5, 2021
|
Explainer
Unlike some medications, height and weight are not very important when
considering vaccine dosages against COVID-19. The dosage for COVID-19 vaccines
are based on age, not size. Children aged 5-11 receive 10 microgram injections
three weeks apart. Kids 12-17 and older get 30 microgram dosages three weeks
apart. Children still produce very robust immune system responses with smaller
dosages.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT HOW LONG COVID-19 VACCINE PROTECTION LASTS IN CHILDREN?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Nov 3, 2021
|
Updated on
Nov 3, 2021
November 3, 2021
|
Explainer
Scientists are still gathering data to better understand how COVID-19 vaccines
last in both young people and older adults. For people over 16, current data
suggests that COVID-19 vaccine protection can last at least 6 to 8 months. This
is based on studies conducted by Moderna, Pfizer and BioNTech, and Johnson &
Johnson as well as other pre-print and peer-reviewed research publications.
Since clinical trials have found that the vaccines work similarly in adults and
children aged 5-11, it is possible that vaccine-induced immunity may last for a
similar amount of time in those groups.

COVID-19 VACCINES DO NOT ALTER HUMAN DNA

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Oct 31, 2021
|
Updated on
Oct 31, 2021
November 5, 2021
|
Explainer
According to the United States National Institutes of Health (U.S. NIH), gene
therapy is "...[A]n experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent
disease. In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by
inserting a gene into a patient’s cells instead of using drugs or surgery."

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT BREAST CANCER AND ANTIPERSPIRANTS?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Oct 20, 2021
|
Updated on
Oct 20, 2021
October 20, 2021
|
Explainer
There is currently no evidence supporting the idea that antiperspirant use is
linked to the development of breast cancer.

WHAT DO SCIENTISTS SAY ABOUT VACCINATING CHILDREN AGAINST COVID-19?

by
Hannah Cai
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 26, 2021
|
Updated on
Oct 19, 2021
October 19, 2021
|
Explainer
Children and teenagers are recommended to receive any COVID-19 vaccine allowed
for emergency use as soon as it is available to them. Globally, the Pfizer
vaccine has been deemed safe for children aged 12 years and older. COVID-19
vaccines are not yet available to children under 12 years old as safety trials
for this population are underway.

THERE IS NO EVIDENCE LINKING COVID-19 VACCINES WITH DISEASES LIKE CANCER OR HIV

Health Desk
|
Published on
Oct 19, 2021
|
Updated on
Oct 19, 2021
November 3, 2021
|
Explainer
There is no evidence that COVID-19 vaccines can cause or are linked to increased
risks of cancer. There are also no data that support a recent surge in cancers
since the COVID-19 vaccination rollout began in late 2020. (It should be noted
that most data for cancer incidence for 2021 has not yet been tallied). Most
scientists have seen a decrease in cancer incidences as it is estimated that at
least 20% of people have had to delay medical care and treatment, such as
testing for cancerous maladies.

WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT ASPIRIN AND ITS EFFICACY AGAINST COVID?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Oct 15, 2021
|
Updated on
Oct 15, 2021
October 15, 2021
|
Explainer
Low-doses of aspirin taken before the need for hospital admission due to
COVID-19 might have a role in preventing COVID-19 complications, especially
arterial thrombosis (a blood clot in an artery) and mechanical ventilation in
both hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients. However, research on the
association between aspirin and COVID-19 is limited, and so far has only been
carried out through observational studies which can only show associations, not
causal relationships. As a result, more research, particularly randomized
control trials which are designed to test causal relationships, are needed to
understand the relationship between aspirin and COVID-19 outcomes.

COVID-19 VACCINES DO NOT CHANGE THE COLOR OF BLOOD

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Oct 12, 2021
|
Updated on
Oct 12, 2021
November 4, 2021
|
Explainer
The blood of people who have received a COVID-19 vaccine is not visibly darker
than the blood of vaccinated people.

WHAT DOES SCIENCE SAY ABOUT COVID-19 VACCINES AND MALE LIBIDO?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Oct 12, 2021
|
Updated on
Oct 12, 2021
October 12, 2021
|
Explainer
There is no evidence suggesting that increased male libido (i.e. sex drive) is a
common side effect from approved COVID-19 vaccines. Similarly, there is no
evidence suggesting that the approved COVID-19 vaccines lead to decreased male
libido or fertility. Common side effects include pain at the injection site,
fatigue, headache, joint and muscle pain, which have the potential to
temporarily decrease libido while the vaccine recipient recovers from minor side
effects.

CAN SOMEONE BE INFECTED WITH COVID-19 MORE THAN ONCE?

by
Dr. Emily LaRose
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 13, 2020
|
Updated on
Oct 11, 2021
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
We are still learning a lot about what kind of immunity a person has after being
infected with COVID-19, and how long that immunity lasts. A a small number of
people have reportedly become reinfected with virus following an initial
infection and research is ongoing. According to the US Centers fo Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC), "reinfection means a person was infected (got
sick) once, recovered, and then later became infected again. Based on what we
know from similar viruses, some reinfections are expected. We are still learning
more about COVID-19." In a press conference on December 4th, 2020, the World
Health Organization acknowledged emerging evidence that suggests that COVID-19
immunity is unlikely to be lifelong, which suggests reinfection may be possible.
The most reliable way to measure immunity to COVID-19 is unclear, and, whether
from infection or vaccination, scientists still do not know how long immunity to
COVID-19 may last. Though reinfection has been documented, there are many
ongoing questions about whether or not reinfection poses an ongoing risk, how
common it is, and what kind of immunity to the virus people might obtain once
they have been infected. Currently researchers believe that most people will be
protected from reinfection for up to six months following infection, but
research is ongoing. There are multiple pre-print studies with large participant
groups that suggest immunity does last for up to six months but decreases over
time. Antibodies decrease more quickly in young adults who have had an
asymptomatic infection. Pre-print studies have also suggested that reinfection
is possible. It is important to note that there is a shortage of peer-reviewed
papers (so other scientific experts are not yet able to rigorously study the
data or full results). It is also important to note that antibody levels may not
be a strong indicator of immunity against the virus and likelihood of
reinfection. To prevent infection, reinfection, and spread of COVID-19, experts
recommend frequent hand washing, social distancing (6 feet/2 meters apart),
avoidance of crowded areas (especially indoors), wearing a face mask (though the
U.S. CDC now suggests wearing a cloth mask over a surgical mask or a high grade
respirator), and staying home when you are sick or know that you have been
exposed to COVID-19.

HOW DOES MERCK'S MOLNUPIRAVIR DIFFER FROM IVERMECTIN?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Oct 5, 2021
|
Updated on
Oct 5, 2021
January 25, 2022
|
Explainer
Evidence of the Molnupiravir's safety and effectiveness was strong enough for
the independent board of medical experts monitoring the study to recommend that
the clinical trials be stopped early, before enrolling and studying all of the
1,550 intended participants, enabling the drug to proceed with regulatory
approval processes. In contrast, there is currently no evidence that Ivermectin
is effective against COVID-19, including a large study showing no benefit
compared to a placebo and another flawed study being withdrawn from a pre-print
platform.

WHY IS MAKING AN HIV VACCINE HARDER THAN MAKING ONE FOR COVID-19?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Oct 4, 2021
|
Updated on
Oct 4, 2021
November 1, 2021
|
Explainer
There is no Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) vaccine currently available to
prevent HIV or treat people who have the virus. There are several reasons why
the production of HIV vaccines are taking longer than ones for other viruses
such as SARS-COV-2. Namely, HIV is a more difficult organism to make a vaccine
against.

WHAT IS USED AS THE CONTROL IN HUMAN CLINICAL TRIALS OF A DRUG OR VACCINE?

by
Dr. Bhargav Krishna
Health Desk
|
Published on
Oct 1, 2021
|
Updated on
Oct 1, 2021
October 1, 2021
|
Explainer
In clinical trials of a drug or vaccine, the control receives either a placebo
or an active control, which is a safe and effective approved treatment. Placebo
is the gold standard, but sometimes an active control is needed due to ethical
concerns or to reduce bias in a study.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE SIDE EFFECTS OF FLU SHOTS COMPARED TO THE SIDE EFFECTS
OF COVID-19 VACCINES?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Oct 1, 2021
|
Updated on
Oct 1, 2021
October 1, 2021
|
Explainer
Side effects for both flu shots and COVID-19 vaccines are relatively minor, and
are outweighed by the benefits of the protection they provide. COVID-19 vaccines
and flu vaccines are different vaccines for different vaccines, and therefore
their side effects should not be directly compared, especially from the Vaccine
Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) which is unverified, may be incomplete,
and is not well-suited to comparing vaccines.

WHAT DO STUDIES SAY ABOUT USING BERBERINE AGAINST COVID-19?

by
Dr. Ahmad Hegazi
Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 30, 2021
|
Updated on
Sep 30, 2021
September 30, 2021
|
Explainer
Evidence suggests berberine can support some conditions like diabetes and high
cholesterol, and may be helpful in killing some harmful organisms like bacteria
and viruses. However, there is not enough evidence to suggest using it in
routine care for COVID-19 patients. Recommendations are based on its suggested
general support to the immune system.

THERE’S NO EVIDENCE THAT VACCINES CAN AFFECT FERTILITY. WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 10, 2021
|
Updated on
Sep 28, 2021
September 28, 2021
|
Explainer
To-date, there is no data that the COVID-19 vaccines affect fertility. Research
is ongoing to continue studying the relationship between COVID-19 vaccines and
fertility long-term, and to make sure there are no risks. Many experts say that
COVID-19 is more harmful for pregnant individuals and potentially for those who
are hoping to become pregnant than the vaccines that protect against it.

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IS NOT A CURE FOR THE COMMON COLD, COVID-19, HIV, CANCER, OR
ANY OTHER DISEASE

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 28, 2021
|
Updated on
Sep 28, 2021
November 4, 2021
|
Explainer
Hydrogen peroxide is not a cure for any infectious disease, including COVID-19.
There is no evidence that hydrogen peroxide is a cure for the common cold,
COVID-19, HIV, cancer, or any other disease.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE SIDE EFFECTS OF BOOSTER SHOTS?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 28, 2021
|
Updated on
Sep 28, 2021
September 28, 2021
|
Explainer
Currently available data suggest that the side effects from the COVID-19 vaccine
booster doses are similar to side effects from the initial set of vaccine doses.
Approved booster shots are considered safe and are currently recommended in some
countries for people who are immunocompromised, people who are older than age
65, and people who are at higher risk of exposure due to their work (e.g.
medical and other frontline jobs).

HOW DO COVID-19 VACCINE ANTIBODIES DIFFER FROM ONES PRODUCED FROM A NATURAL
INFECTION?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 22, 2021
|
Updated on
Sep 27, 2021
September 28, 2021
|
Explainer
The COVID-19 antibodies that your body develops from getting vaccinated are
mostly the same kind of antibodies you develop from an infection.

WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR ABOUT THE ABILITY OF ASYMPTOMATIC PEOPLE TO TRANSMIT THE
VIRUS?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 6, 2020
|
Updated on
Sep 21, 2021
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
People who are infected with COVID-19 but are asymptomatic (or symptom free) can
spread the virus to others. Researchers estimate that 59% of COVID-19 spread is
from people who do not have symptoms. 35% of the spread happens before someone
develops symptoms (when they are pre-symptomatic). 24% of COVID-19 spread
happens via people who never develop symptoms.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT VACCINE DISTRIBUTION FOR CHILDREN?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Sep 21, 2021
September 21, 2021
|
Explainer
COVID-19 vaccines should be prioritized for older and medically vulnerable
populations. In countries where vaccines are available and approved for children
12 and older, kids should be vaccinated if possible. More research is needed on
vaccinating children under 12 but early research showing their safety and
strengthening of immune system responses is promising.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT RINSING WITH VINEGAR TO PREVENT COVID-19?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Sep 21, 2021
September 23, 2021
|
Explainer
While there can be some health benefits to using a nasal rinses (also called
nasal irrigation) or mouthwash, there is no scientific evidence that rinsing
with vinegar can prevent or treat COVID-19. COVID-19 is caused by coronaviruses
with an outer lipid (fat) membrane, so washing hands with soap and using a hand
sanitizer with at least 60-70% alcohol can be effective against this type of
virus. Wearing a mask or face covering can help prevent viral particles from
entering or exiting through the mouth and nose.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT BREAKTHROUGH INFECTIONS AND WANING IMMUNITY WITH COVID-19
VACCINES?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 17, 2021
|
Updated on
Sep 17, 2021
September 17, 2021
|
Explainer
Breakthrough infections of COVID-19 are possible, but relatively rare, in people
who have been fully vaccinated against the disease. Some scientists estimate
that breakthrough infections of COVID-19 may be as uncommon as 1 out of
5,000-10,000 vaccinated people, based on numbers in the United States. More
research is being done, as the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) focused limited resources on tracking symptomatic breakthrough cases
rather than all incidences of breakthrough infections.

NO EVIDENCE OF A LINK BETWEEN THE COVID-19 VACCINES AND IMPOTENCE OR SWOLLEN
TESTICLES. HERE'S WHAT WE KNOW SO FAR.

by
Fallback
Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 15, 2021
|
Updated on
Sep 15, 2021
October 4, 2021
|
Explainer
There is no link between any of the COVID-19 vaccines and impotence or swollen
testicles. The COVID-19 vaccine is safe and effective in preventing serious
illness or death, and the symptoms associated with COVID-19 infection are far
more serious and life threatening than any symptoms associated with the
vaccines, which have been rigorously tested and studied by health experts.

HOW DOES COVID-19 SPREAD THROUGH UTENSILS AND TOOTHBRUSHES?

by
Dr. Ahmad Hegazi
Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 14, 2021
|
Updated on
Sep 14, 2021
September 15, 2021
|
Explainer
Current research does not suggest a high risk of transmission for COVID-19
through household surfaces, food, or food packaging. However, more intimate
items such as utensils and toothbrushes may still cause a risk. In settings
where groups of people are expected to share utensils, the Center for Disease
Control and Prevention recommends using disposable utensils and tools is the
safest practice.

WHAT DOES LIFTING PUBLIC HEALTH RESTRICTIONS MEAN FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM RIGHT
NOW?

by
Dr. Christine Mutaganzwa
Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 13, 2021
|
Updated on
Sep 13, 2021
September 15, 2021
|
Explainer
New confirmed cases are trending upward, from 20,607 confirmed cases on July 1,
2021 (just before most COVID-19 restrictions were lifted) to 36,731 confirmed
cases on the day of September 11, 2021 (about two months after most COVID-19
restrictions were lifted), according to Johns Hopkins University database. To be
sure, cases were on the rise before restrictions were lifted and have continued
to persist.

WHAT DO INDIVIDUALS WITH HIV NEED TO KNOW BEFORE THEY GET VACCINATED AGAINST
COVID-19?

by
Dr. Ahmad Hegazi
Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 10, 2021
|
Updated on
Sep 10, 2021
October 7, 2021
|
Explainer
Individuals living with HIV can safely be vaccinated against COVID-19. As part
of the authorization process that the available vaccines go through before being
available for mass vaccination, clinical trials allow researchers to establish
the safety of a vaccine. The clinical trials used to test the safety of the
authorized Covid-19 vaccines included people with HIV infection, and were deemed
safe.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS FOR COVID-19 TREATMENT?

by
Hannah Cai
Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 31, 2021
|
Updated on
Aug 31, 2021
January 13, 2022
|
Explainer
Blood transfusions are not currently recommended as a treatment option for
COVID-19 patients. Currently, the U.S. National Institutes of Health’s COVID-19
treatment guidelines recommend against the use of convalescent plasma therapy in
hospitalized patients who are not immunocompromised, unless enrolled in a
clinical trial.

WHAT ARE D-DIMER TESTS AND HOW RELIABLE ARE THEY?

by
Fallback
Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 30, 2021
|
Updated on
Aug 30, 2021
August 31, 2021
|
Explainer
D-dimer tests are used to rule out the possibility of blood clots among patients
who typically have a low likelihood of blood clots. The test is used for
screening purposes only, and additional tests would be required to confirm a
diagnosis.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT OBESITY AND MORTALITY FROM COVID-19?

by
Hannah Cai
Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 24, 2021
|
Updated on
Aug 24, 2021
August 24, 2021
|
Explainer
Obesity is a known risk factor for severe COVID-19 outcomes. Data on
hospitalized patients in the U.S. showed that individuals with an obese BMI had
an increased risk for death from COVID-19. The association for death was even
more pronounced among adults less than 65 years old.

WHY DO SOME PEOPLE NOT DEVELOP COVID-19 SYMPTOMS WHEN THEY'RE INFECTED?

by
Fallback
Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 24, 2021
|
Updated on
Aug 24, 2021
August 24, 2021
|
Explainer
Asymptomatic COVID-19 cases (cases with no symptoms) are common, making up at
least 1 out of 3 of all cases and sometimes more in some areas. The healthier
and younger you are, the more likely you are to have an asymptomatic case. Other
pathways are unknown but are being explored. These pathways include genetics,
cross-immunity ( past exposure to one virus providing partial protection to
another virus), environment, and COVID-19 vaccination.

WHY HAVE DAILY VACCINATION RATES BEEN DROPPING IN THE U.S?

by
Dr. Ahmad Hegazi
Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 24, 2021
|
Updated on
Aug 24, 2021
October 7, 2021
|
Explainer
It is unclear how factors like vaccine hesitancy and news about vaccine side
effects contributed to a decline in daily vaccination rates. We can most likely
attribute the drop in number of people getting shots to a combination of
things.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE COVID-19 TESTS ON THE MARKET?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 20, 2021
|
Updated on
Aug 20, 2021
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
There are two main types of COVID-19 tests: diagnostic tests and antibody tests.
Diagnostic tests can tell you if you have an active COVID-19 infection, while
antibody tests can tell you if you’ve been infected by the virus that causes
COVID-19 in the past. Types of diagnostic tests include antigen tests and
molecular tests. Molecular tests are typically the most accurate at diagnosing
an active COVID-19 infection.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT COVID-19 AND SMOKING TOBACCO?

by
Hannah Cai
Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 18, 2021
|
Updated on
Aug 18, 2021
August 24, 2021
|
Explainer
Smoking may be associated with more severe disease and a higher risk of death in
hospitalized COVID-19 patients. However, this association is not confirmed and
more research is needed to understand the risk of developing COVID-19 and being
hospitalized for COVID-19 among smokers.

HOW CONTAGIOUS IS THE DELTA VARIANT COMPARED TO OTHER INFECTIOUS DISEASES?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 13, 2021
|
Updated on
Aug 13, 2021
August 17, 2021
|
Explainer
The R-naught for the COVID-19 Delta variant likely falls between 5 and 9 with
some estimates putting it between 6 and 7. The R-naught for chickenpox is
estimated to fall between 9 and 10.

HOW DO DRUG RECALLS WORK?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 12, 2021
|
Updated on
Aug 12, 2021
August 13, 2021
|
Explainer
Drugs and vaccines are recalled for a number of reasons including manufacturing
defects, particulate contamination, and packaging and labeling defects. However,
no World Health Organization approved vaccines have been recalled en masse.

WHAT COVID-19 VACCINES ARE AVAILABLE IN THE PHILIPPINES, AND HOW ARE THEY EACH
DIFFERENT?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 12, 2021
|
Updated on
Aug 12, 2021
August 13, 2021
|
Explainer
In the Philippines, available COVID-19 vaccines are from Sinovac Biotech,
AstraZeneca, Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, Johnson & Johnson, and Sputnik V.

THERE'S NO EVIDENCE THAT MRNA VACCINES ARE LINKED TO BLOOD CLOTS.

Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 10, 2021
|
Updated on
Aug 10, 2021
August 13, 2021
|
Explainer
Current research has not shown a link between the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines and
blood clots. Health leaders around the world continue to encourage everyone to
get a COVID-19 vaccine when it is available to them.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE JOHNSON & JOHNSON COVID-19 VACCINE AND ANIMAL TESTING?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 10, 2021
|
Updated on
Aug 10, 2021
August 13, 2021
|
Explainer
The Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine underwent pre-clinical testing in rhesus
macaques and Syrian golden hamsters before human trials.

WHY IS THE ASTRAZENECA VACCINE LESS EXPENSIVE THAN OTHERS?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 10, 2021
|
Updated on
Aug 10, 2021
August 13, 2021
|
Explainer
Compared to many of its counterparts, the AstraZeneca vaccine is easier and less
expensive to manufacture, store, and transport. It’s been featured prominently
in the vaccination strategies of many developing and developed countries for
these reasons.

HOW DO DRUGS LIKE DICLOFENAC INTERACT WITH COVID-19 VACCINES?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 6, 2021
|
Updated on
Aug 6, 2021
October 12, 2021
|
Explainer
There is no scientific evidence demonstrating that taking medically-advised
diclofenac after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine can cause
complications. According to [CDC
guidelines](https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/clinical-considerations/covid-19-vaccines-us.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fvaccines%2Fcovid-19%2Finfo-by-product%2Fclinical-considerations.html)
“for all currently authorized COVID-19 vaccines, NSAIDs can be taken for the
treatment of post-vaccination symptoms.” This includes the use of diclofenac,
and as long as recommended amounts are not exceeded and are in line with medical
advises.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT EATING DATES AS A COVID-19 PREVENTION OR TREATMENT?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 5, 2021
|
Updated on
Aug 6, 2021
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
There is no available evidence that suggests eating dates can help treat
COVID-19 or make it worse. Additionally, according to the NIH, there is not
enough information to suggest any vitamin, minerals, herbal or botanical
ingredient can prevent or treat COVID-19. Experts recommend eating a
well-balanced diet to stay healthy and build a strong immune system that can
fight infections and illnesses. It is recommended that one may contact a
nutritionist for more advice on individual requirements.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT COVID-19 AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETES?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 5, 2021
|
Updated on
Aug 5, 2021
August 10, 2021
|
Explainer
New-onset diabetes has been observed in patients with COVID-19. Scientists
suspect that coronavirus may impair glucose metabolism by affecting the
pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT ISRAEL GIVING OUT BOOSTER SHOTS TO ITS POPULATION?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 5, 2021
|
Updated on
Aug 5, 2021
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
There have been no large-scale studies to date that have examined the potential
side-effects of a third dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, but it is likely
that there may be more acute episodes of the common side effects that tend to
happen after a second dose (e.g. headaches, tiredness, muscle pain, fevers,
swelling). There is no evidence to show that a third dose would cause increased
rates of cancers, heart attacks, or death among those vaccinated.

HOW DO WE KNOW GRAPHENE OXIDE ISN'T USED IN COVID-19 MRNA VACCINES?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 4, 2021
|
Updated on
Aug 4, 2021
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
There is no graphene oxide in any part of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines.

IS IVERMECTIN A PROVEN TREATMENT FOR COVID-19?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Aug 3, 2021
August 3, 2021
|
Explainer
There have been multiple studies looking at ivermectin to prevent or treat
COVID-19. The drug has not been approved for COVID-19 by the World Health
Organization (WHO), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the European
Medicinces Agency (EMA). The current US National Institutes of Health
recommendation states that "there are insufficient data for the COVID-19
Treatment Guidelines Panel (the Panel) to recommend either for or against the
use of ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19."

HOW IS GENOMIC MEDICINE DIFFERENT FROM COVID-19 MRNA VACCINE TECHNOLOGY?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 2, 2021
|
Updated on
Aug 2, 2021
August 12, 2021
|
Explainer
Since mRNA is very delicate, delivery into cells can be a challenge. Scientists
used a delivery method using tiny balls of fat called liquid nanoparticles.
These can help transport mRNA into the body safely, without degrading the mRNA.
COVID-19 mRNA vaccines use liquid nanoparticles to deliver the vaccine formulas
to the targeted cells. It is likely that any potential future “superhero”
vaccines produced using genomic medicine may also use the delivery method of
encasing mRNA in a envelope of fats. For now, this is a theoretical idea.

HOW ARE N95 MASKS MADE?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 30, 2021
|
Updated on
Jul 30, 2021
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
N95 masks that have been approved by national health agencies and international
organizations do not pose a substantial threat to human health and are effective
in preventing the spread of disease. However, counterfeit masks made with
non-polypropylene material may have questionable contents.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT HOW VACCINES INTERACT WITH OUR LUNGS AND BLOOD?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 29, 2021
|
Updated on
Jul 29, 2021
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
Most COVID-19 vaccines are administered by injection into our upper arm, away
from any major blood vessels. Once injected, the muscle cells around the
injection site express the spike protein, thereby eliciting an immune response
from the body. A large proportion of the remaining dose in the arm drains
through our lymphatic system, into the liver and then is destroyed by enzymes
there. A very small proportion may ultimately end up in other tissues or the
bloodstream.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT PCR THRESHOLD CYCLES?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 27, 2021
|
Updated on
Jul 27, 2021
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
Think about cycle thresholds like zooming in on a photo over and over again to
find something small you’re looking for. If the thing you’re looking for in a
photo is small like a mosquito, you’ll have to zoom in multiple times to see it.
If it’s big and obvious like a firetruck, you won’t need to zoom in as much.
Such is the case with PCR testing. The more viral particles in a test sample,
the fewer cycles (or zoom ins) are required to detect the virus. Less viral
material in a sample means more cycles are needed to find the small amounts of
the virus.

WHAT DO SCIENTISTS SAY ABOUT CONSUMING INSTANT NOODLES AND SOFT DRINKS AT THE
SAME TIME?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Jul 22, 2021
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
The combination of eating instant noodles and drinking soft drinks at the same
time is not known to cause serious or life-threatening events. Reports of an
experiment, where instant noodles mixed with soft drinks caused a ziplock bag to
“blow up,” are unverified and improbable. The explosive reaction caused by
mixing soda and Mentos cannot be replicated in the digestive system.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT VACCINE PROCUREMENT AND DISTRIBUTION IN EAST AFRICA?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 20, 2021
|
Updated on
Jul 20, 2021
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
As of July. 16, 2021 the block of countries that make up East Africa have
administered the highest rate of COVID-19 vaccine doses on the continent. The
shots that have been given in East Africa are mainly AstraZeneca doses obtained
through the vaccine-sharing alliance COVAX. The vaccine rollout strategy in East
Africa prioritizes at-risk groups and relies heavily on community health workers
to give out the shots.

WHAT IS A SUPERSPREADER EVENT?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 19, 2021
|
Updated on
Jul 19, 2021
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
A superspreader event occurs when a single infection spreads among attendees at
a gathering, resulting in an unusually large outbreak at once. This mode of
transmission has been observed with the severe acute respiratory syndrome
(SARS-CoV) epidemic, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), Ebola,
smallpox, tuberculosis, and the COVID-19 pandemic.

WHAT IS A BOOSTER VACCINE, WHY IS IT NEEDED, WHO'S ELIGIBLE, AND HOW DOES IT
WORK?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 19, 2021
|
Updated on
Jul 19, 2021
November 17, 2021
|
Explainer
Booster shots re-expose our bodies to the part of the vaccine that protects us
against disease. They increase immunity to a virus or bacteria through a process
called immunological memory. Immunological memory is our body’s ability to
recognize and provide responses to previously encountered foreign invaders like
COVID-19.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT NANOPARTICLES IN MASKS OR 'NANOMASKS'?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 14, 2021
|
Updated on
Jul 14, 2021
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
Nanoparticle masks may be effective at preventing microorganisms to grow, but
each mask has different levels of protections and not all may be safe. For this
reason, only masks certified by national and international health organizations
should be worn after randomized controlled trials can show the masks are safe
and effective. Otherwise, wearing a cloth mask over a surgical mask is still the
safest way to stop the spread of COVID-19 through masking for non-health
professionals.

DOES COVID-19 CAUSE ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 13, 2021
|
Updated on
Jul 13, 2021
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
Research suggests that COVID-19 infection and erectile dysfunction (ED) are
linked. However, the cause and relationship need to be studied further. The full
extent of the problem, whether it is permanent, temporary or it affects
fertility, is yet to be known and requires further observational studies. ED is
also known to be linked with cardiovascular health issues and therefore, could
act as an indicator to assess any pulmonary or cardiovascular conditions in
COVID-19 patients.

CAN PEOPLE WITH BLOOD INFECTIONS OR DISORDERS GET VACCINES?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 13, 2021
|
Updated on
Jul 13, 2021
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
Among people with bleeding disorders, vaccination may cause a drop in the small
blood cells that help the body form clots and stop bleeding. These blood cells
are called platelets. Experts believe that despite a possible drop in platelet
levels, the benefits of vaccination outweigh risks.

DID THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT PROVIDE VITAMIN D TO CONTROL COVID-19?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 9, 2021
|
Updated on
Jul 9, 2021
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
The Indian government did not provide residents with vitamin D to control the
epidemic.

HOW CAN WE TELL IF AN INCREASE IN CASES IS THE RESULT OF AN INCREASE IN TESTING
OR SOMETHING ELSE?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 8, 2021
|
Updated on
Jul 8, 2021
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
A lot can be learned and based off of the percent-positive rate (e.g. how many
tests result positive out of all the tests taken) and the number of cases in
total. We cannot assume that an increase in cases or a growing percent-positive
rate is purely a result of an increase in testing instead of a growing outbreak.
Instead, we need to look at all of them together. A rise in the number of
reported cases of COVID-19 could be related to an expansion of testing if the
percentage of positive tests decreases or stays the same at the same time that
the number of cases increases. Should percentage of positive tests increase
while case counts also go up, this indicates that we cannot entirely blame the
increase on expanded testing. The biggest indicator of a growing outbreak is if
the percentage of positive tests increases along with the number of cases
despite testing data staying the same or decreasing. When testing is not always
widely available and reserved just for symptomatic people, the percent
positivity will increase as with the number of cases. If testing is expanded and
made more available, we will gain a better understanding of the true number of
cases and percent-positive rate. If this percent positivity continues to grow
along with the number of cases, this would be an indicator that the outbreak is
worsening.

IF A VACCINATED PERSON GETS INFECTED, IT IS A SIGN THAT THEY'RE NOT IMMUNE TO
THE VIRUS?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 8, 2021
|
Updated on
Jul 8, 2021
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
Someone who is vaccinated shouldn’t think they are absolutely immune, because
they can still get what is called a "breakthrough infection" (an infection that
happens to someone who is fully vaccinated). Breakthrough infections are
relatively rare and CDC guidance says that, typically, ~2 weeks after the full
course of COVID-19 vaccination, the body builds some protection (immunity) that
can last for at least several months. This protection is highly effective at
preventing serious disease, hospitalization, and death.

WHAT IMPACT IS COVID-19 VACCINE PRODUCTION HAVING ON OTHER IMMUNIZATIONS?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 7, 2021
|
Updated on
Jul 7, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Vaccine production for COVID-19 immunizations has interrupted, delayed,
re-organized, or completely suspended other shots, especially routine childhood
vaccines. As a result, many countries have been experiencing a decline in
immunization coverage of vaccine-preventable childhood diseases

WHAT IMPACT IS THE COVID-19 VACCINE PRODUCTION HAVING ON OTHER IMMUNIZATIONS?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 7, 2021
|
Updated on
Jul 7, 2021
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
Vaccine production for COVID-19 immunizations has interrupted, delayed,
re-organized, or completely suspended other shots, especially routine childhood
vaccines. As a result, many countries have been experiencing a decline in
immunization coverage of vaccine-preventable childhood diseases

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT HEART MUSCLE INFLAMMATION AFTER COVID-19 VACCINATION?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 2, 2021
|
Updated on
Jul 2, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Heart muscle inflammation or "myocarditis" has appeared in a small group of
people, mostly men under 30, who recently received a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine.

WHY ARE CLAIMS THAT LETTUCE CAN FIX INSOMNIA FALSE?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 2, 2021
|
Updated on
Jul 2, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
There is not enough high quality evidence to suggest that mixing boiled water
with lettuce can help cure or treat insomnia.

WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR ABOUT THE DELTA VARIANT OF COVID-19?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 1, 2021
|
Updated on
Jul 1, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
The Delta variant was first detected in India in December 2020 and has since
been verified in 77 countries today, rising from 62 countries earlier in June
according to the World Health Organization.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT HOW THE DELTA PLUS VARIANT DIFFERS FROM THE DELTA VARIANT?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 1, 2021
|
Updated on
Jul 1, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Delta Plus, which was first identified in India, has also been detected in other
countries around the world, including the U.S., the U.K., China, Japan, Nepal,
Russia, Portugal, Switzerland, and Poland. The Delta Plus variant is related to
the Delta variant (also known as B.1.617.2), which is an existing Variant of
Concern and is thought to be behind India's massive second wave of infections in
April and May of 2021.

HOW DO VACCINES APPROVED IN ZIMBABWE PROTECT US AFTER THE FIRST AND SECOND
SHOTS?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 25, 2021
|
Updated on
Jun 25, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
However, it should be noted that spraying disinfectants in public places may be
harmful to humans as exposure to disinfectant sprays can cause dangerous
respiratory effects when inhaled. Other potential impacts are skin and eye
irritation, potential corrosion, and some disinfectants might have a chemical
(formaldehyde) that is known to cause cancer. Lastly, some chemical
disinfectants are flammable, explosive, can generate toxic gases, and can
potentially be harmful to the environment, so serious caution should be taken
when spraying any of these disinfectants to large surface areas or for a
prolonged period of time.

WHY ARE THERE SO MANY MALARIA FATALITIES AMONG CHILDREN IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 25, 2021
|
Updated on
Jun 25, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Sub-Saharan Africa is the optimal breeding ground for mosquitoes (which transmit
malaria) due to its tropical climate. Children are more susceptible to the
disease because their immune systems are not developed enough to have built up
some tolerance or partial immunity to malaria most adults have in
malaria-endemic regions have acquired.

DO PCR SWABS CONTAIN MAGNETIC ELEMENTS?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 25, 2021
|
Updated on
Jun 25, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Millions of PCR tests have been conducted all over the world to diagnose
COVID-19 and they have been deemed safe for use. The PCR test is the most
accurate and reliable way to find out if someone is infected with coronavirus
disease. The swabs are sterilized, and the tips on which the mucous sample is
collected are made of synthetic materials like nylon, rayon, foam, or polyester.
No magnetic substances are used in the swab tips or swabs.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE TOXICITY OF SPIKE PROTEINS MADE FROM COVID-19
VACCINES?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 7, 2021
|
Updated on
Jun 24, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
The spike proteins from mRNA vaccines are not known to harm our bodies. Vaccines
go through very rigorous standards set by the U.S. FDA to meet safety and
efficacy criteria. Thousands of people underwent clinical trials over several
months to understand if there were any side effects or risks associated with the
vaccines. The vaccines are still being monitored for any safety concerns or
patterns that could risk human well-being. So far, there is no scientific
evidence available that suggests that spike proteins created in our bodies from
the COVID-19 vaccines are toxic or damaging organs of our body, as is being
claimed on some social platforms.

IS IT DANGEROUS TO TAKE ANESTHETICS AFTER GETTING A COVID-19 VACCINATION?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 23, 2021
|
Updated on
Jun 23, 2021
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
There is no scientific evidence to suggest that taking an anesthetic after
getting any COVID-19 vaccine is life-threatening or in any way dangerous.
Anesthetics do, however, have the potential to reduce the effectiveness of a
vaccine if taken soon after a vaccine is received.

WHAT IS ONE HEALTH AND HOW DOES IT IMPACT COVID-19?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 23, 2021
|
Updated on
Jun 23, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
The One Health approach focuses on multi-sectoral, collaborative approaches to
animal, human, and environmental health. One Health establishes the
interconnectedness of each of these living groups on one another, including
their influence on established and emerging diseases.

CAN SEXUAL INACTIVITY WEAKEN YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Jun 22, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Abstinence or not having sex is a personal choice and can be for any reason.
There is nothing wrong with not having sex and there are no known negative side
effects. Social media and messaging may sometimes shame people who choose to not
have sex, but not having sex is not a dysfunctionality. While there are a few
studies that have looked at the effects of sexual activity and health, there is
no scientific evidence that validates claims that not having sex for a long time
can weaken one’s immune system.

DO EXPERTS FIND IT PLAUSIBLE THAT THE MRNA OF THE COVID-19 VACCINES COULD BE
INTEGRATED INTO HUMAN DNA?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Jun 21, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
The threat of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines influencing your DNA are almost
non-existent.

IS IT SAFE TO MIX VACCINES?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Jun 21, 2021
August 11, 2021
|
Explainer
Recent studies suggest that people receiving a first dose of the
AstraZeneca/Oxford COVID-19 vaccine and a second dose of an mRNA vaccine
(Pfizer/BioNTech or Moderna) appears to be safe and produces a strong immune
response. This method may cause more short-term side effects. Until we have more
research about the mixing and matching of other vaccines, this approach is not
recommended unless national health agencies have allowed their usage.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE HEALTH IMPACTS OF EMF EXPOSURE FROM WIRELESS
HEADPHONES?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 16, 2021
|
Updated on
Jun 16, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
There is currently insufficient evidence that wireless headphones pose enough of
a health risk to stop using them. People who are concerned can limit the hours
that wireless headphones are worn, use alternatives like speakers when possible,
and seek guidance from qualified health professionals.

DOES FLYING INCREASE THE RISK OF BLOOD CLOTS IN PEOPLE WHO HAVE BEEN VACCINATED?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 11, 2021
|
Updated on
Jun 11, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Flying does not increase the risk of blood clots in people who have been
vaccinated. Though the risk of blood clots increases in people who are flying,
this is not related to COVID-19 vaccines and these types of blood clots are
different than the blood clots that have occurred in very few cases of people
who have received the AstraZeneca or Johnson & Johnson vaccines.

HOW EFFECTIVE IS IT TO USE ONLY A FACE SHIELD TO PROTECT FROM COVID-19?

by
Dr. Emily LaRose
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 29, 2020
|
Updated on
Jun 9, 2021
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Wearing only a face shield to prevent COVID-19 infection or spread is not
recommended. Face shields alone have not been shown to protect the person
wearing the shield from spreading or being infected with the virus. COVID-19 can
spread through the air in small droplets. The droplets can go around face
shields at the sides or bottom and enter the nose, mouth, or eyes. Clear face
shields, goggles, or other eye coverings may be used together with a face mask
for protection.

HOW IS MIDAZOLAM BEING USED FOR COVID-19? IS IT DANGEROUS?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 9, 2021
|
Updated on
Jun 9, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Midazolam is a sedative primarily given to patients before a surgery or medical
procedure, to help with seizures, and to critically ill patients in hospital
settings. The medication has not been linked to premature deaths in patients
that were purposely mislabeled as deaths caused by COVID-19.

DO COVID-19 VACCINES CAUSE CATATONIA?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 8, 2021
|
Updated on
Jun 8, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
COVID-19 vaccines do not cause catatonia. Recent studies have noted that a small
number of people infected with COVID-19 developed catatonia after their
infections. These people were not vaccinated.

WHAT ARE FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD WAVES OF INFECTIONS?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 7, 2021
|
Updated on
Jun 7, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Waves of an illness occur when daily rates of infections increase over time,
reach a peak, then decrease more over time. Many different characteristics
determine what makes a wave occur in each region but certain aspects remain the
same.

ARE COVID-19 VACCINES CAUSING ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT ENHANCEMENT?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
May 25, 2021
|
Updated on
Jun 3, 2021
January 27, 2022
|
Explainer
As of May 2021, there is no evidence to suggest that COVID-19 vaccines are
leading to antibody-dependent enhancement.

HOW ARE VACCINES AND MASKS DIFFERENT WHEN IT COMES TO PROTECTING AGAINST
COVID-19?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 1, 2021
|
Updated on
Jun 1, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Masks and other personal protective equipment (PPE) like gloves, gowns, and face
shields provide protection by preventing the coronavirus from coming in physical
contact with us and entering our bodies. Vaccines, on the other hand, build our
immune system to fight the virus should it somehow enter our bodies. With
external and internal protections, we can improve our chances of being safe from
the impact of coronavirus.

WHY DO SOME LARGE GATHERINGS NOT LEAD TO SPIKES IN COVID-19 CASES?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 1, 2021
|
Updated on
Jun 1, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
At large gatherings during a pandemic, there can be increased risks for disease
transmission that could increase the rate of new cases, hospitalizations and
deaths. Experts are often most concerned about large gatherings where public
health precautions are not taken, such as "anti-lockdown" protests where people
are less likely to engage in physical distancing, mask wearing, hand sanitizing,
vaccination, and staying home while sick. Even when certain large gatherings are
likely responsible for transmitting new cases of disease, it can be difficult to
see a spike following the gathering when new cases have been falling overall
thanks to protective public health measures as well as increases in
vaccinations. Additionally, there is often not enough data being collected to
see the public health impact of specific events.

HOW DO ANTIBODIES WORK AGAINST DISEASES?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
May 31, 2021
|
Updated on
May 31, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Most COVID-19 vaccines, just like natural infections, produce substantial
antibodies in people who have received them. Antibodies help the immune system
fight infections by latching onto antigens and marking them for destruction.

WHAT DO THE EFFICACY RATES OF COVID-19 VACCINES MEAN, AND DO THE EFFICACY RATES
IMPACT A POPULATION’S HERD IMMUNITY?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
May 31, 2021
|
Updated on
May 31, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Vaccine efficacy rates tell us how well the new COVID-19 vaccines prevent people
from COVID-19 infection in clinical trials. They do not tell us the exact
vaccine effectiveness rates that can be expected once the vaccines are used for
the public.

DOES WEARING TWO MASKS REALLY HELP?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
May 28, 2021
|
Updated on
May 28, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Wearing a cloth mask over a snug fitting surgical mask can offer much more
protection than wearing one mask alone.

DO THE SEYCHELLES HAVE THE HIGHEST GLOBAL VACCINATION RATE AND THE BIGGEST
COVID-19 SURGE?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
May 27, 2021
|
Updated on
May 27, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Seychelles has the highest percentage of vaccinated people in the country per
capita. Though the nation is dealing with a current surge in cases, it does not
have the world's biggest surge in terms of total cases or as a percentage of its
population.

WHAT IS MUCORMYCOSIS AND IS IT RELATED TO COVID-19?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 13, 2021
|
Updated on
May 27, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Mucormycosis is a rare but very severe fungal infection that mostly impacts
people with weakened immune systems. The infection is likely connected to
COVID-19 for a number of reasons, including because of COVID-19’s weakening of
the immune system, COVID-19’s connection to other conditions such as diabetes
that weaken the immune system, and the use of steroids to treat COVID-19 that
weaken the immune system.

HOW DO PULSE OXIMETERS WORK AND ARE DIGITAL VERSIONS EFFECTIVE?

by
Dr. Emily LaRose
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 27, 2020
|
Updated on
May 26, 2021
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
A pulse oximeter is a small device that attaches to a finger or ear lobe to
measure the amount of oxygen in the blood. The machine painlessly sends light
through the skin to measure how much light reflects off of red blood cells. More
reflection of light means more oxygen saturation, less reflection of light means
less oxygen saturation. Some digital pulse oximeters are very accurate, but
others are not. Prescription oximeters that undergo testing by regulatory
agencies are recommended. Devices that can be purchased over-the-counter in a
pharmacy, store, or online are not recommended. Nail polish (or artificial
nails), dirt, poor circulation, some medicines, skin thickness and temperature,
tobacco use, and dark-colored skin can make pulse oximeter readings less
accurate.

DO VACCINES AND COVID-19 HAVE SIMILAR DEATH RATES?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
May 25, 2021
|
Updated on
May 26, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Using one mortality rate to describe the impact of the pandemic around the world
would not make for an accurate description of the situation. The number of
confirmed COVID-19 deaths per million varies a lot from location to location,
and depends on many factors. It also keeps changing over time. To give a
comparative picture of the impact of the disease, the estimated case fatality
rate (CFR) for SARS-CoV is 10%. Seasonal flu's case fatality rate in the U.S is
about 0.1 to 0.2%, according to available data.

WHAT ARE COVID-19 MUTATIONS AND VARIANTS AND HOW DO THEY WORK?

Health Desk
|
Published on
May 24, 2021
|
Updated on
May 24, 2021
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
Viruses infect cells and then copy themselves into others. When errors or random
mistakes happen, they are called mutations. When a virus undergoes significant
mutations, it becomes a variant.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE PFIZER VACCINE SO FAR?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
May 23, 2021
October 4, 2021
|
Explainer
The Pfizer vaccine is being developed and produced by Pfizer, Inc. and the
biotech company BioNTech SE. It is a genetic mRNA vaccine (mRNA-1273) currently
in Phase 3 clinical trials across the globe. Here is a breakdown of everything
you need to know so far about this vaccine’s development. \*\*Collaborators:
\*\*Biopharmaceutical company Pfizer Inc, based in New York City, and BioNTech,
biotechnology company based in Mainz, Germany, are collaborating on vaccine
development and testing for the mRNA-based vaccine candidate BNT162b2.
\*\*Latest information on how well the vaccine works:\*\* On November 30, 2020
with primary efficacy analysis data from its Phase 3 trial, Pfizer announced its
experimental COVID-19 vaccine to be 95% effective 28 days after the first of two
doses. Out of approximately 44,000 total study participants, 170 contracted
COVID-19. 162 who got infected were from the placebo group—meaning they didn’t
receive the vaccine—and only 8 who got infected were in the group that was
vaccinated with the Pfizer vaccine. Ten of the COVID-19 cases were severe. Nine
of those people were from the placebo group. One severe case was in the
vaccinated group. This suggests the vaccine has high protection for severe
COVID-19 cases, at 95% efficacy, meaning that if 100 study participants were the
vaccine doses, 95 patients would not contract the disease and 5 would. There
have been no reported COVID-19-related deaths in the study. These new results of
95% efficacy are higher than the vaccine’s first interim analysis conducted
during the study (announced on November 9th, 2020), which reported 90% efficacy
based on an analysis of 94 COVID-19 cases among trial participants. Based on a
study published in February 2021 in the New England Journal of Medicine, the
Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine was found to appear to be highly effective against the
more transmissible variant of the virus first detected in the U.K. (B.1.1.7)
(virtually no drop from 95% efficacy). However, the vaccine showed a decreased
ability to neutralize the strain first detected in South Africa (B.1.351).
Specifically, they found that there was about a two-thirds drop in
neutralization power (antibody power) against this variant compared to other
forms of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. It’s important to note that the vaccine was
still able to neutralize the virus, and likely still may protect individuals
from getting severe forms of the virus. In addition, these are initial lab
experiments that are difficult to extrapolate results from. Pfizer has said that
evidence is needed to understand how the vaccine works against the variant in
real life. The company stated, "Nevertheless, Pfizer and BioNTech are taking the
necessary steps, making the right investments, and engaging in the appropriate
conversations with regulators to be in a position to develop and seek
authorization for an updated mRNA vaccine or booster once a strain that
significantly reduces the protection from the vaccine is identified.”
\*\*Approvals:\*\* As of December 2, 2020, the U.K. authorized the distribution
of Pfizer and BioNTech’s COVID-19 mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 for emergency supply,
making the vaccine the first in the world to achieve authorization for COVID-19.
Two days following the U.K.’s authorization, Bahrain approved the emergency use
of the Pfizer and BioNTech vaccine, making it the second country in the world to
do so. Five days following on December 9, Canada’s regulatory agency Health
Canada approved the vaccine. On Friday, December 11, 2020, the U.S. Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) authorized the Pfizer and BioNTech vaccine. Soon
after, Pfizer and BioNTech bega rolling review processes with other global
regulatory bodies, including in the U.S., Europe, Australia and Japan, and has
been submitting applications to other regulatory agencies around the world,
primarily in the Global North, with a range of approvals. \*\*Distribution
timeline:\*\* Following the U.K.’s emergency approval on December 2, 2020, the
companies began delivering the first doses to the U.K. nearly immediately,
starting on December 8, 2020. Canada is set to receive 249,000 doses before the
end of December to distribute across 14 different vaccination sites throughout
Canadian cities. Following the U.S. approval of the vaccine on December 11,
2020, the U.S. will initially distribute approximately 2.9 million doses to all
50 states. The distribution timeline for other countries undergoing the
approval process will depend on the distribution decisions made by regulators
there. Some countries are already coordinating pre-approval distribution and in
many of these regions and countries, logistics surrounding the supply chain of
the vaccine are being decided upon and run through so that when there is an
approval, distribution can begin immediately. \*\*Distribution plan:\*\* In
projections, Pfizer hopes to produce and supply up to 25 million vaccine doses
in 2020 and 100 million doses before the start of March, with an estimated total
distribution of up to 1.3 billion doses in 2021. Four of Pfizer’s facilities are
part of the manufacturing and supply chain; St. Louis, MO; Andover, MA; and
Kalamazoo, MI in the U.S.; and Puurs in Belgium. BioNTech’s German sites will
also be leveraged for global supply. Each of these sites are important links in
a global supply chain being assembled to tackle the massive logistical challenge
of distributing COVID-19 vaccines around the world. Jurisdictions primarily
have the responsibility of determining who receives the vaccine in what order.
For instance, within the U.S. each state will receive a certain number of doses
of the vaccine based on residential populations. States have been asked to
create their own plans for who will get the first doses. In the U.K., British
front-line health-care workers, as well as care-home staff and residents, are
receiving the first doses. Bahrain has said that they plan to inoculate everyone
18 years and older at 27 different medical facilities, hoping to be able to
vaccinate 10,000 people a day; so far, they have the second-highest vaccination
rate in the world behind Israel. In general, the most likely distribution plan
is for the vaccine to first go to emergency department clinicians, outpatient
clinicians, testers at symptomatic sites, other high-risk health care workers,
immunocompromised individuals, EMTs, and potentially essential federal
employees, followed by the rest of the general population. Vaccination
distribution in some countries is moving more slowly than anticipated. In the
U.S, for example, just 2.6 million individuals were vaccinated by December 31,
2020 compared to the 20 million goal by the end of 2020. In response, scientists
and public health practitioners are considering vaccination tactics that differ
from those that the FDA and other country’s health regulatory bodies approved.
The tactics being considered are primarily halving doses of vaccines and
delaying second doses to get first doses to more individuals, but also include
reducing the number of doses and mixing and matching doses. Health officials in
the UK have already decided to delay second doses of two vaccines, one made by
AstraZeneca and one made by Pfizer and BioNTech, and to mix and match the two
vaccines for the two doses under limited circumstances. This decision has
received mixed responses from scientists and public health practitioners, many
of whom are concerned about the lack of data, particularly with regards to a
mix-and-match approach. The U.S. FDA critiqued the idea of halving the doses of
the Moderna vaccine, saying that the idea was “premature and not rooted solidly
in the available science.” Studies are underway to determine whether doses of
the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine can be halved to 50 micrograms in order to double
the supply of the vaccination doses in the U.S., according to the National
Institutes of Health and Moderna. \*\*Vaccine storage conditions:\*\* Storage
requirements are important to consider for new vaccines. In order for vaccines
to be safe and effective, they must be held at the correct temperature during
distribution and storage in health centers, pharmacies, and clinics. Maintaining
the correct storage temperature can be difficult, especially if the vaccine’s
temperature requirement is very cold. The Pfizer and BioNTech vaccine can be
stored for five days at refrigerated 2-8°C (36-46°F) conditions (refrigerators
that are commonly available at hospitals); up to 15 days in Pfizer thermal
shippers in which doses will arrive that can be used as temporary storage units
by refilling with dry ice; and up to 6 months in ultra-low-temperature freezers,
which are commercially available and can extend the vaccine’s shelf life. With
regards to transit, Pfizer is using dry ice to maintain the recommended
temperature conditions of -70°C±10°C (-94°F) for up to 10 days while in transit.
However, Pfizer and BioNTech have determined that the vaccine can be moved only
four times. \*\*Type of vaccine:\*\* The mRNA-1273 vaccine is what scientists
are calling a genetic mRNA vaccine. This type of vaccine works by using genetic
information from the coronavirus, which is injected into the body. The genetic
information enters into human cells, instructs the body to make special spike
proteins like the coronavirus, and causes the immune system to respond.
\*\*Dosage:\*\* In the current Phase 3 clinical trial, participants receive two
injections of 30 micrograms each into their upper arm muscle. The injections are
given 21 days apart. Once an individual gets the first dose, they must get the
second dose three weeks later in order to complete the vaccination. If approved,
researchers expect that the same dosage and schedule will be prescribed to the
public. A recent Israeli study that released results in February 2021 by the
Lancet found that a single dose of the Pfizer vaccine was 85% effective against
COVID-19 infection between two and four weeks after the first dose, and that the
overall reduction in infections was 75%, including asymptomatic cases. Public
health practitioners are enthusiastic about this finding of high efficacy after
just one dose; However, the authors cautioned that the low numbers of COVID-19
cases in the study, and the fact that the study was conducted at one hospital,
make it difficult to reach exact estimates and that these findings should be
interpreted with caution. The study also does not determine the length of
protection. Pfizer did not comment on the data, stating that “the vaccine’s
real-world effectiveness in several locations worldwide, including Israel.”
Studies out of the U.K., which has been the quickest to inoculate its
population, have also found that a single dose of the Pfizer vaccine could avert
most COVID-19-related hospitalizations, though investigators stated it was too
early to give precise estimates of the effect. \*\*How the vaccine is being
studied:\*\* Vaccines are tested and studied in multiple phases (phased testing)
to determine if they are safe and work to prevent illness. Before a vaccine is
tested on humans, which is known as the preclinical phase, it is tested on
laboratory cells or animals. Once it is approved for human research, there are
three phases that take place before the vaccine can be considered for approval
for public use. During the first stage (Phase I), the new vaccine is provided to
small groups of people—the first time the vaccine is tested in humans to test
safety (primarily) and efficacy of the vaccine. The second stage (Phase II)
involves testing the vaccine on people who have similar characteristics (such as
age and physical health) to the target population, or the group for which the
vaccine is intended. The goal of this stage is to identify the most effective
doses and schedule for Phase III trials. The final stage (Phase III) provides
the vaccine to thousands of people from the target population to see how safe
and effective it is. Once the vaccine has undergone Phase 3 testing, the
manufacturer can apply for a license from regulatory authorities (like the FDA
in the US) to make the vaccine available for public use. Once approved, the
drugmaker will work with national governments and international health
organizations to monitor vaccine recipients for potential side effects from the
vaccine that were not seen in clinical trials (this is called surveillance).
This phase also helps researchers understand how well a vaccine works over a
longer time frame and how safe it is for the population. \*\*How Pfizer looked
for COVID-19 cases in their trials:\*\* Researchers have standard definitions
for routinely detecting COVID-19 cases for both symptomatic and asymptomatic
individuals. For symptomatic individuals, there are three definitions considered
for defining a COVID-19 case for the study. The first two are for regular cases,
and the third is for severe cases. The first definition is the presence of at
least one COVID-19 symptom and a positive COVID-19 test (such as a PCR test)
during, or within 4 days before or after, the symptomatic period, either at the
central laboratory or at a local testing facility. The second definition is the
same, but expands the definition to include four additional COVID-19 symptoms
defined by the CDC (fatigue; headache, nasal congestion or runny nose, nausea).
The third definition, which defines severe COVID-19 cases for the study, is a
confirmed COVID-19 test per the above guidelines in addition to one of the
following symptoms: clinical signs at rest indicative of severe systemic
illness, respiratory failure, evidence of shock, significant acute renal,
hepatic, or neurologic dysfunction, admission to an ICU, or death. The Pfizer
research protocol states that for individuals who do not clinically present
COVID-19 (that is, asymptomatic individuals), a serological test is used for
defining a case, which measures the amount of antibodies or proteins present in
the individual’s blood, and a positive case is defined as the presence of
antibodies in an individual who had a prior negative test. By using these four
definitions, researchers are able to detect COVID-19 cases in both symptomatic
and asymptomatic individuals. However, the pharmaceutical company has stated
that there are more data on the vaccine’s safety and efficacy for symptomatic
cases, and that more data is needed to better understand the vaccine’s safety
and efficacy for asymptomatic cases. \*\*Preclinical testing:\*\* Before testing
could begin on humans, the trial vaccine was tested on primates at both 30
micrograms and 100 micrograms. On September 9, 2020, results were published
demonstrating that the Pfizer vaccine had strong antiviral protection against
the virus SARS-CoV-2. As a result, the Pfizer and BioNTech were permitted to
advance the vaccine into human clinical trials by the FDA in the form of through
the Investigational New Drug application (IND). \*\*Phase 1 trial:\*\* 45
healthy adults 18–55 and 65–85 years old were randomly assigned to either the
placebo group or the vaccine group to receive 2 doses at 21-day intervals of
placebo or either of 2 mRNA-based vaccines (BNT162b2 or BNT162b1, which was one
of several RNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines studied in parallel for selection to
advance to a next trial). Participants received either 10, 20, or 30 microgram
dose levels of BNT162b1, or BNT162b2 on a 2-dose schedule, 21 days apart. Both
participants and observers working on the study were “blinded,” or not aware of
which participants were receiving the active vaccines (and which ones) versus
the treatment, in order to help prevent bias. Both with 10 micrograms and 30
micrograms of vaccine BNT162b1, and t 7 days after a second dose of 30
micrograms of the BNT162b2 vaccine, “SARS-CoV-2–neutralizing antibodies” were
elicited—special proteins that disable viruses in the body—in younger adults
(18-55 years of age) and older adults (65-85 years of age). Younger participants
had 3.8 times more antibodies than people who had recovered from the virus. In
older adults (65-85 years of age) the vaccine candidate triggered antibodies at
1.6 times the volume of those who had recovered from the virus in the same age
group. Vaccine BNT162b2, now known as the “Pfizer vaccine,” was associated with
fewer reactions (such as fever and chills), and was therefore selected for Phase
2/3 trials. In terms of safety and tolerability of vaccine BNT162b2, reactions
were still reported. Study participants reported pain at the injection site,
headache, fatigue, muscle pain, chills, joint pain, and fever. Most of these
reactions and symptoms peaked by the day after vaccination and resolved by day
7. \*\*Phase 2/3 trial: \*\*In an effort to speed up the trial, Phases 2 and 2
of the Pfizer vaccine were combined. This phase continued off of Phase 1 and
also contained a placebo group as a control with patients randomly assigned into
either the placebo group or vaccine group for vaccine BNT162b2. As with Phase 1,
the observers and participants were also “blinded.” The first 360 participants
enrolled made up the “Phase 2” portion, with 180 randomly assigned to receive
the active vaccine and 180 to receive the placebo, stratified equally between 18
to 55 years and >55 to 85 years. Phase 3 enrolled 43,538 trial participants
overall, half of whom were randomly assigned to receive the vaccine and half of
whom were randomly assigned to receive the placebo. Out of 170 cases of COVID-19
among the study participants,162 cases of COVID-19 were observed in the placebo
group versus 8 cases in the vaccine group, indicating 95% efficacy of the
vaccine. No serious safety concerns were observed. Data collection is ongoing.
\*\*Reported side effects and safety concerns:\*\* The study’s Data Monitoring
Committee did not report any serious safety concerns related to the vaccine
based on the trial data. Adverse events at or greater than 2% in frequency that
were reported were fatigue at 3.8% and headache at 2.0%. Potential allergic
reactions occurred in 0.63% of those who received the vaccine, compared with
0.51% of those who received the placebo. On December 9, one day after the
Pfizer and BioNTech vaccine began being distributed to individuals outside of
the clinical trial in the UK, UK regulators advised that individuals with a
history of anaphylaxis to a vaccine, medication, or food should not receive the
vaccine. This warning was issued in response to two reports of anaphylaxis
(severe allergic reaction) -- both among individuals with histories of severe
allergies -- and one report of a possible allergic reaction since distribution
in the UK began. Pfizer and BioNTech have stated that they are working with
investigators to better understand the cases and causes of the reactions.
Within the clinical trial, individuals with a history of severe allergic
reactions were excluded from the trials, and doctors were asked to look for such
reactions in trial participants who weren’t previously known to have severe
allergies. UK regulators also required health care workers to report any
negative reactions to help regulators collect more information about safety and
effectiveness. In addition, four people who received the vaccine during trials
later developed Bell’s palsy at 3, 9, 37, and 48 days after vaccination,
respectively. Because these trials were so large, however, this is not more than
we would expect to develop Bell’s palsy in a group of this size by chance.
Bell’s palsy is a weakness or paralysis of one side of the face which is usually
temporary. Any cases of Bell’s palsy and any other potential side effects or
adverse reactions will continue to be monitored and evaluated for as the vaccine
continues to be rolled out to the public. \*\*Impact on different
populations:\*\* Pfizer and BioNTech both say they aimed to make their trials as
diverse as possible to understand the vaccine’s effect on different populations.
The trial participants are approximately 30% U.S. participants and 42% non-U.S.
participants from across 150 trial sites globally. The participants are reported
to have racially and ethnically diverse backgrounds. In the trials, 41% of
global and 45% of U.S. participants are 56-85 years of age. Efficacy was
reported to be consistent across age, gender, race and ethnicity demographics.
Notably, the observed efficacy in individuals over 65 years of age was observed
to be greater than 94%. In September 2020, Pfizer and BioNTech expanded Phase 3
enrollment to approximately 44,000 participants. This expansion allowed for the
enrollment of new, more diverse, populations, including adolescents as young as
16 years of age, and individuals with chronic, stable human immunodeficiency
viruses (HIV), Hepatitis C, or Hepatitis B infection. In October 2020, Pfizer
and BioNTech received permission from the FDA to enroll adolescents as young as
12. Their explanation for these expansions is to enable better understanding of
the potential safety and efficacy of the vaccine in individuals from more ages
and backgrounds.

ARE VACCINE INJECTIONS EMITTING ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
May 21, 2021
|
Updated on
May 21, 2021
August 30, 2021
|
Explainer
None of the COVID-19 vaccines approved for emergency use contain any metals or
use any radiation technology that would emit high levels of electric and
magnetic fields (EMF).

CAN PEOPLE GET THE COVID-19 VACCINE ALONGSIDE OTHER IMMUNIZATIONS?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
May 20, 2021
|
Updated on
May 20, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently stated
that they believe it is safe to administer COVID-19 vaccines at the same time as
other vaccines. However, vaccines given on the same day should be injected in
different areas, there is uncertainty about whether or not giving two or more
different vaccines at once may cause worse side effects, or if vaccines
containing weakened live viruses might require different guidance. At this time,
the World Health Organization has not issued new recommendations for
administering different vaccines at the same time as a COVID-19 vaccine, though
it has listed the AstraZeneca vaccines for emergency use. This vaccine contains
a weakened live pathogen so health regulators may decide if it is safe to
administer this vaccine at the same time as others.

IF YOU’VE HAD THE VACCINE OR SURVIVED INFECTION, CAN COVID-19 VARIANTS HARM YOU?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
May 19, 2021
|
Updated on
May 19, 2021
September 15, 2021
|
Explainer
If you’ve had a COVID-19 vaccine or survived COVID-19 infection, you can still
be susceptible to COVID-19 in rare cases, including any variants. However, your
risk of infection from any variant of COVID-19 following recovery of infection
or a COVID-19 is significantly lower than it would be otherwise, and most
approved vaccines have demonstrated effectiveness at protecting against severe,
critical, and fatal COVID-19 disease, even with variants of concern.

WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR ABOUT THE SINOPHARM VACCINE?

Health Desk
|
Published on
May 18, 2021
|
Updated on
May 18, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Sinopharm's two-dose COVID-19 vaccine was shown to have an efficacy rate of
roughly 79% to protect against symptomatic and hospitalized infections.
Controversy over the lack of published data about the vaccine has continued
despite Sinopharm receiving emergency use authorization from the World Health
Organization.

WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU GET AN EXPIRED VACCINE?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
May 18, 2021
|
Updated on
May 18, 2021
September 15, 2021
|
Explainer
Getting any expired vaccine can mean that you are not protected as well or at
all from a disease. It’s also possible that certain inactive vaccines could
cause harmful reactions, but there are not many documented cases of this
happening, and no documented cases of this happening with COVID-19 vaccines.
Because COVID-19 manufacturers were very cautious in setting expiration dates,
it’s possible that COVID-19 vaccines are effective for a short period of time
even after the set expiration date.

CAN PEOPLE RECEIVE THREE JABS OF SINOVAC'S CORONAVAC VACCINE?

Health Desk
|
Published on
May 18, 2021
|
Updated on
May 18, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
We do not yet know if Sinovac's COVID-19 third dose is safe or effective. A
third injection is being tested in a Chinese clinical trial now. It is not
recommended to have a third vaccine dose until more data has been studied and it
has been deemed safe by health organizations.

HOW DO WE KNOW THAT COVID-19 VACCINES ARE NOT BEING USED TO INJECT TRACKING
CHIPS?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
May 10, 2021
|
Updated on
May 13, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
No, COVID-19 vaccines are not being used to inject tracking chips. Health
organizations, national health and drug regulatory agencies, and disease control
centers would not approve vaccines that secretly track patients without their
consent. For COVID-19 vaccines, rigorous clinical trials with tens of thousands
of patients have occurred and full ingredient lists have been analyzed by health
bodies before they approve or deny the use of a vaccine. Of the COVID-19
vaccines that have been approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) for
emergency use, none of them have any tracking chips in their ingredients,
immunization syringes, or any other place. COVID-19 vaccine vial labels may
contain RFID chips for supply chain and inventory tracking purposes. Technology
experts say that injecting microchips into a body would not be a practical way
to track people due to current technical constraints as well as cost,
particularly given existing alternatives for location tracking. The videos with
false claims about COVID-19 vaccines containing microchips were determined to
have manipulated footage.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT FAINTING AFTER THE COVID-19 VACCINE?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
May 10, 2021
|
Updated on
May 13, 2021
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
While there is no evidence that fainting is an immediate side effect of the
COVID-19 vaccine for adults, adolescents, or kids, it can happen after any
vaccination, especially among adolescents. Experts are not entirely sure why
fainting occurs after vaccination, but believe that it is most likely related to
the process of getting a vaccine itself--specifically pain and anxiety--which
adolescents may be more prone to.

WHAT DOES COLDER WEATHER MEAN FOR THE SPREAD OF COVID-19?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 14, 2020
|
Updated on
May 12, 2021
August 2, 2021
|
Explainer
We do not know how the COVID-19 virus will impact people during colder winter
months, but many experts predict higher rates of transmission and mortality than
during the warmer, summer months. This is likely due to the impact cold weather
has on human behavior such as forcing people inside where higher temperatures
are preferred and ventilation is not sufficient to combat the spread of the
virus. With groups of people congregating in confined spaces with limited
airflow, the virus is able to circulate easily through aerosolized particles and
respiratory droplets. Additionally, since a large percentage of COVID-19 have
asymptomatic infections but they are still able to transmit the virus, many
infected people are likely not restricting their movements to one quarantined
room or area or taking necessary distancing or masking protocols. Traditionally,
viruses like influenza and the common cold tend to increase amounts of
infections in the winter and decrease in the summer. As with these other
respiratory viruses, COVID-19 transmission will be impacted dramatically by
control and prevention measures like social distancing, masking, and
vaccination. The more people who engage in these activities, the more likely
infections can be prevented. Though some viruses do not like humid, hot
conditions, COVID-19 has been shown to spread rapidly in some regions during
warm spring and summer months in both hemispheres. A study from October 13,
2020, before widespread prevention measures were undertaken showed that
infections increased more quickly in places with less UV light and suggested
that without any interventions, case rates may be highest in the winter and
lower in the summer. However, weather itself does not appear to have an impact
on the ability of the virus to spread though colder weather may make it more
difficult for the body to fight respiratory infections. At this point, it is
unknown whether or not COVID-19 will become a seasonal virus like influenza but
we should expect any event that brings together people in closed environment can
lead to an increased spread of the virus.

DOES WEARING A FACE MASK PUT YOU AT HIGHER RISK OF CANCER?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 9, 2020
|
Updated on
May 12, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Wearing a face mask does not put you at a higher risk of cancer. There is no
current evidence linking the use of face masks to cancer, and science shows that
any risks associated with wearing masks are low overall, while the benefits are
high. Because of how tiny oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules are, face masks
neither decrease the amount of oxygen that enters a mask nor increase the amount
of carbon dioxide that stays in a mask. As a result, face masks do not disrupt
the body’s pH levels, affect the bloodstream, or alter one’s body in any way
that would put someone at higher risk of cancer. The claim that wearing face
masks causes cancer has been circulating on Facebook and other social media
platforms, citing a January 2021 study that did not study face masks or mask
wearing in general. An article from Blacklisted News falsely suggested that mask
wearing can lead to reproduction of bacteria, which then leads to cancer. The
articled stated that harmful microbes can grow in a moist environment, like the
ones created around the mouth and face because of constant mask wearing. The
article suggests that microbes can grow and replicate before traveling through
the trachea into blood vessels in the lungs. From there, they allege the the
microbes cause an inflammatory response. It's true that oral bacteria can
contribute to oral infections, dental plaque, and cancer. However, bacteria is
also a normal part of our skin and other organs. It can contribute to health in
positive and negative ways. The study that linked mask wearing to the
development of advanced lung cancer did not involve long-term mask wearing as
part of the study. The article that wrote about it falsely assumed that masks
could be the cause of this bacteria, rather than its normal presence in the
human body and microbiome. There is no evidence that mask wearing can pose a
danger to health, including altered carbon dioxide and oxygen levels. Bacteria
can build up over time in a mask, so they should be cleaned and dried properly.
This build up does not cause cancer. The American Lung Association verified
that masks cannot cause lung cancer and the United States Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention noted that any carbon dioxide build up in masks should
not impact people who wear face masks in order to prevent COVID-19 infections
and transmission.

WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON COVID-19 PATIENTS?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
May 12, 2021
|
Updated on
May 12, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Researchers have been studying the links between air pollution and negative
health outcomes, both before as well as during the COVID-19 pandemic. Long-term
exposure to air pollution can lead to underlying health conditions such as
respiratory illness, which can lead to higher risk of complications and death
from COVID-19 infection. One recent study found that regions with stricter
standards for air quality and lower levels of air pollution (ex. Australia) had
a lower fraction of COVID-19 deaths attributable to human-made air pollution.
Public health professionals recommend continuing to protect people from
dangerous levels of air pollution during as well as beyond the COVID-19
pandemic.

WHY DO SCIENTISTS FEEL WE MAY NOT REACH HERD IMMUNITY?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
May 11, 2021
|
Updated on
May 11, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Global leaders often speak of herd immunity as an end goal for stopping the
pandemic, but actually achieving this status is much more complicated and
difficult than many believe. It will be difficult for the world to achieve herd
immunity against COVID-19 in the short-term, but preventing severe infections,
hospitalizations, and excess deaths may be possible through widespread
vaccination.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE PFIZER VACCINE AND MAGNETS?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
May 11, 2021
|
Updated on
May 11, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine’s list of ingredients, listed on the FDA’s
website that allowed for its emergency use authorization include mRNA, lipids,
potassium chloride, monobasic potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, dibasic
sodium phosphate dihydrate, and sucrose. The vaccine is not known to contain any
metals or cause any response to magnetic fields. In fact, the small quantity of
iron found in the oxygenated blood of the human body is known to repel magnets,
which is why we are able to get MRI scans done at hospitals.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE SPUTNIK V VACCINE?

Health Desk
|
Published on
May 6, 2021
|
Updated on
May 11, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
While early trial data is promising and Sputnik V appears to be safe and
effective, some scientists are skeptical about the clinical trial data from
Sputnik V's two-dose vaccine. The vaccine has been approved for full or
emergency use in over 60 countries. Sputnik Light is a one-dose version of the
vaccine and has only been approved in Russia.

HOW LONG DOES PROTECTION LAST AFTER A COVID-19 VACCINE?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
May 6, 2021
|
Updated on
May 9, 2021
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
Current research shows that immunity lasts at least about 6 months for mRNA
COVID-19 vaccines (the Pfizer vaccine and the Moderna vaccine). Some researchers
estimate that immunity against COVID-19 following vaccination will last longer,
but because the virus is so new, experts are not sure if protection might wane.
More research is needed to better understand how long people will likely be
protected after vaccination and how it might vary across different individuals
and across different vaccines.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT INFANT MORTALITY DUE TO COVID-19?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
May 6, 2021
|
Updated on
May 7, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Experts conclude that severe illness from the coronavirus is still rare among
children. However, some children might fall severely ill and immediate medical
attention should be sought if a child shows symptoms. A child under the age of
one year does not have a fully developed immune system and has smaller airways,
so although rare, is more likely to fall severely ill. It is advised that
caregivers wear masks and have clean hands around a newborn.

HOW LONG SHOULD YOU WAIT TO GET YOUR SECOND COVISHIELD VACCINE IF YOU WERE
INFECTED AFTER RECEIVING THE FIRST INJECTION?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
May 7, 2021
|
Updated on
May 7, 2021
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
The World Health Organization recommends an interval of eight and twelve weeks
between the first and second doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine. Further studies
are needed to evaluate whether a longer amount of time between the two doses
than three months if safe and effective. Waiting longer than four weeks between
doses appears to make the vaccine more effective.

WHAT ARE THE ORIGINS OF COVID-19?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
May 12, 2020
|
Updated on
May 6, 2021
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
COVID-19 was first detected in the city of Wuhan, China in late 2019. The virus
has since been partially traced back to a large seafood and animal market in the
city of Wuhan, after several people who had been to the market became sick with
the illness we now know as COVID-19. Scientists were able to use genetic tests
to confirm that the virus was first identified in people in the city of Wuhan.
Tests on the genetics of viruses, much like genetics in humans, can reveal a lot
about their origins. The majority of scientific studies now support the idea
that the origin of the virus in animals was bats, specifically horseshoe bats,
potentially from China or neighboring countries of Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam.
Scientists also suggest that the virus may have been passed to humans through an
intermediate host before spreading to humans, but are unsure about what animal
the host might have been, though pangolins and civets have been suggested. The
details about that event, which is called a zoonotic transfer, are still being
investigated. World Health Organization experts will soon travel to China and
work with Chinese health officials to identify the source of the virus. _This
entry was updated with new information on July 16, 2020_

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE MODERNA VACCINE SO FAR?

by
Dr. Emily LaRose
Health Desk
|
Published on
May 6, 2021
|
Updated on
May 6, 2021
October 4, 2021
|
Explainer
The Moderna COVID-19 vaccine is an mRNA vaccine with an efficacy rate of 94.1%
in clinical trials. After completing several clinical trials, this vaccine has
been approved for emergency use authorization in dozens of countries around the
world.

WHAT ARE DOUBLE AND TRIPLE MUTANT VARIANTS? WHY ARE THEY MORE DANGEROUS?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 25, 2021
|
Updated on
May 6, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Double and triple "mutant" variants have two or three significant mutations
among the many other mutations within their genetic codes. As of now, we do not
know if these variants are more transmissible or dangerous but early data
suggests they may spread more easily from person to person.

WHAT IS ASPIDOSPERMA Q 20 AND DOES IT HELP WITH OXYGEN LEVELS?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 29, 2021
|
Updated on
Apr 29, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco is a type of plant that is sometimes used for
medicinal purposes. There is not sufficient evidence to suggest that
Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco is effective at treating any medical condition,
including unhealthy oxygen levels.

WHY MIGHT COVID-19 TEST SWAB FIBERS MOVE AROUND?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 28, 2021
|
Updated on
Apr 29, 2021
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
Any claims that the fibers of COVID-19 test swabs or face masks are “alive” or
cause Morgellons disease—a disputed skin condition—are false and are not backed
up by videos or images of such fibers moving on their own or around objects such
as meat. The testing swab fibers’ movement can be explained primarily by static.
Other potential factors include breath, wind, and movement of the camera. The
movement of what some claim to look like “worms” under a microscope in face
masks are regular textile fibers moving due to moisture not felt by humans.
Other potential factors include static and air movement.

WHY IS ANY ASSOCIATION BETWEEN 5G AND COVID-19 FALSE?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 29, 2021
|
Updated on
Apr 29, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
5G is a fifth generation mobile technology network does not cause COVID-19. The
idea that 5G is linked to the spread of COVID-19 is a myth and has been widely
disproven by experts since January 2020.

DO COVID-19 VACCINES CAUSE SHINGLES?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 27, 2021
|
Updated on
Apr 27, 2021
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
There is no evidence that any of the approved COVID-19 vaccines cause herpes
zoster, also known as shingles. While there have been cases of shingles
occurring following COVID-19 vaccines, there is no evidence that these cases are
directly caused by the vaccines. It likely would have occurred regardless. If
anyone thinks they might have shingles, they should contact their doctor as soon
as possible for treatment.

WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR ABOUT COVID-19 VACCINES AND THEIR IMPACT ON MENSTRUATION?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 27, 2021
|
Updated on
Apr 27, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
While several women are reporting temporary irregularities in their menstrual
cycle, there is no scientific evidence available yet on the causal link between
the COVID-19 vaccine and its effect on menstruation. Furthermore, there is no
evidence that any of the COVID-19 vaccines could impact fertility or lead to a
loss of fertility. Getting vaccinated during one’s menstrual cycle does not
pose any risks and the menstrual cycle has not been reported to have any effect
on the vaccine efficacy. Vaccines should be taken as early as possible
regardless of the timing of one’s menstrual cycle.

WHAT ARE THE INGREDIENTS IN THE ASTRAZENECA VACCINE?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Dec 4, 2020
|
Updated on
Apr 27, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
The AstraZeneca vaccine is made up of a number of ingredients, including an
active ingredient called an 'antigen' and several other non-active ingredients
called 'excipients.' These ingredients range from forms of salt that help
preserve the vaccine to water that dilutes it into the right concentration.

WHAT ARE THE BEST METRICS TO USE FOR CALCULATING VACCINES PER COUNTRY?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 26, 2021
|
Updated on
Apr 26, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Two of the most common ways to measure vaccines in a country are the number of
vaccines administered per 100 people in a specified area, or the percentage of a
population that has been vaccinated with one or two doses. There are many
metrics which can be used, depending on the need.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT SINOVAC'S COVID-19 VACCINE?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 20, 2021
|
Updated on
Apr 22, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
CoronaVac is Sinovac Biotech's COVID-19 vaccine and uses a "killed" version of
the COVID-19 virus. It cannot cause disease but can still trigger an immune
response in its recipients. While the efficacy rates of the vaccine are mixed,
CoronaVac appears to meet the World Health Organization's requirements for 50%
minimal protection against severe symptomatic infections of the virus.

HOW IS IMMUNITY IMPACTED BY LOCKDOWNS?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 22, 2021
|
Updated on
Apr 22, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
The immune system continues to fight against germs or invaders, like bacteria,
viruses, and fungi, even during lockdown. It creates new immunity when it is
exposed to invaders, but it does not weaken when it is not continuously
challenged.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT WHETHER STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH
THE COVID-19 DISEASE OR COVID-19 VACCINES?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Apr 22, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
There is currently no evidence to suggest that COVID-19 vaccines are associated
with Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS). There have been a very small number of
documented cases of SJS after other vaccines— such as influenza, smallpox,
polio, hepatitis B, DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis), and MMR (measles,
mumps, and rubella), but these associations have not be proven to be causal in
scientific studies. Like other vaccines, COVID-19 vaccines are being carefully
monitored for any adverse reactions. The available evidence suggests that
receiving the COVID-19 vaccine is much safer overall than COVID-19 itself.

ARE VACCINATED INDIVIDUALS MORE LIKELY TO BE INFECTED WITH AND TRANSMIT VIRUS
VARIANTS?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 22, 2021
|
Updated on
Apr 22, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
There is currently no research to suggest that vaccinated people would be more
likely than their unvaccinated counterparts to transmit variants of SARS-CoV-2.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has stated that "a
growing body of evidence suggests that fully vaccinated people are less likely
to have asymptomatic infection and potentially less likely to transmit
SARS-CoV-2 to others." The U.S. CDC also says there is evidence that the
currently authorized COVID-19 vaccines provide at least some level of protection
against variants of concern, including B.1.1.7 originally identified in the U.K.
and B.1.351 originally identified in South Africa. The World Health Organization
(WHO) recommends widespread vaccinations to potentially help reduce the
transmission of current variants, as well as prevent the emergence of new
variants. More research is being conducted to learn more.

ARE COVID-19 VACCINES CAUSING NEW COVID-19 VARIANTS?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 22, 2021
|
Updated on
Apr 22, 2021
September 15, 2021
|
Explainer
There is no evidence that vaccines are a source of new COVID-19 variants, or
that vaccinated people are more likely to infect others with COVID-19 variants.

HOW DOES THE VACCINE WORK AGAINST A MUTATING VIRUS?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 22, 2021
|
Updated on
Apr 22, 2021
October 20, 2021
|
Explainer
Vaccines are broad in targeting the COVID-19 virus' early genetic codes. Current
vaccines offer some protection against variants, but they will likely need to be
adjusted to work against some newer variants.

IS INDOOR DINING SAFE NOW, ESPECIALLY IN COVERED TENTS?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Apr 21, 2021
November 3, 2021
|
Explainer
Indoor dining is still high risk when it comes to dining during the COVID-19
pandemic, even if the dining takes place in covered tents. The SARS-CoV-2 virus
that causes COVID-19 mostly spreads from person to person. The virus is
transmitted from infected people when they cough, sneeze, talk, or sing, which
can be transmitted through droplets in the air: droplets that fall and then are
transmitted through surfaces, or through airborne transmission, which is when
droplets are very light and remain suspended. An individual who might be in
close proximity to an infected person can then inhale the virus and get infected
themselves, or touching their nose, mouth, or eyes after touching the virus. The
virus can even spread through people who do not show any symptoms but are
infected with COVID-19. When dining indoors with individuals outside of your
household, the risk for transmission of COVID-19, particularly through airborne
transmission, is increased substantially compared to outdoor dining and dining
at home. Covered tents that hold multiple tables at once have the possibility of
being slightly safer than a fully insulated, indoor restaurant, but it depends
on the design of the tent, and is still a risk given that multiple people from
different households are sharing space without being in fully open outdoor air.
Single-table tents are still a risk if they are not aired out for at least three
hours before seating a new table, as COVID-19 that is aerosolized can remain in
the air for up to three hours. If the three-hour time span is allotted for
airing out single-table tents, the method is only effective if they’re used by
individuals of the same household, and even then there’s a non-zero chance that
COVID-19 could still be in the air if someone from a previous sitting was
infected. The U.S. CDC ranks on-site dining with indoor seating capacity
reduced to allow tables to be spaced at least 6 feet apart, and/or on-site
dining with outdoor seating, but tables not spaced at least six feet apart as
high risk, and ranks on-site dining with indoor seating or with seating capacity
not reduced and tables not spaced at least 6 feet apart as highest risk. Design
concerns to consider with regards to COVID-19 safety include airflow, which is
extremely important for ventilating a space and decreasing risk (eg. three walls
of tent seating as opposed to a fully enclosed four makes a significant
difference); the number of people allowed in the space (the fewer people, the
better); the distance between tables (at least 6 feet and the further the
better); humidity levels, if relevant (the more humid, the better); and if the
restaurant has explicit rules around mask use and safety.

IS THERE ANY EVIDENCE THAT A SECOND DOSE OF A COVID-19 VACCINE CAN DIRECTLY LEAD
TO ADVERSE EFFECTS OR DEATH?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Apr 21, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Most vaccines and medications cause side effects, but there is no evidence to
support the claim that a second COVID-19 vaccine injection can lead to death.
Some severe side effects like blood clots are possibly linked to the AstraZeneca
and Johnson & Johnson vaccines in very rare cases, but there is not enough
evidence to determine whether or not the vaccines are associated with this
adverse effect. Not all vaccines have two doses. Of the vaccines that do, some
are just now beginning to roll out, including those with little data. Though
people have died after receiving vaccines, there have been no direct reports
that have noted vaccines were the reason those people died.

CAN WEARING GLASSES HELP PROTECT FROM GETTING INFECTED WITH COVID-19?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Apr 21, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Because the news about this vaccine is still early, there is still a lot we
don't know. Remaining questions include when the vaccine might be available for
everyone, if it will work in children younger than 12 (as they have been
excluded from the early trials), if it will stop the virus from spreading in
people who are infected but don't have any symptoms (asymptomatic), if it will
prevent people from developing severe cases, and how long the vaccine might
offer protection from the the virus.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT MOUTH AND NOSE RINSES, WASHES, SPRAYS, OR CREAMS TO
PREVENT COVID-19?

by
Dr. Emily LaRose
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Apr 21, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
There is no scientific evidence to support using home or traditional therapies
to prevent COVID-19 at this time. The World Health Organization (WHO) and other
international health leaders say that caution is needed when considering
“traditional remedies” as preventative measures or treatments for COVID-19,
because they have not been widely studied and may cause harm in some cases.
There are many traditional remedies and home remedies that have been promoted to
prevent COVID-19 infection. People have suggested using mouth or nasal washes,
sprays, and creams (or fats) could prevent the virus from entering the body or
kill the virus in the nasal cavity (nose) and throat before it has a chance to
spread. **Nasal (nose) washes:** There is no scientific evidence that suggests
rinsing the inside of your nose will prevent COVID-19 infection. Additionally,
for patients with COVID-19, researchers have raised a concern about using
contaminated nasal rinse bottles (as well as surfaces and rinse fluids),
suggesting they could be a source of exposure. **Nasal (nose) sprays:** Ongoing
studies seek to learn more about how saline, iodine, special soaps, and other
ingredients used as nasal washes and sprays may help improve virus symptoms and
decrease the spread of COVID-19. One Israeli study published in November 2020,
and recently re-released with updates as a pre-print in January 2021, shows
promising results for a nasal spray known as Taffix. Taffix is a nasal inhaler
approved for sale and used for the prevention of respiratory viral infections in
Israel and some other countries. The 2020/2021 study analyzed 243 members of a
Jewish ultra-orthodox synagogue community during a high holiday, in which
individuals were gathered and praying throughout the day. At the two-week
follow-up mark of the event, the study investigators found that the individuals
who used Taffix had a reduction in odds of COVID-19 infection by 78%, compared
to those who did not use Taffix. Eighteen members out of the total 243 were
infected with COVID-19, 16 in the no-Taffix group and 2 in the Taffix group,
both of whom did not adhere to the recommended use. Studies are ongoing to test
over the counter and other types of nasal sprays for protection against
COVID-19, with some showing early promise in lab and animal studies.
**Mouthwash, rinses, and gargle solutions:** Like nasal washes and sprays, there
is no scientific evidence that suggests using mouthwashes, rinses, and gargles
will prevent COVID-19 infection. Ongoing studies seek to learn about how special
antiseptic mouthwashes may help prevent COVID-19 (see the Experimental Therapies
section below). So far, many studies have explored these treatments in
laboratory cells, and data on humans is limited. **Alcohol, chlorine, or
disinfectant spray:** Alcohol, chlorine (e.g. bleach solutions), or disinfectant
sprays should never be sprayed or applied to your nose, mouth, or eyes, and
doing so may cause serious harm. Drinking alcohol will not prevent or treat
COVID-19. **Fats or oils:** This includes coconut oil, ghee, sesame oil, shea
butter, petroleum jelly, and others. There is no scientific evidence that nasal
treatments or mouth rinses with different fats will prevent, treat, or cure
COVID-19. While many types of fats or oils (like coconut oil, sesame oil, and
others) have been shown to kill or stop bad bacteria in cell-based laboratory
studies, most of these studies have focused on how these ingredients may be used
to prevent bacterial growth on food to improve food safety. Studies have not
looked at the effect of fats on prevention of viral or bacterial infections in
humans when applied in the nose or used as a mouth rinse. There is no scientific
evidence that supports the theory that using these oils would improve health or
prevent illness. In addition, though rare, it is possible that inhaling fats
from the inside of the nose can cause lung problems. **Steam inhalation:**
Though inhaling steam may help to thin mucous or relieve congestion (stuffy
nose), there is no scientific evidence to suggest that inhaling steam will
prevent or treat COVID-19. Contact with steaming hot water can cause burns, and
inhaling steam can burn the inside of your nose. **Experimental therapies:**
There are ongoing studies using nasal sprays (and rinses) and special
mouthwashes to prevent COVID-19, such as the Taffix study discussed above. Much
of the current scientific evidence is based on animal or laboratory cell
studies. For humans, efficacy and safety studies are ongoing, and most
treatments are not recommended for the public at this time. Currently, studies
seek to understand if nasal rinses (using saltwater, special soaps, and other
ingredients) may help to improve symptoms and decrease the viral load in
patients with COVID-19 (with the thought that decreasing the viral load could
decrease how much an infected person may spread the virus). Researchers are also
studying whether gargling or rinsing with special solutions (e.g.
povidone-iodine) may help prevent healthcare workers from contracting COVID-19.
A pre-print study or a nasal spray medication (INNA-051) has shown good results
in preventing COVID-19 in ferrets, but human studies have not yet begun. Human
study results for Taffix nasal spray and its pre-existing approval for
prevention of respiratory viral infections makes it feasible for human use in
protection against COVID-19; however, it is not a replacement for mask use and
physical distancing. To prevent COVID-19 infection, health authorities continue
to recommend avoiding crowds, practicing social distancing measures (at least 6
feet/2 meters apart), frequent and careful handwashing, wearing face masks
(wearing a cloth mask over a surgical mask is recommended by the U.S. Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention), staying home when possible (especially if
you are sick), clean high-touch surfaces often, and avoid touching your nose,
eyes, and mouth.

CAN I CONTRACT COVID-19 FROM SWIMMING, SURFING, OR DOING OTHER ACTIVITIES IN
CONTAMINATED WATER?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Apr 21, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
This vaccine requires an initial injection followed by a secondary shot called a
“booster” to achieve its full level of protection. The clinical trial includes
more than 43,000 volunteer participants, many of whom have already received two
doses of the vaccine. In the interim analysis, there were 94 cases of COVID-19
in trial participants, and the study will continue until there have been 164
cases of COVID-19 among study volunteers.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE REGENERON COCKTAIL FOR COVID-19?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Oct 5, 2020
|
Updated on
Apr 20, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., an American biotechnology company, recently
received Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for its COVID-19 antibody cocktail
treatment of casirivimab and imdevimab by the United States. The treatment
formerly known as REGN-COV2 is the first combination therapy to receive an EUA
and can be used to treat mild to moderate cases of COVID-19 in recently
diagnosed patients at high risk for severe cases of the virus and/or
hospitalization. The treatment can also be used in pediatric patients at least
12 years of age and weighing at least 88.2 pounds or 40kg. It is an experimental
drug that is designed to help the body prevent and fight off the virus. The drug
is called a 'cocktail' because it mixes a combination of drugs so that it can be
more effective and in this case, prevent the virus from becoming resistant to
the treatment. This particular drug from Regeneron uses a combination of two
"monoclonal antibodies," casirivimab and imdevimab. Antibodies are part of the
immune system, and they help fight off infections and foreign invaders like
COVID-19 by finding the virus, neutralizing it, and telling the rest of the
immune system to begin launching its response. Monoclonal antibodies (which
means 'one type of antibody') are antibodies created in a lab that can act as a
replacement for the antibodies the body normally creates. These lab-made
antibodies are different than the ones that the immune system creates naturally
because they're uniquely designed to target and launch an attack against the
specific the virus that causes COVID-19. Regeneron believes that individual
antibody therapies are likely not strong enough to fight the virus that causes
COVID-19, so they have combined two separate antibody treatments into one as a
weapon to fight against the virus and prevent any drug resistance that might
occur if they virus mutates and escapes the effects of the antibodies (called
"viral escape"). Casirivimab and imdevimab are the two monoclonal antibodies in
this cocktail which aims to help patients who were recently diagnosed with
COVID-19 but have not yet launched their full immune system response, or who
have a lot of the virus circulating in their blood. Additionally, this treatment
is not authorized for use in people who are hospitalized or who need oxygen;
just those with mild to moderate cases who recently tested positive for
COVID-19. Regeneron also recently announced that people who received its
antibody treatment had a lower number of medical visits for COVID-19 related
causes in comparison to those who did not receive the treatment. Patients who
received the antibody treatment made roughly 57% fewer visits to seek medical
care than patients who received a placebo. In patients at high risk for serious
complications from the virus (like those over 50 and people with cardiovascular
or lung conditions), the reduction in visits was 72% lower than the group who
did not receive the drug. Patients who were given the treatment also
demonstrated lower levels of the virus in their blood and less severe symptoms
than patients who did not receive the treatment. Though Regeneron's monoclonal
antibody treatment has received an EUA, that authorization is only temporary so
the cocktail therapy will continue to be evaluated in phase 2 and 3 clinical
trials, according to the company. As of November 24, 2020, more than 7,000
people have participated in Regeneron's casirivimab and imdevimab clinical
trials. The United States' government began distributing the treatment on
November 24, 2020 starting with 30,000 treatment courses and expects to produce
enough of the therapy to reach 80,000 patients by the end of November 2020.
Regeneron's antibody cocktail is part of the United States' Operation Warp Speed
and has received more than $500 million from the government to develop these
treatments. This public–private partnership's goal is to create and distribution
vaccines, therapies, and diagnostics for COVID-19 rapidly and safely and
involves various government agencies and companies.

WHAT ARE BLOOD CLOTTING REACTIONS VIPIT AND CSVT AND DO VACCINES CAUSE THEM?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Apr 20, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
VIPIT and CSVT are acronyms for rare blood clotting reactions that have occurred
in people who have received AstraZeneca or Johnson & Johnson's COVID-19
vaccines. It is uncertain whether or not the vaccines caused these clotting
issues, but researchers are currently working to determine whether or not there
is a link.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT VACCINE PASSPORTS?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 15, 2021
|
Updated on
Apr 16, 2021
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
A “vaccine passport” is a proof that someone has been vaccinated against
COVID-19. Currently, vaccine passports are being debated in the public health
community for their many pros and cons. Vaccine passports are also being used,
or planned to be used, in different ways across and within countries globally,
which is a trend that is likely to continue.

WHY WOULD IT HAVE BEEN HARD FOR ASTRAZENECA TO DISCOVER BLOOD CLOTS IN CLINICAL
TRIALS?

by
Dr. Emily LaRose
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 16, 2021
|
Updated on
Apr 16, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
The AstraZeneca vaccine went through rigorous Phase 3 testing and regulatory
approval processes before being administered in the general public where it has
been approved. In the reported Phase 3 trial data of more than 23,000 people, a
total of 175 severe adverse events were reported (84 in the study group, 91 in
the control group). Three events were considered possibly related to either the
control or experimental vaccine. These events included one case of hemolytic
anemia (in the phase 1/2 study control group), one case of transverse myelitis
(in the study group 14 days after the second vaccine dose), and a case of high
fever without another diagnosis (the patient information remains masked as part
of the trial). Blood clots were not mentioned in the study published online on
December 8, 2020. In clinical trials, it can be very difficult to identify
uncommon side effects or serious adverse events (or reactions). When an event is
uncommon, it can take a very large study group for it to be observed in research
even once. Vaccine studies are designed to evaluate if the vaccine works, and if
it is safe. COVID-19 vaccines were studied in clinical trials with thousands of
participants before emergency use approval. Even with diverse and large study
groups, it is possible that some side effects, reactions, or serious adverse
events may not have been seen in the study population. Events that only occur in
a few people out of a million or more can be very difficult to detect. In
statistics there is a formula that is sometimes used to estimate how many people
would need to be studied to detect a serious adverse reaction (SAR). The formula
is called the rule of three. For example, if a medication were to cause a SAR in
1 person in every 1,000, then a company would need to study 3,000 people (the
rule of 3) in order to have a 95% chance of observing or detecting even one
case. For even more rare events that may occur in 1 person in every 10,000, a
company would need to study 30,000 people to have a 95% chance of observing or
detecting one case. For comparison, the type of rare blood clotting that was
observed is estimated to occur in only a few people out of every million. To
help understand more rare adverse effects, drugs and vaccines are studied even
after they are approved for the public. Data collection continues for years.
This Phase 4 study (or observation) continues as the sample size of the study
population is much larger, currently in the many millions for the COVID-19
vaccines. Researchers are continuing to gather data and information about events
that occur in people who have received the vaccine. In Epidemiology: An
Introduction, a text by Kenneth Rothman, the author notes that a lot of the data
around drug safety “comes from studies that are conducted after a drug is
marketed.” For the COVID-19 vaccines, government agencies (like the U.S. Food
and Drug Administration and others) are collecting data about possible adverse
events. Suspected adverse events are reported to the agency, and the agency
investigates further. A reported or possible association does not mean that a
vaccine caused an event to happen. Trained researchers monitor and analyze data
from these reports. They try to evaluate whether it is likely that the reaction
was caused by the vaccine. To do so, they study the possible pathways that could
cause the reaction to occur. They also compare the probability of the reaction
in those who have been vaccinated to the probability of the reaction in those
who have not. Now that many millions of people are being vaccinated with the new
COVID-19 vaccines, it is not surprising that some rare events, like allergic
reactions and blood clots, are being reported. Researchers now need to work to
determine if the events are related to the vaccines and why. Many thousands of
blood clots are diagnosed every year. Immobility, surgery, obesity, and smoking
are some of the many risk factors. According to the European Medicines Agency,
it is possible that blood clots could also be related to receiving the
AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine. There has not been evidence of issues related to
specific batches or a particular manufacturing site for the AstraZeneca vaccine.
As of April 4, 2021, a total of 222 cases of thrombosis (169 cases of cerebral
venous sinus thrombosis and 53 cases of splanchnic vein thrombosis have been
reported) have been reported to EudraVigilance - the European system for
managing information about serious adverse reactions to medicines. About 34
million people had been vaccinated in the European Economic Area and United
Kingdom by this date. On April 7, 2021, the European Medicines Agency safety
committee concluded “that unusual blood clots with low blood platelets should be
listed as very rare side effects of Vaxzevria (formerly COVID-19 Vaccine
AstraZeneca).” The U.K. regulatory agency recommended alternatives to the
AstraZeneca vaccine to be given to people under 30 years of age, following 79
reported cases of blood clotting and 19 deaths. As of April 16, 2021, the
Australian regulatory agency is also conducting a review of the AstraZeneca
vaccine following three reported instances of rare clotting, including one fatal
case. AstraZeneca has not applied for regulatory approval in the United States,
but another viral vector vaccine for COVID-19 made by Johnson & Johnson is also
under review for rare blood clotting as of April 13, 2021. Regulatory agencies
take vaccine safety seriously and often exercise an abundance of caution.
COVID-19 vaccines have been credited with saving lives and reducing
hospitalizations on a large scale.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT MRNA VACCINE SIDE EFFECTS?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 13, 2021
|
Updated on
Apr 14, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
There is no evidence to suggest that mRNA COVID-19 vaccines or non-mRNA COVID-19
vaccines would result in death, neuro-cognitive issues, debilitating/long-term
inflammation, or infertility.

WHAT ARE THE LONG-TERM NEUROLOGICAL IMPACTS FOR COVID-19 SURVIVORS?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 7, 2021
|
Updated on
Apr 8, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
In a study of hospital records of over 230,000 people who had been diagnosed
with COVID-19, 33.62% of the patients developed a neurological or psychiatric
diagnosis within 180 days of their viral infection. The most common diagnoses
were anxiety and mood disorders but researchers are unsure of what causes these
impacts in the brains of COVID-19 survivors.

WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR ABOUT THE ASTRAZENECA VACCINE?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Mar 23, 2021
|
Updated on
Mar 28, 2021
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
The University of Oxford vaccine is being developed and produced by AstraZeneca
plc, Inc. and is an adenovirus vaccine (ChAdOx1/AZD1222) currently in Phase 2
and 3 trials in the United Kingdom and India, and in Phase 3 trials in Brazil,
South Africa, and the United States. As of December 30, 2020, the vaccine has
been authorized for emergency use in adults over 18 years of age in the United
Kingdom. Here's a breakdown of everything you need to know so far about this
vaccine's development.

WHAT IS THE LIKELIHOOD OF ANOTHER CORONAVIRUS IMPACTING US?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Mar 25, 2021
|
Updated on
Mar 26, 2021
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
Most people get infected with a coronavirus at some point in their lives,
meaning that it is highly likely that coronaviruses will continue impacting us.
The likelihood of another novel coronavirus emerging is less clear, but science
suggests that the risks are high.

DO WOMEN HAVE WORSE SIDE EFFECTS THAN MEN AFTER RECEIVING THE COVID-19 VACCINE?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Mar 26, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Women may experience more significant side effects to COVID-19 vaccines, but
more data is needed to know for sure.

WHAT IS THE COVID-19 ARM RASH?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Mar 22, 2021
|
Updated on
Mar 25, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
The COVID-19 arm rash is a side effect from the vaccine that can cause an itchy
or painful rash on the arms of people who have received a vaccine. The rash is
harmless and tends to go away within a few days but can be treated with
histamine medication or some pain medication if symptoms persist.

WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR ABOUT ASTRAZENECA'S VACCINE?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 26, 2021
|
Updated on
Mar 23, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
AstraZeneca worked in partnership with the University of Oxford to create their
vaccine for COVID-19. This vaccine has been approved for emergency use
authorization in dozens of countries around the world and uses a formula called
a 'viral vector' where a weakened common cold virus (adenovirus) is used to
deliver instructions to the body for how to fight COVID-19.

WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR ABOUT GLANDULAR FEVER AND COVID-19?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Mar 23, 2021
|
Updated on
Mar 23, 2021
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
Glandular fever or Infectious Mononucleosis is a viral infection generally
caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It can be transmitted by close contact with
an infected individual. There have been recent news articles that patients with
long term symptoms of COVID-19 may have reactivated EBV in their bodies. Some
have reported ‘reactivated’ EBV in their blood tests, leading scientists to look
at the relation between COVID-19 and EBV, which have similar symptoms. Research
is underway to understand more, and as more information becomes available,
scientists will be able to find conclusive evidence.

IF SOMEONE RECEIVES THE VACCINE, CAN THEY STILL BE A CARRIER?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 7, 2021
|
Updated on
Mar 18, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Early data on whether the COVID-19 vaccines are able to reduce transmission look
positive, but more research is needed to get to a conclusion. A person who is
vaccinated for COVID-19 may still be able to transmit the virus.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE ASTRAZENECA VACCINE AND BLOOD CLOTTING?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Mar 11, 2021
|
Updated on
Mar 17, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
A recent string of blood clotting events in people who had received the
AstraZeneca vaccine caused several European nations to halt their use of the
shots while they investigated. The European Medicines Agency said that the
benefit of the vaccine outweighs the risks and though there have been no direct
links between these blood clotting events and the vaccine itself, they will
continue to research.

WHAT CAN AND CAN'T PEOPLE DO AFTER BEING FULLY VACCINATED?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Mar 12, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
The U.S. C.D.C. recommends that fully protected people should continue to wear
masks in public, stay six feet apart and avoid crowded and poorly ventilated
spaces. Fully vaccinated people can gather indoors with other fully vaccinated
people without wearing masks. Fully vaccinated people can gather indoors with
one household of unvaccinated people if they are at a low-risk of severe
COVID-19 illness. After exposure to COVID-19 infected person, quarantine and
testing are not needed unless symptomatic. However, those living in group
settings need to quarantine and get tested after a known COVID-19 exposure. The
CDC recommends avoiding medium or large gatherings, delay domestic and
international travel, or follow CDC requirements and recommendations if you must
travel.

DO WE HAVE TO DO A PCR TEST BEFORE GETTING VACCINATED?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Mar 12, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
You do not need to have any kind of COVID-19 test before you are vaccinated. It
is recommended that you do not receive a vaccine until you are free from a prior
COVID-19 infection for 90 days.

WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR ABOUT THE VARIANTS OF COVID-19 FIRST IDENTIFIED IN
BRAZIL?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Mar 15, 2021
|
Updated on
Mar 11, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Major Brazilian cities are recording new daily highs in COVID-19 deaths as of
March 2021, sparking concerns about the risks of a variant known as P.1 that was
first identified in Brazil. P.1 is still being studied, but preliminary research
suggests it could be associated with an increase in transmissibility and/or
reinfection.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE RISKS OF COMBINING MORE THAN ONE OF THE APPROVED
VACCINES?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 4, 2021
|
Updated on
Mar 10, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
For COVID-19 vaccines that require more than one dose, such as the
Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines, researchers are still learning about the
outcomes of mixing a first dose of one vaccine with a second dose of another. In
the clinical trials that have led to emergency authorization of COVID-19
vaccines, combining doses from different vaccines has not yet been tested. This
means that scientists do not yet know if combining doses from different COVID-19
vaccine candidates will be as effective or safe. To help provide more data, a
clinical trial was announced on February 8, 2021 to begin testing the
combination of one dose from the AstraZeneca vaccine candidate with one dose
from the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine candidate. This clinical trial, dubbed Com-Cov,
is being led by the University of Oxford and is considered the first in the
world to test the combination of different COVID-19 vaccine candidates.
Enrollment of 820 participants over 50 years of age is starting, and scientists
hope this clinical trial can provide more data and insights by the summer of
2021. It is important to remember that outcomes can potentially vary depending
on which COVID-19 vaccines are mixed. For this reason, the first clinical trial
testing a combination of the AstraZeneca and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine candidates
may eventually add additional vaccine candidates. As more COVID-19 vaccine
candidates become ready for approval, more studies may be needed to understand
the outcomes of combining doses between the multiple available vaccine
candidates. There are many potential benefits to being able to combine COVID-19
vaccine candidates, which is why scientists are eager for more data to evaluate
this. Ramping up COVID-19 vaccine supplies and coordinating distribution remain
a challenge, so being able to give vaccines based on availability could mean
more people receive the vaccinations faster and more lives are saved. The U.K.'s
deputy chief medical officer has said that there may be benefits to having data
that could support more "flexible" vaccination programs, since there is
currently an insufficient global supply of COVID-19 vaccines. Beyond the
logistical benefits, there could potentially be immunological benefits of using
two different vaccines to combat the same pathogen in certain cases. For
COVID-19 vaccines that are given in two doses, the "prime" dose is followed by a
"boost" dose to help stimulate and amplify the body's immune response, with the
goal of developing immunological memory to protect against COVID-19 infections
in the future. The strategy of using doses from different vaccines is known as
"heterologous prime-boost." Some COVID-19 vaccine candidates, like the Russian
Sputnik V, have even been designed to use this strategy with the first and
second doses containing different viral components. With newer and
faster-spreading variants of COVID-19 emerging around the world, some of which
could be partially resistant to immune responses triggered by the vaccines,
scientists are also planning to investigate whether combining different vaccines
can help offer more protection. Multiple COVID-19 vaccine candidates have been
developed in record speed to help combat the global pandemic. In order to take
full advantage of every tool that is available for pandemic response, scientists
are studying the potential of combining doses from different COVID-19 vaccine
candidates. As more data becomes available, public health experts and
policymakers will be able to make more informed decisions about "mixing and
matching" COVID-19 vaccine doses.

WHAT ARE BLUE SURGICAL MASKS MADE OF AND IS THE MATERIAL SAFE?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Mar 10, 2021
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
Blue surgical masks are safe to wear and are made with non-woven fabric.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT LONG-TERM IMPACTS OF COVID-19?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Mar 3, 2021
|
Updated on
Mar 10, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Long-haul COVID is the continued experience of symptoms caused by COVID-19 for
several weeks or months after the initial infection began. Some of the reported
persistent symptoms include fatigue, headaches, shortness of breath, anxiety,
and depression, palpitations, chest pains, joint or muscle pain and weakness,
loss of smell, cough, low fever, headache, and cognitive dysfunction (brain fog,
not being able to think straight or focus). More serious complications, although
less common, include damage to the heart, lungs, kidney, and gut due to blood
clots or weakened blood vessels.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT COVID-19 REDUCING LIFE EXPECTANCY?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Mar 2, 2021
|
Updated on
Mar 10, 2021
September 15, 2021
|
Explainer
Life expectancy is the estimated number of years that a person can expect to
live based on their current age in a specific place. Life expectancy is often
measured in two ways. The first way is called Period Life Expectancy and it is
calculated by measuring how frequently people died in a specific group in a
specific time and then multiplied to represent an entire population. The second
way life expectancy can be measured is through using a Cohort Life Expectancy
approach and this is measured by calculating mortality risks throughout the
lifetimes of a group of individuals born during the same period of time. Because
of advances in medical treatment, before 2020, period life expectancy was
increasing in many parts of the world. As a result of deaths that have happened
during the COVID-19 pandemic, many experts have said that period life expectancy
values will decrease, at least temporarily. While period life expectancy is
commonly used to report on population health, it is a projection that cannot
account for any future changes in mortality (or death), unlike cohort life
expectancy. The period life expectancy measure assumes that the number of people
in any age group who die in one year will be the same the following year and so
on. For example, many people died from COVID-19 in 2020, but with vaccines and
other improved methods of prevention and treatment, the number of deaths may be
less in 2021. If this is true, the period life expectancy would likely increase
again. On February 25, 2020, the U.S. CDC reported that the period life
expectancy in the United States fell by a full year in the first six months of
2020 -- from 78.8 years in 2019 to 77.8 years. This period life expectancy
reflects the average life expectancy for an infant born in 2020. The value does
not mean that everyone who is alive now will die one year earlier. Changes in
period life expectancy were reported between males and females. In 2019, female
period life expectancy was 5.1 years higher than for males (76.3). In 2020,
female period life expectancy was 5.4 years higher than for males (75.1 years
for males and 80.5 years for females). Differences in life expectancy were also
reported based on race and ethnicity. Life expectancy decreased most for Black
individuals, then Latino individuals, then white individuals. As a result of
these differences in decreases, the Latino population had a lower period life
expectancy advantage compared to the white population by about a year as of the
first half of 2020. The white period life expectancy advantage compared to the
black population increased by nearly two years to a 6 year difference overall.
This is the widest period life expectancy has been between Black individuals and
white individuals in the population since 1998. The CDC life expectancy
estimates were specifically based on information for the first half of 2020.
When remeasured in 2021, life expectancy as well as cohort life expectancy are
likely to decrease alongside decreases in COVID-19 deaths and increases in
COVID-19 vaccinations.

ARE ANY FOODS OR DRINKS, ALONE OR IN COMBINATION, EFFECTIVE IN TREATING OR
CURING COVID-19?

by
Dr. Emily LaRose
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 5, 2020
|
Updated on
Mar 4, 2021
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
No, there is no combination of food or drinks that can treat, prevent, or cure
COVID-19. However, eating a varied and balanced diet including fruits and
vegetables does help to support the immune system in general.

WHAT ARE HUMAN CHALLENGE TRIALS FOR VACCINES?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 20, 2020
|
Updated on
Feb 24, 2021
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
A human challenge trial (HCT) is a study that deliberately infects volunteers
with a virus after they've been given a vaccine, in order to see if the vaccine
is effective. Clinical trials usually allow participants to be exposed to
COVID-19 in their day-to-day lives, but HCTs intentionally infect volunteers in
order to learn about the virus, immune responses, medications, and treatments.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE SINOPHARM VACCINE'S APPROVALS AND CLINICAL TRIALS?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Feb 19, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
As of February 19, 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) has approved the
Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (December 31, 2020) and two versions of the
AstraZeneca/Oxford COVID-19 vaccine (February 15, 2021) under its Emergency Use
Listing (EUL). The Sinopharm inactivated virus COVID-19 vaccine is being
developed and produced in conjunction with the China National Biotec Group and
the Beijing Institute of Biological Products. The vaccine is in phase three
trials in Argentina, Jordan, Egypt, Bahrain, and United Arab Emirates. Sinopharm
is pursuing emergency approval and, according to WHO records dated January 20,
2021, Sinopharm submitted study data and safety, efficacy, and quality
information to the WHO in December 2020. The assessment is ongoing and a
decision could be made as early as March. Another Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine is
being tested in conjunction with the China National Biotec Group and the Wuhan
Institute of Biological Products. This vaccine is currently in phase three
trials in Jordan, Egypt, Bahrain, Morocco, Peru, and United Arab Emirates.
According to WHO documentation dated January 20, 2021, there has not been a
pre-submission meeting or further pursuit of emergency approval for this
vaccine.

CAN THE COVID-19 VACCINE LEAD TO LETHAL THROMBOCYTOPENIA?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Feb 18, 2021
|
Updated on
Feb 18, 2021
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
As of March 30, 2021, there is not enough evidence to suggest COVID-19 vaccines
can cause thrombosis but research is still ongoing. Most national drug agencies
have noted the benefit of vaccines is greater than the risks they may pose.

CAN THE VIRUS BE TRANSMITTED THROUGH THE AIR?

Health Desk
|
Published on
May 12, 2020
|
Updated on
Feb 17, 2021
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the virus that causes COVID-19
is primarily spread through respiratory droplets (little spit droplets that fly
out when a person sneezes, coughs or talks). Respiratory droplets can infect
other people who are nearby, or indirectly infect others when they touch a
surface contaminated with infected droplets. After an open letter by scientists
in July 2020, the WHO now acknowledges the possibility of airborne transmission,
which is caused by smaller and lighter 'droplet nuclei' (residuals of
respiratory droplets from infected people) that can remain in the air for longer
periods of time and remain infectious over long distances. Experts are looking
at previous data from China to see whether the virus may spread through the air
or through vents via airborne transmission. While a few lab-based studies have
found that the virus can be present in the air for up to three hours, these
studies did not assess if the virus is viable to infect anyone else. Recently, a
research study published in Nature found viral contamination in air samples from
patients isolated at a medical center, which supports the use of airborne
isolation precautions in caring for COVID-19 cases. A few studies have also
looked into how airborne transmission may have played a role in certain
outbreaks, such as the one in the Diamond Princess cruise ship. One of these
studies in pre-print found that it was likely that a combination of both
close-range (respiratory droplet) transmission and long-range (airborne)
transmission contributed similarly to disease progression aboard the ship. Thus
far, the WHO still claims that evidence points to close person-to-person
respiratory droplet transmission as the primary mode of COVID-19 transmission.
However, experts warn that there is significant reason to believe airborne
transmission is happening. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) now provides infection control recommendations for airborne transmission
as well as respiratory droplet transmission. Definitive studies may take a long
time to alter the body of evidence in the coming weeks and months, but proactive
prevention measures such as universal use of masks (the U.S. CDC recommends
wearing a cloth mask over a surgical mask for increased protection) could save
lives in the meantime.

SHOULD PEOPLE WITH ASTHMA WEAR FACE MASKS?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 23, 2020
|
Updated on
Feb 17, 2021
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
People with asthma should wear face masks. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (U.S. CDC) note that people with moderate to severe asthma might
have an increased risk of severe case of COVID-19. Therefore, wearing a mask is
an important way to prevent the spread of the virus. Studies also show that
wearing a mask does not reduce oxygen levels and should not make breathing more
difficult. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of face masks
in public and when social distancing is not possible, and it is safe for people
with asthma to wear a mask for as long as needed. People who feel it is
difficult to breathe adequately with a mask ca, for example, try to limit the
length of their outings requiring mask use. However, every patient is different
and if you have been diagnosed with asthma, have a severe case, have difficulty
breathing normally, or have difficulty breathing with a mask, you should speak
with your doctor about options for protecting yourself and others from COVID-19.
As of February 2021, the U.S. CDC recommends wearing a cloth mask over a
surgical mask for increased protection.

DOES WEARING A MASK PROTECT THE MASK WEARER?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Nov 12, 2020
|
Updated on
Feb 17, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Yes. Wearing a face mask helps prevent the spread of COVID-19 in two ways: It
protects the person wearing a mask from being exposed to the virus and protects
the people around them from being exposed to the virus. The World Health
Organization recommends wearing a face mask as part of a comprehensive strategy
to prevent the spread of the virus.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT NEW STRAINS OF THIS VIRUS THAT IS MORE INFECTIOUS THAN THE
FIRST STRAINS?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 5, 2020
|
Updated on
Feb 17, 2021
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Scientists are working to better understand the new variants (or versions) of
the COVID-19 virus, how they spread, if vaccines will be effective, if the new
variants are detectable by viral tests, and whether the variants cause mild or
severe disease. Information about new variants of COVID-19 is changing quickly.
According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there is no
evidence that the new COVID-19 variants cause more severe illness or increased
risk of death. However, there is some evidence that suggests that one mutation
(D614G) may spread more quickly than other variants. Viruses constantly change
as they reproduce in order to keep spreading into more cells. These changes are
called "viral mutations." Mutations create a new, updated version of the virus,
which we call a "strain" or "variant" (though other similar words include
"lineage" and "mutant"). These variants may have different properties than
previous versions of the virus and may allow the virus to infect more people or
may cause more severe illness. Many variants of COVID-19 have been documented
globally, and scientists are continuing to monitor the virus as it changes and
spreads around the world. To prevent the spread of COVID-19, international
health agencies and the public health community continue to encourage the
everyone to wear face masks (the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
now recommend wearing a cloth mask over a surgical mask or individual KN95/N95
masks), practice social distancing (maintaining 6 feet/2 meters physical
distance), avoid crowds especially in indoor areas, and practice frequent hand
washing with soap and warm water.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT CONTROLLING THE SPREAD OF COVID-19 THROUGH HYPER-LOCAL
MEASURES?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Oct 5, 2020
|
Updated on
Feb 17, 2021
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
Imposing restrictions at a hyper-local level, such as by postal code or zip
code, can work to contain COVID-19, but is not without challenges and comes with
a set of both pros and cons. The pros come into effect if individuals who are
residents of that zip code or neighborhood a) follow the restrictions imposed
and do not travel outside their neighborhood, especially at a mass level. The
cons come into effect if individuals who are residents of that zip code or
neighborhood either do not follow restrictions imposed, or travel outside their
neighborhood, especially at a mass level. As a result, it’s crucial to
communicate with residents so that they understand the expectations and what is
at risk if local measures aren’t followed. To help ensure that they are
followed, local public health officials and leaders must share information with
residents on how to access the resources that they need hyper-locally, both for
healthcare and otherwise, so that individuals are not pushed to seek resources
outside of their affected area, and in turn potentially increasing positive
rates in other neighborhoods, worsening the problem overall. Of note is that
hyperlocal surveillance of COVID-19 is also useful for tracking and ultimately
controlling the spread of the virus, as the more local the data is, the more
granular it is likely to be and the less gaps it is likely to have.

WHY SHOULD WE ALL BE WEARING MASKS?

by
Dr. Emily LaRose
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 14, 2020
|
Updated on
Feb 17, 2021
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
We should all be wearing masks to prevent the spread of COVID-19 to others and
prevent infection in ourselves. The virus is spread primarily through
respiratory droplets and aerosolized transmission when people speak, cough,
sneeze, or sing so wearing a mask can prevent people from releasing viral
particles from their mouth and nose into the air.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT PREGNANCY AND COVID-19?

by
Dr. Saskia Popescu
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 13, 2020
|
Updated on
Feb 17, 2021
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
If a pregnant person becomes infected with COVID-19 there is a higher chance
they will require hospitalization and suffer more serious symptoms of the
disease. In early November 2020, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (U.S. CDC) released a report on 400,000 women between the ages of 15
and 44 with symptomatic COVID-19 which found that admission to the intensive
care unit (ICU), invasive ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and
death were more likely in pregnant women than in non-pregnant women. The report
includes that increased risk for admission to the ICU was "particularly notable"
among Asian and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander pregnant women, and that both
disproportionate risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and higher risk for death was
observed for pregnant Hispanic women. Highlighting the racial/ethic disparities,
the report states that "regardless of pregnancy status, non-Hispanic Black women
experienced a disproportionate number of deaths." This report adds to the
current knowledge around increased risks related to COVID-19 for pregnant women,
particularly pregnant women of color, and suggests that pregnant women should be
counseled about increased risks of severe illness or death related to COVID-19
as well as measures to prevent infection in their families. Preterm birth has
also been associated with COVID-19, according to another report released by the
U.S. CDC in early November 2020. The U.S. CDC encourages people to take
preventive measures while pregnant and to seek prenatal care throughout
pregnancy. If a person is infectious during labor, it is possible for them to
spread the virus to the baby. Outside of the U.S., the World Health Organization
(WHO) has reported that emerging international research suggests pregnant women
with COVID-19 are more likely to need intensive care if severely ill, and more
likely to give birth prematurely. The latest findings also suggest that pregnant
women with COVID-19 who have pre-existing medical conditions, who are older, or
who are overweight are more likely to suffer severe health complications due to
COVID-19.

WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR ABOUT AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION AND HOW DOES IT DIFFER FROM
RESPIRATORY DROPLET TRANSMISSION?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 13, 2020
|
Updated on
Feb 17, 2021
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
There is increasing evidence that COVID-19 can spread through airborne
transmission, which is when a person infected with COVID-19 releases tiny
droplets of fluid into the air called 'droplet nuclei' by coughing, sneezing,
talking, or during some medical appointments and procedures. Droplet nuclei are
very light, relatively dry, and microscopic in size so they can remain suspended
in the air like a mist, which is why airborne transmission is also called
'aerosol transmission.' This is different from the main theory that the virus
spreads through bigger respiratory droplets that are heavier, fall to the ground
relatively quickly, and do not remain suspended in the air or spread through the
air. While researchers are continuing to study aerosol transmission of
COVID-19, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) acknowledged evidence of airborne transmission in
poorly ventilated spaces. Enclosed spaces have been found—through scientific
studies as well as case studies—to contain enough virus to cause infections in
people more than six feet apart, or who passed through a space soon after an
infectious person left the room. One study conducted at the University of
Nebraska Medical Center collected air and surface samples from the rooms of
isolated individuals to examine viral shedding, and found evidence of the novel
coronavirus in the air from isolated individuals who had COVID-19 (including at
a distance from the infected individual and outside of their room in the
hallway). As a second piece of evidence, a study from Singapore found that
COVID-19 virus aerosol particles were found in two "airborne infection isolation
rooms" in hospital wards, despite these rooms being intentionally well
ventilated to prevent transmission. In a study that modeled the transmission of
COVID-19 during the outbreak on the Diamond Princess cruise ship in early 2020,
researchers found that aerosol inhalation of the virus was likely the dominant
contributor to COVID-19 transmission among passengers. Another study outlined
the case of the Skagit Valley Chorale rehearsal in Mount Vernon, Washington,
which took place in early March 2020 and resulted in 45 out of 60 members of the
chorus testing positive for or showing COVID-19 symptoms after a 2 ½ hour indoor
practice session. No attendees reported physical contact between members, as
person-to-person contact and touching of surfaces was intentionally limited. No
one was located within 3 meters in front of the index COVID-19 case, where
larger respiratory droplets from that individual would have likely landed. The
authors concluded that inhalation of infectious respiratory aerosol from shared
air was the leading mode of transmission and that dense occupancy, long
duration, loud vocalization, and poor ventilation increased risk. Another case
study was reported in China in early February when a who passed by the door of a
symptomatic patient several times person contracted COVID-19. Finally, one
China-based study compared risks of COVID-19 outbreak among 126 passengers
taking two buses on a 100-minute round trip. Compared to individuals in the
non-exposed bus (Bus #1), those in the exposed bus (Bus #2) were 41.5 times more
likely to be infected, suggesting airborne transmission of the virus,
particularly given the closed environment with air recirculation and lack of
contact between passengers. These studies, and others like them, highlight the
importance of combining proper ventilation with cloth masks and social
distancing to prevent transmission of the virus. The U.S. CDC's most recent
guidelines suggest wearing a cloth mask over a surgical mask or an individual
KN95/N95 mask as these methods can offer the most protection from the virus, but
any mask offers substantially more protection than not wearing one. Studies such
as these are particularly important as it would not be ethical to run a
randomized control trial (RCT) to test different transmission modes in infecting
individuals, and given that it’s difficult to specifically pinpoint in a study
how someone was infected without a highly controlled environment, such as that
of an RCT. Public health experts have repeatedly warned that airborne
transmission is most likely contributing to transmission, especially in indoor
spaces, and recommendations should incorporate the need for sufficient
ventilation, high-efficiency filtration, and limiting crowded spaces, in
addition to universal adoption of masks, social distancing, and frequent
handwashing with soap and water.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN EMERGENCY USE AUTHORIZATION AND AN FDA
APPROVAL?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Nov 26, 2020
|
Updated on
Feb 17, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
The Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) is a different standard than FDA Approval.
FDA Approval from the US Food and Drug Agency is an independent, scientifically
reviewed approval for medical products, drugs and vaccines. Based on substantial
clinical data and evidence, the product is deemed safe, effective and able to be
produced within federal quality standards. The process for an Emergency Use
Authorization (EUA) is different than an FDA approval. EUA is a mechanism used
by the FDA to facilitate making products available quickly during a public
health emergencies (like the current COVID-19 pandemic), when there is no other
adequate and approved medical product available. Emergency Use Authorization
allows for the use of medical products that are not yet formally approved, so
that in the midst of an emergency, the products can be used to diagnose, treat
or prevent serious illness or conditions. In order to give the authorization,
FDA evaluates the potential risks and benefits of the products based on the
scientific evidence that is available at that time. EUAs end when the emergency
declaration ends. They can also be revised or revoked as more data is made
available.

IS IT SAFE TO WEAR A MASK?

by
Fallback
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 22, 2020
|
Updated on
Feb 17, 2021
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Wearing a face mask is both safe and recommended to slow the spread of COVID-19.
The United States Centers for Disease Control recommends widespread use of cloth
face coverings over surgical masks to prevent spread from people who might have
the virus that causes COVID-19 without realizing it. While N95 masks are in
short supply and should be reserved for healthcare workers, cloth face coverings
should always be worn when interacting with other people in close proximity
(including but not limited to grocery shopping, ordering food at a restaurant,
interacting with people within 6 feet in outdoor spaces). You should clean your
hands before touching the mask, make sure the mask covers your nose and mouth,
and ensure the mask fits tightly on your face without leaving exposed spaces.
Additionally, you should avoid touching the front of the mask, avoid taking the
mask off when talking to other people; only remove the mask by touching the
straps; wash your hands after removing the mask; wash the mask in soap and
detergent with hot water at least once a day; and avoid sharing masks with
others or leaving used masks around other people. While mask wearing is
recognized as safe and is advised by the World Health Organization and other
leading health advisory groups, there are cases where masks should not be
used. For instance, masks are not safe for children under 2 years of age, people
who have trouble breathing in general, or individuals who are unconscious or who
would be unable to remove the mask without help. Several cities and states,
such as New Orleans and Washington, have mandated the use of face masks to slow
the spread of the virus. However, masks alone are not enough. In addition to
wearing a mask to help stop the spread of the virus, public health experts
encourage social distancing (staying at least 6 feet (2 meters) away from
others) as well as frequent and thorough hand washing.

WHY DO WE NEED TO SOCIALLY-DISTANCE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Dec 3, 2020
|
Updated on
Feb 17, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
The SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 mostly spreads from person to person.
The virus is transmitted via tiny droplets from infected people when they cough,
sneeze, talk or sing. An individual who might be in close proximity to an
infected person can then inhale the virus and get infected themselves. The virus
can even spread through people who do not show any symptoms, but are infected
with COVID-19. It is not only important to stay home and maintain social
distance if you have symptoms, but it is necessary to maintain physical distance
even when one may not have symptoms, in order to keep oneself and others around
safe from getting infected through any asymptomatic or presymptomatic cases.
U.S. CDC and WHO, therefore, recommend that social distancing should be
maintained indoors and outdoors between people who are not from the same
household. Social distancing, along with other preventative measures, like hand
washing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds and using face masks (the
U.S. CDC now recommends wearing a cloth mask over a surgical mask), can reduce
the spread of COVID-19 to a great extent.

WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR ABOUT THE COVID-19 VACCINES DURING OR BEFORE PREGNANCY
AND BREASTFEEDING?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Dec 10, 2020
|
Updated on
Feb 17, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
None of the three leading vaccine manufacturers (Pfizer, Moderna, and
AstraZeneca) have reported data about the COVID-19 vaccine on knowingly pregnant
or breastfeeding individuals. As a result, we have a limited understanding of
how effective the three leading vaccines are for pregnant and breastfeeding
people, and if there are specific risks. Given this lack of data, some
regulators and public health entities have not included pregnant people in their
vaccine recommendations to the public with some specifically warning pregnant
individuals against taking the vaccine. The WHO was one of these entities until
Friday, January 29. Previously their guidance said that the vaccine was
"currently not recommended" for pregnant women unless they are at high risk of
exposure. While their guidance, in practice, is still similar, recommending
pregnant people with comorbidities or at high risk of exposure may be vaccinated
in consult with doctors, they’ve directly noted that we “don’t have any specific
reason to believe there will be specific risks that would outweigh the benefits
of vaccination for pregnant women.” Until there is more data on COVID-19
vaccines and pregnancy, this trend of mixed guidance across different regulatory
bodies and countries is likely to if and as vaccines continue to get approved.
Pregnant people who do receive a vaccine may be able to produce an immunity to
the virus from the vaccine that can cross the placenta which would help keep the
baby protected after birth. Regarding safety, however, when you receive an mRNA
vaccine for COVID-19 you expel the mRNA particles from your body within days, so
if pregnant it’s unlikely to cross the placenta and impact the baby. The process
for collecting this data will involve analyzing the impacts of the vaccines on
individuals who receive a vaccination and later discover that they’re pregnant.
Countries are coordinating internal reporting and monitoring systems to record
and track this information. The clinical trials had some participants enrolled
who didn’t know they were pregnant at the time of vaccination, but there were
not enough of those cases to have enough data for definitive conclusions. For
example, in Phase 2/3 of the Pfizer and BioNTech vaccine study, 23 pregnancies
were reported through November 14, 2020. Twelve were in the vaccine group and 11
in the placebo group. Two adverse events occurred in pregnancies in the placebo
group, including miscarriage. These initial data do not raise concern for lack
of vaccine safety in pregnancy and breastfeeding, but more data is needed to
safely recommend the use of this vaccine by pregnant and breastfeeding
individuals. The U.S. FDA also recommended in June 2020 that the pharmaceutical
companies developing COVID-19 vaccines first conduct developmental and
reproductive toxicity (DART) studies of their vaccine before enrolling pregnant
or breastfeeding people, or women not actively avoiding pregnancy, in their
trials. Pfizer and BioNTech have directly stated that they are conducting DART
studies, which will provide us with more information on the safety and efficacy
of their vaccine for pregnant and breastfeeding individuals. On December 13, the
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists released a position paper
advocating for the inclusion of pregnant women in vaccine rollouts and not
waiting for further data collection. While the group advocates for obtaining
informed consent from pregnant and lactating women receiving the vaccine, they
feel the benefits of protection outweigh the risks. The U.S. Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC), the American College of Obstetricians and
Gynecologists (ACOG), and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine support the
use of new mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in pregnant and breastfeeding individuals when
they become eligible for receiving the vaccine. As of January 26, 2021, the
World Health Organization also supports pregnant and breastfeeding women
receiving the Moderna mRNA vaccine if they choose. Before more data is
available, it is best for pregnant and breastfeeding individuals to speak with
their doctors about the best way to proceed. While it is unlikely that a doctor
would recommend a pregnant or breastfeeding person get vaccinated before more
data is available unless they were high risk, every risk profile is different
and is worth discussing with a care provider.

WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF VITAMIN C ON COVID-19?

Health Desk
|
Published on
May 12, 2020
|
Updated on
Feb 17, 2021
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
There is no scientific evidence to suggest that taking vitamin C will prevent
against or cure COVID-19. Though studies are underway, there is not enough
scientific evidence to recommend taking vitamin C as part of a treatment for
COVID-19 unless it is part of a study protocol.

DOES WEARING A MASK FOR LONG PERIODS OF TIME AFFECT THE BRAIN CAUSING LETHARGY,
HEADACHE, AND DIZZINESS BECAUSE OF LACK OF OXYGEN?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 23, 2020
|
Updated on
Feb 17, 2021
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
The claim that the prolonged use of face masks can cause oxygen deficiency,
carbon dioxide intoxication, dizziness, or other health challenges is not
grounded in science. Science shows that the risks associated with wearing masks
are generally minimal, and the benefits plenty. Even if a person is wearing an
airtight medical grade mask, like an N95 or FFP2 mask, the risks of lethargy,
headache, and dizziness are low, even after wearing one for several hours. For
an average healthy person wearing a cloth or surgical mask, there is even less
risk of these symptoms occurring, because they still allow oxygen to flow out of
the mouth and nose freely. While it might feel like breathing is more difficult
in a mask and you are not getting enough air, that is likely a response to
stress or anxiety from wearing the mask and can usually be helped by focusing on
normal breathing patterns. Shallow breathing, hyperventilation, and breath
holding can cause increases in carbon dioxide which leads to headaches and
nausea. These symptoms are generally not caused by the use of masks.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT HOW THE CURRENT VACCINES WORK AGAINST THE COVID-19
MUTATION THAT WAS FIRST FOUND IN THE UK?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 20, 2021
|
Updated on
Feb 17, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
The recent variant of COVID-19 called B.1.1.7, first found in the United Kingdom
in 2020, has caused many to question whether or not current vaccines will still
be effective in preventing the virus from causing a severe infection. The U.S.
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases believe that the Pfizer
and Moderna vaccines will provide protection against the variant first found in
the UK. If not, mRNA vaccines can be altered in a laboratory by changing the
sequence of the genetic code of the vaccine so it matches that of the new
variant. Experts at AstraZeneca also believe that a vaccine they created with
Oxford University will be effective against this new variant. It's unknown how
the remaining COVID-19 vaccines, which have been approved for use in far fewer
countries than the mRNA or AstraZeneca vaccines, will protect against vaccine
variants. Many scientists remain optimistic that these vaccines will offer some
protection against genetic changes.

WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR ABOUT THE VARIANT OF COVID-19 FIRST IDENTIFIED IN SOUTH
AFRICA?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Feb 11, 2021
|
Updated on
Feb 17, 2021
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
There are many thousands of COVID-19 virus variants that exist, most of which
are not concerning. However, experts are concerned about a variant that is
dominant in South Africa, also known as 501.V2 or B.1.351. This variant was
first identified in Nelson Mandela Bay, South Africa, in samples that date back
to the start of October 2020. It has since become the dominant virus variant in
the Eastern and Western Cape provinces of South Africa and spread outside of
South Africa to at least 20 countries, including the U.S., Norway, Japan, the
U.K., and Austria. Most variants are not significant and in some cases can even
weaken the virus. The South African variant is one that appears to be more
contagious and more evasive of current vaccines. Its contagiousness is due to a
mutation in the virus's spike protein that makes it easier to spread. The UK
variant also has this protein, making the variants similar. There is no evidence
so far to suggest that the South African variant causes more severe or more
deadly cases of COVID-19. In a pre-print study of the Pfizer vaccine using blood
samples from vaccinated individuals studying protection against two of the South
Africa variant mutations, efficacy was just slightly less than the original 95%.
Early results from a Moderna study of the vaccine’s efficacy against the variant
suggest around the same efficacy (94.1%), although the immune response may not
be as strong or prolonged. Early results for Novavax and Johnson & Johnson
suggest some protection but reduced. Testing for the Novavax vaccine suggests a
reduction from 89.3% efficacy against the virus to 60.1% efficacy against the
variant, and early results from the Johnson & Johnson testing suggest a
reduction from 72% efficacy to 52%. And finally, preliminary data on protection
from Oxford’s AstraZeneca's vaccine suggests that it offers limited protection
against the South Africa variant when mild disease is triggered, but experts
state that it should still protect against severe disease.

IN HOT COUNTRIES CAN WEARING MASKS SUFFOCATE PEOPLE? IS THERE AN ALTERNATIVE?

by
Dr. Emily LaRose
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 6, 2020
|
Updated on
Feb 17, 2021
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
There is no evidence to suggest that cloth masks can cause suffocation though
they may raise your body temperature.

WHAT ARE COVID-19 RISKS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS (5+ YEARS)?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 14, 2020
|
Updated on
Feb 17, 2021
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
The majority of cancer survivors, who have been cancer-free for at least five
years, are likely to have normal immune system functions and are not at an
increased risk for COVID-19. However, every body is different so every cancer
survivor should speak with a doctor who knows their full medical history and can
discuss their personal risks with them. For some cancer survivors, their
previous treatments might impact their risk of getting COVID-19 or having a
severe form of the disease, as these treatments can have long term effects on
the immune system and cause the survivor to have preexisting conditions that may
put them at a higher risk for viral infection. For example, patients who have
undergone a bone marrow transplant (also known as a 'stem cell transplant')
might not regain a completely functional immune system as the transplant
depletes their white blood cell system (which the body then replaces). Some
patients who have undergone bone marrow transplants are no longer immune to
illnesses they had become immune to before the procedure. These patients can be
at risk for a number of infections, including COVID-19, but the longer it has
been since treatment, the more time your body's immune system has had to
improve. Despite not having a higher risk of becoming infected with the virus
than the general population, it should be noted that cancer survivors do have a
higher risk of complications if they become infected with COVID-19. This group
is also more likely to be hospitalized if they are infected, compared to people
who have never had cancer before. To protect themselves from the virus, just
like the general population, cancer survivors should use protective measures
like wearing cloth masks over surgical masks, maintaining at least six feet of
distance, staying home when they can, and washing hands thoroughly and often.

DOES COVID-19 IMPACT YOUNG PEOPLE?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 8, 2020
|
Updated on
Feb 17, 2021
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
The virus that causes COVID-19 can infect people of all ages. Although older
people are known to be more likely to have severe side effects of the virus,
that does not mean young people are not at risk of getting sick, or even dying,
from COVID-19. In addition, young people, including children, may spread
COVID-19 to relatives and contacts who may be older or have other risk factors.
Young people with underlying health conditions are at higher risk of severe
COVID-19, but young people with no prior health issues have also been impacted
by the disease. Less severe COVID-19 can lead to lingering health impacts that
have prevented some young people from going to school, working and resuming
other normal activities for months. As of December 3, 2020, over 1.4 million US
children have tested positive for COVID-19. In total, children have accounted
for 12% of US COVID-19 cases though there was a 23% increase in child COVID-19
cases recorded between November 19 and December 3, 2020. In spite of the recent
increase, the incidence of severe illness in children remains uncommon, though
it is possible. In a study of 85,000 COVID-19 cases in India, almost 600,000 of
their contacts showed that children of all ages can become infected with
COVID-19 and spread it to others. More than 5,300 school-aged children in the
study had infected 2,508 contacts. More evidence is emerging on how some young
people develop severe symptoms and complications related to COVID-19, and are
contributing to the widespread transmission of the virus. Young people should
take preventive measures, including wearing face masks (recent guidance from the
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests wearing a cloth mask
over a surgical mask or a high quality respirators), practicing social
distancing (6 feet/2 meters), avoidance of crowds, and frequent hand-washing, to
prevent the spread of COVID-19. These measures are suggested for their own
protection as well as for preventing the spread of COVID-19 to others.

DOES TRANSMISSION OF COVID-19 SLOW DOWN IN THE SUMMER?

Health Desk
|
Published on
May 12, 2020
|
Updated on
Feb 17, 2021
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
COVID-19 can be spread in all climates and seasons. According to an August
publication in the journal Nature, 'No human-settled area in the world is
protected from COVID-19 transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the
year.' Studies that have explored the impact of temperature or weather on
COVID-19 spread have shown mixed results. Some have been positive, some
negative, and others neutral. Researchers have concluded that there are many
factors that likely play a much larger role in the spread of the virus than the
weather, including population density, human mobility, social distancing
policies and practices, testing, public health facilities, and more. While more
studies are needed, warmer weather does not appear to reduce the spread of
COVID-19, and it does not impact how the virus spreads from person to person.
Routine hand-washing, social distancing practices, avoidance of crowds, wearing
face masks (the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend
wearing a cloth mask over a surgical mask), and surface cleaning should be used
to prevent the spread of COVID-19 between people and via indirect (non-contact)
transmission.

WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR ABOUT FACE MASKS AND THEIR ABILITY TO PREVENT COVID-19?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 15, 2020
|
Updated on
Feb 12, 2021
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), wearing masks is part of an
overall strategy to suppress the transmission of COVID-19, along with
maintaining at least 2 meters (6 feet) distance and frequently washing your
hands. A recent study conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention found that by wearing two masks, people's protection against the
virus in the air dramatically increased. The study demonstrated that wearing any
kind of mask provides significantly more protection against infectious COVID-19
aerosols than not wearing a mask. When dummies wearing two masks - like cloth
face masks over surgical masks - were exposed to infectious aerosols, their
level of protection was roughly 92%. The CDC now recommends fitting a cloth mask
over a medical procedure mask, and knotting the ear loops of a medical procedure
mask and then tucking in and flattening the extra material close to the face.
However, the U.S. CDC does not recommend wearing two disposable masks at one
time or another mask on top of a KN95 or N95 mask. There are generally two kinds
of face masks that are available: medical masks and non-medical (or fabric)
masks. Medical masks can protect people from getting infected as well as prevent
people who are infected from spreading disease to others. Therefore, WHO
recommends medical masks to be worn by health workers, care givers of patients
infected with COVID-19, anyone who has mild symptoms of COVID-19, people with
other health conditions which make them more susceptible to COVID-19, as well as
people who are 60 years or older because they have a higher risk of getting
infected with COVID-19. The WHO advises that non-medical masks should be worn in
areas where there is high transmission of COVID-19, crowded places where at
least 2 meters (6 feet) physical distancing is not possible, on public
transport, in shops and other closed areas. COVID-19 can spread from people
without symptoms, as they may not know that they are infected but are equally
capable of spreading the virus. Hence, masks should be worn in public settings.
The U.S. CDC warns that masks with exhalation valves or vents may not help
prevent the spread of COVID-19 from the person wearing such a mask to others,
therefore these masks should not be used for that purpose. The U.S. CDC also
does not recommend face shields as substitutes for masks because of the large
gaps below and alongside the face. Ideally, face shields should be used in
combination with face masks. Wearing a face mask protects others from you when
you cough, sneeze, talk, or just breathe, particularly indoors or when standing
close to someone. Face masks also protect the wearer by preventing people from
touching their mouth and nose, as well as reducing the amount of virus inhaled
from other people nearby and reducing the risks of severe illness. In addition
to social distancing measures (maintaining 6 feet or 2 meters between people),
face masks are recommended to prevent the spread of COVID-19, even in hot
climates. There is no evidence that surgical masks or cloth masks lower oxygen
levels at all. It is important to use a mask that allows you to breathe
comfortably while talking and walking and that fits well on your face. For
safety, there are exceptions to wearing masks for children under the age of 2,
for people with certain medical conditions or who have trouble breathing, and
for anyone who is unconscious or unable to remove the mask without assistance.
Mask wearing is a fundamental element of pandemic response for respiratory
illnesses because masks act as a physical barrier from the release of infectious
respiratory droplets that may come from your mouth or nose when you speak, sing,
sneeze or cough.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT 2008 REFERENCES TO SARS-COV-2 AND SARS-COV-3?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Feb 11, 2021
|
Updated on
Feb 11, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, emerged in late 2019 and caused a
global pandemic starting in early 2020. Following the current scientific naming
convention, there has been no virus identified as SARS-CoV-3 as of early 2021.
In 2008, a study was published by Chinese scientists funded by the European
Commission as part of the Sino-European Project on SARS Diagnostics and
Antivirals (SEPSDA). The study used the terms SARS-CoV1, SARS-CoV2, and
SARS-CoV3. These numbered SARS-CoV terms refer to gene fragments of SARS-CoV-1,
the virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The 2008 study
focuses on a method of packaging an RNA sequence that could reduce labor costs.
It is unrelated to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. SARS-CoV-1, originally referred to as
simply SARS-CoV, was first identified during the SARS outbreaks of 2002-2004.
SARS-CoV-2, originally referred to as 2019-nCoV, because it was a novel
coronavirus that emerged in 2019, is a different virus from SARS-CoV-1. In a
scientific consensus statement published by Nature in 2020, SARS-CoV-2 was
renamed after being recognized as a sister to other respiratory syndrome-related
coronaviruses, including SARS. The recognition took place based on phylogeny
(the study of evolutionary relationships between biological entities), taxonomy
and established practice. SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, while related, are
different viruses and just two of many coronaviruses (named for crown-like
spikes on the surfaces) in the RNA virus family of Coronaviridae.

WHERE CAN I FIND INFORMATION ON ADVERSE REACTIONS FROM THE VACCINES? HOW ARE
THEY BEING REPORTED AND MADE PUBLIC?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Feb 5, 2021
|
Updated on
Feb 5, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Most regulatory policies require COVID-19 vaccine candidates to go through
rigorous clinical trials, which include documentation of adverse reactions. The
vast majority of participants in COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials did not
experience severe adverse reactions. Results from the clinical studies are
published and publicly available. One platform that consolidates the results is
the COVID-19 Real-Time Learning Network, which is made available thanks to a
collaboration between the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Additionally, now that
COVID-19 vaccine candidates have been given to millions of people around the
world, more data is becoming available from countries that are monitoring the
vaccine distribution and collecting information. For example, in the United
States, adverse reactions can be reported by providers of the COVID-19 vaccines,
as well as by recipients on the national VAERS (Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting
System) online platform. This reporting system is part of the many expanded
vaccine safety monitoring systems that have been developed. Based on early data
from these reporting systems, the U.S. CDC released a report in January 2021 on
anaphylaxis, a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that
rarely occurs after vaccination. This report is publicly available, along with
several other reports and resources, and includes recommendations such as
ensuring that patients with previous history of similar allergic reactions are
monitored for 15-30 minutes following COVID-19 vaccination and are taught how to
recognize signs of anaphylaxis. If someone has questions about potential adverse
reactions because of their health status, including any pre-existing health
conditions, please consult with a healthcare provider. If someone has received a
COVID-19 vaccine dose and has experienced serious adverse side effects, please
consult with a healthcare provider and report the adverse effects to a vaccine
safety monitoring system as appropriate. For reference, the U.S. CDC has
provided a list of what is normal to expect after COVID-19 vaccination,
including typical minor side
effects: <https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/expect/after.html>

WHY ARE THERE MULTIPLE COVID-19 VACCINES?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Feb 2, 2021
|
Updated on
Feb 5, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Dozens of countries have now rolled out mass vaccination campaigns using a
variety of vaccines. Knowing this, it makes sense to question why more than one
or two or these vaccine formulas are necessary. The answer to this is as
multi-faceted as populations are diverse, but in short, we will need multiple
vaccines to stop the pandemic. No one pharmaceutical or biotechnology company
would be able to produce enough product and distribute it to the entire global
population fast enough to curb the pandemic. Producing more than one vaccine
also means that manufacturing delays become less risky. With the world relying
on multiple companies to produce the live-saving products, delivery delays of
one vaccine can be offset by the production of other vaccines. For countries
with electricity challenges, last mile health outposts, and a lack of roads, it
is not always feasible to deliver Pfizer and Moderna's mRNA vaccines, because of
the refrigerated temperatures they require for transport. Many countries will
likely rely on another vaccine formulation that has a longer shelf life and has
no refrigeration requirements. Cost is another reason for multiple vaccines.
High resource-countries have pre-purchased millions of different vaccines
directly from distributors in order to immunize their populations, which is not
possible for some countries. Vaccine prices range from a couple of US dollars
per dose to roughly $50, depending on the producer. Many countries do not have
the financial resources to spend billions of dollars in addition to their annual
health budgets to procure vaccines for their populations. As such, dozens of
countries are reliant on programs like COVAX to help them obtain free or
low-cost vaccines for their citizens. Lastly, vaccines need to protect diverse
groups of people. Every person will respond differently to each vaccine and have
a different immune response. So having a variety of vaccine types fill these
needs is a more concrete strategy than relying on or or two vaccines alone. We
still have many unanswered questions about how long immunity might last, who
might have a more robust immune system response than others, or even how
effective they might be in children.

HOW ARE MANUFACTURERS MAKING ADJUSTMENTS TO COVID-19 VACCINES?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Feb 4, 2021
|
Updated on
Feb 4, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Pfizer-BioNTEch and Moderna have started working on booster doses for their
vaccines because of concerns that current versions will be less effective
against new, possibly more contagious, COVID-19 variants. Pfizer-BioNTEch and
Moderna vaccines are made using mRNA, which is like a genetic software code that
can be updated relatively easily and quickly. Tweaking the vaccine can be done
in a couple of days, but updated vaccine trials might require more time. The
FDA's testing process and policy for the new booster shots is not yet known, but
is expected to be publicized soon. Some experts suggest that the end result may
look similar to the FDA's process for the flu vaccine, which changes every year
but does not go through full-scale clinical trial phases every time an
adjustment is made. Viral mutations are a common phenomenon in infectious
diseases. COVID-19 vaccine manufacturers report that their vaccines work against
the mutations identified in the U.K. and South Africa, but their laboratory
studies suggest that the vaccines are less effective against the variant
identified in South Africa.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE INGREDIENTS USED IN THE PFIZER-BIONTECH AND MODERNA
COVID-19 VACCINES?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Feb 4, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Like other vaccines, COVID-19 vaccines contain an active ingredient that aims to
teach the body how to recognize the virus, so that the defend itself when
exposed. There are multiple ingredients in vaccines in addition to the active
ingredient. The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines both use mRNA as
the active ingredient and also contain ingredients like potassium chloride,
monobasic potassium, phosphate, sodium chloride, dibasic sodium phosphate, and
sucrose. Potassium, chloride, and phosphate are minerals that are commonly found
in foods and medications. Sodium chloride is another name for salt, and sucrose
is a type of sugar. All of these ingredients are commonly used in vaccines to
deliver the medication as a liquid solution, and to maintain stability and pH
levels. Unlike other vaccines, mRNA vaccines use very small fats (lipid
nanoparticles) to deliver the mRNA into your body. Once in the body, these fats
protect the mRNA, so that the mRNA can make it to cells, where it helps the body
develop immunity. Once the mRNA is delivered to the cells, the lipids dissolve
and are removed from the body. One part of the lipid nanoparticle is something
called polyethylene glycol (PEG), an ingredient used in many toothpastes,
shampoos, and other products as a thickener, moisture carrier, and solvent. PEG
is also used in medications, including as laxatives, and in biopharmaceutical
products. PEG has occasionally resulted in severe allergic reactions in some
people. PEG has not been used in an approved vaccine before. Some scientists
have suggested that PEG could be the reason for the allergy-like reactions that
a small number of people have had following COVID-19 vaccination. However, this
speculation has not been confirmed, and there remains considerable debate about
whether or not PEG may have caused these reactions. The US National Institute of
Allergy and Infectious Diseases is currently working with the US Food and Drug
Administration to study how people respond to the mRNA vaccines when they have a
history of allergic reactions or have high levels of antibodies against PEG.
Severe reactions to vaccines can happen, but reactions to the mRNA COVID-19
vaccines have been rare (as of February 2021). In general, vaccination is both
recommended and safe for most people.

WHY ARE SOME PEOPLE TESTING POSITIVE FOR COVID-19 AFTER TAKING A COVID-19
VACCINE?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Feb 4, 2021
|
Updated on
Feb 4, 2021
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
There are a few main reasons why someone may test positive for COVID-19 after
taking a COVID-19 vaccine. 1. The vaccines that are currently most widely
distributed—the Moderna vaccine and the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine—are reported to
have about 95% efficacy. This means that about 5% of vaccinated people are still
likely to contract COVID-19. As a result, some individuals are testing positive
for COVID-19 despite having gotten a vaccine. The chance of hospitalization or
death in a vaccinated COVID-19 patient is significantly lower than an
unvaccinated COVID-19 patient. 2. After someone gets the shot, it takes time to
build up immunity to COVID-19. The full benefits of the vaccines aren't reached
until two weeks after the second dose of the Moderna vaccine and 7 days after
the second dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. In the time leading up to
maximum immunity, the chances of contracting COVID-19 are not zero. 3. COVID-19
vaccine efficacy rates published by pharmaceutical companies do not yet tell us
the exact vaccine effectiveness rates that can be expected in actual
populations. As a result, it is possible that the number of individuals (5%) who
are estimated to still contract COVID-19 despite being vaccinated could actually
be different in the population. No vaccine is perfect, and there are a range of
factors that contribute to chances of the vaccine not working, such as weakened
immunity and viral load exposure. It is highly unlikely that false positives
are contributing to the numbers of vaccinated individuals testing positive,
given that neither the Moderna nor the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine cause you to test
positive on a viral test. Public health professionals advise wearing a mask and
maintaining physical distance even after getting vaccinated, in order to protect
those that are not vaccinated as yet and to stop further spread in the
community.

HOW ARE VACCINES STUDIED FOR LONG-TERM SIDE EFFECTS?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Feb 2, 2021
|
Updated on
Feb 4, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
After vaccines are approved for use they are monitored closely by national and
international health and medicine regulators. Studying long-term effects of
vaccines helps health authorities ensure that protection from taking a vaccine
outweighs risks. The United States uses several reporting mechanisms for
monitoring long-term vaccine side effects. They include: - Vaccine Adverse Event
Reporting System (VAERS) which works as an early warning system to detect
possible safety issues with vaccines by collecting information about possible
side effects or health problems that occur after vaccination - The Vaccine
Safety Datalink (VSD) which helps discover if possible side effects identified
using VAERS are actually related to vaccination - The Post-Licensure Rapid
Immunization Safety Monitoring (PRISM) system which is the largest vaccine
safety surveillance system in the United States and actively monitors a subset
of the general population for vaccine impacts - The Clinical Immunization Safety
Assessment (CISA) Project which works alongside health systems to consistently
monitor and evaluate the safety of vaccines throughout large populations
Additionally, the U.S. CDC unveiled V-safe in response to COVID-19. V-safe is a
smartphone-based tool that uses text messaging and web surveys to provide
personalized health check-ins after you receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Using V-safe
allows vaccine recipients to quickly tell the CDC if they are experiencing any
side effects after getting the COVID-19 vaccine. Depending on which side effects
people are experience, someone from the CDC may call to check on them and get
more information. Monitoring vaccines and reporting any side effects to local
and national health agencies is an important part of the vaccine process. Any
reports of a potential side effect from a vaccine can lead to health officials
issuing new recommendations or warnings, restricting the vaccine, or even
recalling it if necessary (but very few vaccines have even been recalled).
Though safety and efficacy data are intensely reviewed before vaccines are
approved for usage, constant monitoring of their side effects is a necessary
step in ensuring the public's safety.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE USE OF CATTLE BLOOD IN COVAXIN VACCINE RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Feb 2, 2021
|
Updated on
Feb 2, 2021
November 3, 2021
|
Explainer
The Covaxin vaccine is a vaccine developed by Bharat Biotech and uses an
inactivated virus approach to help the body build an immune response against
COVID-19. Inactivated viral vaccines have been used for over 100 years,
including for polio, rabies and hepatitis A. In order to grow cells in
laboratory settings for vaccine research, serum from calf or fetal blood is
sometimes used. It helps cells grow and replicate so they can be studied.
Covaxin has been reported to use calf serum as a building block in its vaccine
development, according to journalists. Bharat Biotech—the maker of Covaxin—has
yet to comment on whether the presence of calf serum is used in the vaccine
itself, or just in the vaccine's development process According to Bharat
BioTech, the Covaxin vaccine is made up of 6µg of whole-virion inactivated
SARS-CoV-2 antigen (Strain: NIV-2020-770), and the other inactive ingredients
such as aluminum hydroxide gel, TLR 7/8 agonist (imidazoquinolinone, TM
2-phenoxyethanol, and phosphate buffer saline.

WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR ABOUT COVID-19 AND ALKALINITY?

by
Dr. Emily LaRose
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 29, 2020
|
Updated on
Feb 1, 2021
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Eating more acidic or alkaline foods is not related to an increased or decreased
risk of COVID-19 infection. Widely circulated social media posts falsely suggest
that the pH of COVID-19 ranges from 5.5 to 8.5. Often these posts advise readers
to eat alkaline foods (specifically fruits and vegetables) with a pH of more
than 8.5 to prevent COVID-19. Viruses themselves do not have pH levels, because
they are not water-based solutions.In chemistry, pH (power of hydrogen, or
potential for hydrogen) is a scale used for water-based solutions to indicate if
they are acidic (pH below 7, with a lower pH indicating a stronger acid),
neutral (pH around 7), or basic (pH above 7, with a higher indicating a stronger
base). Since viruses are not water-based, the pH scale does not apply to the
novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the disease that causes COVID-19.While some
illnesses or medications may cause blood pH levels to increase or decrease in
our bodies, foods eaten as part of a regular diet do not have a significant
impact on blood pH. Saliva and urine pH may change in response to diet, but
these changes are variable from person to person and **will not prevent or cure
COVID-19**. Many claims about alkaline foods preventing COVID-19 refer to a 1991
paper in which another type of coronavirus, the coronavirus mouse hepatitis type
4 (MHV4), was studied in mouse or rat cells in a solution with a pH of 5.5 to
8.5. Mice and rats are not the same as humans, and this study was not conducted
in humans or on human cells. In addition, MHV4 is not the same as the SARS-Cov-2
virus that causes COVID-19, and this study was performed well before the
SARS-Cov-2 was discovered in 2019. Eating a well-balanced diet including a
variety of fruits and vegetables can help support immune function which may help
to prevent illness in general, but there is not enough evidence to suggest that
a well-balanced diet would be effective in preventing or treating COVID-19.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT CLAIMS THAT MASKS DO NOT WORK?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Jan 28, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Despite ongoing claims that masks do not work, research shows that masks do work
to help prevent transmission of respiratory diseases like COVID-19 and influenza
(flu). A recent lab study conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention found that by wearing two masks, people's protection against virus in
the air (also called aerosolized particles) was dramatically increased. The
study demonstrated that wearing any kind of mask provides significantly more
protection against infectious aerosols than not wearing a mask. Additionally,
when dummies who wore two masks - like cloth face masks over surgical masks -
were exposed to infectious aerosols, their level of protection was roughly 92%.
(The group now recommends fitting a cloth mask over a medical procedure mask,
and knotting the ear loops of a medical procedure mask and then tucking in and
flattening the extra material close to the face. However, the U.S. CDC does not
recommend wearing two disposable masks at one time or another mask on top of a
KN95 or N95 mask.) Research before the COVID-19 pandemic had already shown the
effectiveness of masks in healthcare settings, in homes of infected people, as
well as in public settings during previous outbreaks of diseases like severe
acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Research during the COVID-19 pandemic has
provided more evidence that masks are effective for reducing community
transmission and saving lives. Many governments that responded effectively to
the COVID-19 pandemic and lost fewer lives as a result, such as Taiwan, have
used policies that include wearing masks in public settings. Beyond health
research on the benefits of wearing masks for reducing transmission and saving
lives, economic research has also shown links between wearing masks and improved
long-term business/economic outcomes. For example, research by Goldman Sachs
suggests that adopting a national mask mandate requiring the public to wear
masks in the U.S. could potentially reduce the need for renewed lockdowns that
"would otherwise subtract nearly 5% from GDP (Gross Domestic Product)." As there
are many different types of masks in the market, it is important to remember
that masks can differ in effectiveness. For example, now that healthcare workers
have a better supply of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as
medical-grade N95 respirators and surgical masks, some public health
professionals are now calling for the general public to also wear more effective
medical-grade masks. Previous recommendations focused on fabric face coverings
for the general public, in order to ensure supply of medical-grade masks for
healthcare workers. Now that the supply chain has improved in response to the
COVID-19 pandemic, community transmission may be reduced further by encouraging
the public to switch to more effective medical-grade masks when possible. Some
European countries have moved to require medical-grade masks in public settings.
Similarly, some public health professionals suggest that the public can increase
the effectiveness of fabric face coverings by wearing multiple layers to filter
out more respiratory particles. Dr. Anthony Fauci, a leading doctor and
scientist for the U.S. COVID-19 response, has encouraged doubling up masks to
increase the protection offered by porous fabric face coverings. In summary,
masks do work and this is supported by research, although different types of
masks vary in their effectiveness and masks alone are insufficient to respond to
the COVID-19 pandemic (other public health measures, like maintaining physical
distance and hygiene, are also needed). Experts suggest now focusing on how to
make wearing masks in public even more effective.

WHY HAS VACCINE ROLLOUT BEEN SO SLOW IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COMPARED TO OTHER
COUNTRIES?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 25, 2021
|
Updated on
Jan 27, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Globally, the COVID-19 vaccine rollout has been wrought with challenges and
unforeseen delays. In spite of the European Union having contracts in place for
2.3 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines, availability is still limited and
rollout has been slow. This is because of a lengthy and complex vaccine approval
process, delays in production and delivery, and gaps in planning. Nonetheless,
according to the EU vaccine strategy, all adults should be able to be vaccinated
during 2021 and the European Commission has promised that “all Member States
will have access to COVID-19 vaccines at the same time and the distribution will
be done on a per capita basis to ensure fair access.” To be sure, it is
difficult to compare the EU to single-country jurisdictions. There are likely to
be logistical rollout challenges that are specific to the EU, because one
country’s hurdles can directly impact other countries in the Union. While the
European Commission has encouraged Member States to follow a common vaccine
deployment strategy, there is some tension between supporting a coordinated EU
approach while also considering the needs of country-level governments that seek
to maintain some autonomy. **Approval process delays:** Both the Moderna
mRNA-1273 vaccine and the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine have been approved by
the European Medicines Agency, but EU approvals for the vaccines have trailed
approvals in other countries like the U.S. and Canada. The EU approved the
Moderna and Pfizer vaccines weeks after the US and Canada did so. The Astra
Zeneca vaccine, which is approved for use in the UK and Canada but not yet in
the United States, is also waiting on approval from the EU. **Delays in
production and delivery: **On top of its lengthy approval process, vaccine
deliveries to the EU have also contributed to a slower rollout than expected.
The AstraZeneca vaccine is nearing the end of the EU regulatory approval
process, but the company stated recently that it plans to deliver far fewer
doses than it had promised. The change has increased tensions between the
vaccine maker and the EU, which pre-financed AstraZeneca’s vaccine development.
Though there have not been reports of widespread delays on the Moderna vaccine,
Poland reported a delayed Moderna vaccine on January 25, 2021. The new target
date for the delayed delivery is during the weekend of January 30-31, 2021,
though it is unclear if this will occur as planned. Ursula von der Leyen,
President of the European Commission, speaking at the World Economic Forum on
January 26, 2021, highlighted European investments in COVID-19 vaccine
development and stated that “the companies must deliver. They must honor their
obligations.” She went on to mention plans for a vaccine export transparency
mechanism to ensure that vaccine allocations are being delivered as promised. A
reorganization at Pfizer led to Pfizer-BioNTech reducing vaccine deliveries to
all European countries starting the week of January 18. Pfizer stated in a press
release on January 15 that the goal of the reorganization is to “scale-up
manufacturing capacities in Europe and deliver significantly more doses in the
second quarter.” As a result, a Pfizer vaccine manufacturing facility in Puurs,
Belgium experienced a temporary reduction in the number of doses delivered
beginning the week of January 18, set to end the start of the following week,
(January 25) with the original schedule of deliveries resumed. The
reorganization’s impacts were not exclusive to the EU, however, given that
Pfizer’s Belgian plant supplies all vaccines delivered outside of the U.S..
Canadian officials claimed that the reduction would halve the number of vaccines
they received over late January and February, and Norwegian officials also
released a statement about the reduction. Italy threatened legal action. Though
the reduction was set to last just one week, Pfizer noted that the
reorganization would “temporarily impact shipments in late January to early
February.” The company stated that to help compensate, it will significantly
increase doses available for EU patients in late February and March. Given that
rollouts have been slow in a number of individual EU countries, such as Germany,
the Netherlands, and France, this announcement placed more pressure and concern
on the in-country programs and EU vaccine rollout overall, which has been
criticized for not purchasing more vaccines. It also complicates the timing of
second dose vaccinations for healthcare workers and elderly individuals, and, as
a result, the overall vaccine distribution timeline. **Gaps in planning: **A
December 2020 report published by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and
Control, which looked at the EU, the European Economic Area, and the United
Kingdom, stated that only Bulgaria, Hungary, Malta, the Netherlands, and Sweden
were found to have existing infrastructures sufficient enough for deployment of
the COVID-19 vaccines. (All 31 surveyed countries had begun deployment and
vaccination plans for COVID-19 vaccines in anticipation of approvals and
deliveries beginning in late 2020.) Many countries planned to employ existing
vaccine infrastructure during the COVID-19 vaccine rollout, and several
countries were aware of gaps in equipment to accommodate the ultra-low
temperature requirements of some COVID-19 vaccines. Delivery systems, priority
populations, human resource requirements, monitoring systems, and levels of
preparedness for the vaccine rollout varied widely among surveyed countries.
Unsurprisingly, these differences have the potential to influence how vaccines
are provided to residents and can explain some of the variation observed across
the EU. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control continues to
support COVID-19 vaccination across the EU and has provided support to Member
Countries through research and planning activities as well as collaboration with
the World Health Organization Regional office for Europe, the European Medicines
Agency, and the EU/EEA National Immunisation Technical Advisory Groups. The
report also found that as of November 30, 2020, only 9 EU countries had
published interim recommendations for priority groups to be considered for
vaccination. The other countries were in the process of developing such plans.
Pfizer and BioNTech reached an agreement with the European Commission to supply
200 million doses of a vaccine in November 2020, and the first COVID-19 vaccine
to be approved in the EU (the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine) was approved on December
21, 2020.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE SMALLPOX VACCINE?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 26, 2021
|
Updated on
Jan 26, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Smallpox was among the deadliest viral diseases in human history, killing an
estimated 30% of the people infected and leaving many survivors with permanent
life changes, such as blindness or disfigurement.** ** The smallpox vaccine
developed by Edward Jenner in 1796 is considered the first successful vaccine to
be created. In the original version, a patient was infected with another
disease, cowpox, to induce an immune response that could protect against
smallpox. Smallpox vaccines have evolved over time, with some eventually using a
different virus called vaccinia (which is similar to cowpox and less harmful
than smallpox) to induce a protective immune response. Since smallpox vaccines
are considered live virus vaccines, as opposed to weakened (attenuated) or
killed (inactivated), more precautions are required when getting this type of
vaccine and there are higher risks of severe side effects. Thanks to extensive
global vaccination efforts reaching 80% coverage in each country, smallpox was
recognized as eradicated in 1980 by the World Health Organization. This means
that the smallpox vaccines no longer need to be routinely given, and many people
born after this time have not been vaccinated against smallpox.In July 2020, a
report was published in Genome Biology about the origins and genetic diversity
of some historical smallpox vaccine strains. The authors have stated that
"understanding the history, the evolution, and the ways in which these viruses
can function as vaccines is hugely important in contemporary times" and that
"this work points to the importance of looking at the diversity of these vaccine
strains found out in the wild. We don't know how many could provide cross
protection from a wide range of viruses, such as flus or coronaviruses."

HOW DO MRNA MESSENGER VACCINES WORK?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 17, 2021
|
Updated on
Jan 26, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
A vaccine’s role is to teach the immune system how to recognize a foreign body
(the coronavirus in this case) that could make a person sick. Once the immune
system is able to identify a harmful invader, it can attack the actual virus if
it enters the body. Most vaccines are made from an inactivated or weakened
pathogen (bacteria or virus). Because the virus in the vaccine is weakened or
inactivated, they don’t cause severe disease in the body but are able to train
the immune system to recognize the invader and be able to fight it by creating
antibodies. These antibodies are a special kind of protein that know how to
fight that specific virus. The immune system then remembers to make these
antibodies in case such virus does enter our body in the future, and thus
prevent disease. mRNA vaccines or "messenger RNA" vaccines are different.
They're a type of vaccine that does not carry an inactivated or weakened
pathogen. Instead, they carry information, which instructs the cells in the body
to create a protein or a part of a protein, which in turn triggers an immune
response. Teaching the cells to create this harmless but foreign protein allows
the body to activate its immune system. On seeing a foreign element in the
system, the immune system fires into action and starts producing antibodies to
fight against the invader. Soon after making the protein, our cells break down
the mRNA and get rid of it. mRNA COVID-19 vaccines cannot cause COVID-19 because
they do not carry the full information needed to make the SARS-CoV-2 virus in
the body. They only carry information from a specific protein found on the
surface of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. mRNA vaccines are faster to produce (about a
week) as compared to conventional vaccines that can take many months to produce
an experimental batch. The production of mRNA vaccines is safer than traditional
vaccine production as it doesn’t require actual viruses, whereas, producing
traditional vaccines require growing large quantities of actual virus and can
pose to be a potential biohazard. Although traditional vaccines are very
effective, it has been posited that mRNA vaccines could create an even stronger
immune response to certain viruses, but more evidence will need to be gathered
on that. One challenge of mRNA vaccines is that it is very fragile and needs to
be stored at very cold temperatures.

COULD MRNA VACCINES CREATE A DIFFERENT PROTEIN THAN EXPECTED THAT COULD RESULT
IN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE DOWN THE ROAD?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Jan 26, 2021
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
COVID-19 mRNA vaccines help our bodies create spike proteins, which generate an
immune response to fight the COVID-19. There is no evidence that mRNA vaccines
create other proteins, and there is no evidence that mRNA vaccines cause
autoimmune diseases.

WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR ABOUT COVAX?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 25, 2021
|
Updated on
Jan 25, 2021
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
COVAX is the largest international partnership for COVID-19 vaccine development
and equitable distribution in the world. As many countries may struggle to
afford the amount of vaccine dosages necessary to treat their populations, COVAX
helps guarantee a share of doses for each eligible participant country (also
called 'economy') and will ensure countries are not pushed to the back of the
line or unable to receive the most effective vaccines according to their
financial abilities. COVAX secures agreements with numerous vaccine producers
directly so that the risks of paying for on only one or two vaccine candidates
are minimized as the organization is working with roughly 10 companies. This
means that if a vaccine is not shown to be effective or cannot get appropriate
authorization in individual countries, there are still other vaccines in the
COVAX portfolio that might meet these standards. As of December 8, 2020, 189
countries are participating in the COVAX Facility program for fair and equitable
distribution of an eventual licensed vaccine, assuring that each participating
country would receive a guaranteed share of doses to vaccinate the most
vulnerable 20% of its population by the end of 2021.

COULD SHAKING, CONVULSIONS, AND TONGUE SPASMS REALLY BE SIDE EFFECTS OF A
COVID-19 VACCINE, SPECIFICALLY MODERNA'S?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 20, 2021
|
Updated on
Jan 25, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Vaccines imitate real infections in our bodies, and they can sometimes cause
minor symptoms in people. This happens because, in trying to fight off the
imitation infection, some bodies develop real symptoms. As of January 25, 2021,
almost 55 million doses of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines have been given to
help protect people from a COVID-19 infection. Within this group, medical
research has not found the symptoms of shaking, convulsions or tongue spasms as
known side effects of the vaccine. The United States Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention and the Food and Drug Administration have said that these
symptoms have not been documented in any reported vaccine patients and are not
in line with the list of side effects noted during clinical
trials. Additionally, the United States Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System
has yet to receive any reports from patients that list these side effects after
they received their vaccines. However, it is recommended that anyone who has had
previous allergic reactions to vaccines to not receive an injection of the
COVID-19 vaccine, because in very few cases they can cause allergic reactions.
When vaccines are distributed at scale, the way they currently are for COVID-19,
some little known side effects may be reported during the rollout. Those side
effects may or may not be related to the vaccine itself. Despite national
health, medical, drug regulatory agencies and pharmaceutical companies noting
that side effects like convulsions and shaking are not listed and have not been
reported, it is important for anyone experiencing any severe side effects to
report them to their physician and drug regulatory agencies and seek medical
care immediately. While vaccine side effects are often minimal, fevers and pain
at the injection site sometimes occur after vaccination. Severe side effects are
rare and must be quickly reported to the patient's physician and national
medication regulatory agencies.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE MRNA VACCINE AND CYTOKINE STORM?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 20, 2021
|
Updated on
Jan 20, 2021
September 15, 2021
|
Explainer
There is no evidence to suggest that mRNA COVID-19 vaccines or non-mRNA COVID-19
vaccines would result in cytokine storms. Cytokine storms happen when outside
pathogens trigger an overproduction of proteins called cytokines. This
overproduction can result in damaged lung tissue, acute respiratory distress
syndrome, and death. While no single definition of cytokine storm is widely
accepted, three features of cytokine storms are commonly shared: elevated levels
of cytokines, acute systemic inflammatory symptoms, and either secondary organ
dysfunction or any cytokine-driven organ dysfunction. Although the mechanisms of
lung injury and organ failure in COVID-19 are still being studied, data suggest
that cytokine storms contribute to the development and severity of COVID-19 in
some patients. One hypothesis about cytokine storms is that they are a
consequence of a process through which antibodies bind to viruses and give them
easier entry to cells instead of attacking them, which incites a harmful immune
response. This is called antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Scientists are
not yet completely sure if ADE actually promotes cytokine storms and are also
considering other factors that may play a role. ADE and cytokine storms can
result naturally due to a range of underlying causes; however, there is no
evidence that they would result from an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, or any COVID-19
vaccine. In very rare cases, ADE has resulted from vaccines, such as the
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine in the 1960s and the Dengue vaccine in
2016, due to Dengue's four strains. Today’s routinely recommended vaccines,
however, do not cause ADE, and Phase 3 trials are designed to specifically
detect such negative outcomes. Neither Moderna nor Pfizer-BioNTech, the two
leading biopharmaceutical companies that produced the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines
being distributed, found any evidence of ADE or cytokine storm from any trial
phase. In addition, rates of disease were significantly lower in the vaccinated
group, and among those who did contract COVID-19 in the vaccinated group, rates
of severe disease were lower than in the placebo group. Scientists and public
health professionals will continue to closely monitor vaccinated individuals to
ensure that ADE and cytokine storms can be entirely ruled out as a side effect
of COVID-19 vaccines. For the moment, however, there is no evidence that shows
the vaccines to have such effects.

IN WHAT WAY COULD THE PUBLIC BETTER UNDERSTAND EFFICACY RATES OF COVID-19
VACCINES PUBLISHED BY VARIOUS COMPANIES, AND DO THE EFFICACY RATES AFFECT A
POPULATION’S HERD IMMUNITY IF THAT IS THE IDEAL GOAL OF VACCINATION PROGRAMS?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Jan 19, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Vaccine efficacy and vaccine effectiveness may sound similar, but are actually
different terms to scientists and health professionals. According to the U.S.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S. CDC), vaccine efficacy is a
term used to describe how well the vaccine protects clinical trial participants
from getting sick or getting very sick. Vaccine efficacy refers to results
reported from clinical trials and reflects circumstances specific to the
research settings, rather than describing how well a vaccine works on the
general public in real-world conditions. So far many of the vaccine efficacy
rates that have been released (ex. Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech’s vaccine
efficacy rates of ~95%) refer to how COVID-19 vaccine candidates can prevent
symptomatic disease in people, not how the vaccine candidates reduce
transmission. Researchers are still studying how effective the COVID-19 vaccines
are in reducing transmission. “Herd immunity” refers to a given percentage of
people that need to become immunized to a virus, through vaccines or through
becoming infected naturally, against a virus in order to provide safety for an
entire population - i.e. the herd. It’s the idea that if most people have
developed immunity, then the rate of transmission will be low or non-existent.
Researchers are still learning about what herd immunity for COVID-19 looks like.
It is hypothesized that we may need at least 60-70% of the population vaccinated
or recovered from infection in order to achieve herd immunity, but this has not
yet been confirmed in real-world settings. Furthermore, the COVID-19 vaccine
efficacy rates published by pharmaceutical companies do not yet tell us the
exact vaccine effectiveness rates that can be expected in actual populations,
and focus on how the vaccines prevent disease symptoms rather than how the
vaccines reduce transmission. Researchers are still understanding how vaccine
efficacy reported from clinical trials will impact herd immunity. It is
currently thought that the percentage of people who agree to get vaccinated will
be a more important factor for achieving herd immunity. It is important to
remember that the goal of vaccination is not only to achieve herd immunity and
reduce community transmission, in order to reduce the pressures on the
healthcare system and protect at-risk individuals who may not be able to receive
the vaccine for health reasons - vaccinations are also intended to protect
individuals from getting sick or dying. Vaccinations play an important role for
individual health as well as for public health on a societal level. Everyone who
is able to get a vaccine is highly encouraged to do so, to help protect
themselves as well as others.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE VACCINE CLINICAL TRIALS FOR PEOPLE OF VARIOUS
ETHNICITIES AND IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES AROUND THE WORLD?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 19, 2021
|
Updated on
Jan 19, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
During clinical trials for drug or vaccine development, testing is done on
recruited participants in settings controlled by investigators, meaning that the
studies do not necessarily reflect real-world populations and conditions. There
are many factors to consider when evaluating the safety and efficacy of COVID-19
vaccines, such as race and ethnicity, sex and gender, age, and different health
conditions. Race and ethnicity are believed to be important to consider when
evaluating vaccine candidates. For example, with previous vaccines for
influenza, a study found that race-related differences in immune responses to
the vaccines were linked to genes being expressed differently in African
Americans and Caucasians. It is possible that there could be differences in
immune responses to the COVID-19 vaccines, so there is a need for diverse
participants in clinical trials. Unfortunately, clinical trials have mostly
recruited a limited pool of people for participation, historically as well
currently. There have been efforts to diversify the race and ethnicity of
participants in COVID-19 vaccine trials, but there remain inequities in who has
sufficient information to provide consent as well as who has the time and
resources (such as transportation access) to participate. Additionally, there
can be a lack of trust for participation due to the history of exploiting racial
and ethnic minorities, such as the infamous Tuskagee syphilis that hurt many
African Americans in the U.S. Globally, drug development and clinical trials
have taken place mostly in countries with more financial resources, historically
as well as currently. There have been efforts to address some of these
inequities, such as COVID-19 vaccine manufacturers running clinical trials with
participants recruited from multiple countries. Unfortunately, there is still
limited data about the safety and efficacy for people in certain parts of the
world, because fewer participants there have been able to participate in
clinical trials. Clinical trial participation must be diversified, in order to
understand how different people around the world will be impacted when given the
COVID-19 vaccines.

WHAT MUST REGULATING BODIES, SUCH AS THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA),
LOOK OUT FOR WHEN APPROVING A VACCINE FOR EMERGENCY USE AUTHORIZATION (EUA) VS.
APPROVING A VACCINE FOR GENERAL USE?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Jan 19, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Regulatory agencies in multiple countries began granting approvals for emergency
use of COVID-19 vaccine candidates in late 2020. The standards can vary from
place to place but are typically rigorous, with a focus on evidence for safety
and efficacy from large-scale clinical trials. Notable exceptions include China
and Russia, which provided early approvals of vaccine candidates before
large-scale clinical trials were completed and began widespread vaccinations of
people outside of trials months earlier than most other countries. The process
for emergency use authorizations can vary widely. For example, some regulatory
agencies need to consider not only their country’s policies, but also regional
agreements between countries like in the European Union. A few regulatory
agencies, such as the U.S. FDA, also do their own careful analysis of the raw
data, as opposed to relying on the findings provided from the vaccine
manufacturers like the U.K. regulatory agency. Several health experts have now
raised the importance of approving the COVID-19 vaccines for general use, not
just emergency use. A major concern is that COVID-19 vaccines may still be
needed after the emergency nature of the current pandemic has finally subsided,
in order to continue to protect people against COVID-19 in the future. As
regulatory licensing for general use can take time and require even higher
standards of evidence (ex. often the completion of phase 3 clinical trials),
experts are urging regulatory agencies to continue these processes in order to
be prepared for health needs after the pandemic. Otherwise, there is a risk of a
gap in being able to vaccinate people against COVID-19 once the immediate
emergency is over, if only emergency use authorizations have been granted.

WHAT IS THE EXISTING RESEARCH ON COPPER'S EFFECTIVENESS IN DEALING WITH
COVID-19, PARTICULARLY WHEN USED IN FACE MASKS?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Jan 18, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
There has been research suggesting that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the
disease COVID-19, does not survive long on copper surfaces. However, this does
not mean that copper products are always effective in protecting against
COVID-19. In fact, many copper-based products currently on the market do not
contain a sufficient concentration of copper for significant antimicrobial
effects. One study that is commonly used as evidence on the effectiveness of
copper is an April 2020 publication in the New England Journal of Medicine,
which found that “no viable SARS-CoV-2 was measured after 4 hours” on copper
surfaces. It is important to remember that this study in a controlled laboratory
setting does not mean all commercial products with copper are able to protect
against COVID-19 in real life. Products containing copper can vary widely and
many products have not been designed, manufactured, and tested properly to
ensure effectiveness. Furthermore, copper does not act instantaneously against
microbes such as viruses, with research findings showing that copper can take 45
minutes just to reduce the amount of virus on a surface by half. Dr. Lindsay
Marr, an aerosol scientist from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University (Virginia Tech), suggested in a New York Times article that
copper-based face coverings could potentially “come in handy for people who
mishandle their mask,” assuming that “a hefty dose of copper could diminish the
chances of viable virus making it into the eyes, nose or mouth via a wayward
hand that’s touched the front of a mask.” Unfortunately, if a copper face
covering does not contain sufficient copper, the product “won’t confer any more
benefit than just regular masks” according to Dr. Karrera Djoko, a biochemist
and microbiologist from Durham University. Additionally, Dr. Djoko also warns
that there could be issues with durability of copper products, particularly for
face masks that may be repeatedly disinfected, because many common household
cleaners have compounds that can strip copper ions from a surface. There can be
some promising uses of copper to protect against COVID-19, such as using copper
surfaces in healthcare settings to help reduce risk of hospital-acquired
infections. That said, health experts warn against relying on commercially sold
products with copper, such as copper face coverings, which are not carefully
regulated and have not been rigorously tested for effectiveness.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT RATIONING DOSES OF THE COVID-19 VACCINES?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 4, 2021
|
Updated on
Jan 14, 2021
September 15, 2021
|
Explainer
Scientists and public health practitioners are considering vaccination tactics
that differ from those that the FDA and other country’s health regulatory bodies
approved. The tactics being considered are primarily halving doses of vaccines
and delaying second doses to get first doses to more individuals, but also
include reducing the number of doses and mixing and matching doses. Health
officials in the UK have already decided to delay second doses of two vaccines,
one made by AstraZeneca and one made by Pfizer and BioNTech, and to mix and
match the two vaccines for the two doses under limited circumstances. This
decision has received mixed responses from scientists and public health
practitioners, many of whom are concerned about the lack of data, particularly
with regards to a mix-and-match approach. Moncef Slaoui, scientific adviser of
Operation Warp Speed, the U.S. effort to accelerate COVID-19 vaccine development
and distribution, proposed distributing half-doses of the Moderna vaccine (50
micrograms versus 100 micrograms) on Sunday, December 3, as an approach to
increasing the amount of vaccinations available. In support of this approach,
Slaoui cited that the Moderna study compared the immune response in people given
50 micrograms against those given 100 micrograms of the vaccine, and that the
doses yielded identical responses. However, the trials primarily focused on
studying 25 micrograms and 100 micrograms, and the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) which would have to approve the shift in vaccine
distribution stated that this data was insufficient to justify a shift to
halving doses or other proposed regimen changes designed to stretch out doses at
this point, as of January 6, 2020. The data on the 50 microgram doses comes from
the Phase 2 study by Moderna, that was tested on hundreds of people versus tens
of thousands tested with the 100 micrograms in Phase 3, and was designed to test
only for immune response and not efficacy of the vaccine. On the evening of
late Monday, January 4, 2021, the U.S. FDA critiqued the idea of halving the
doses of the Moderna vaccine, saying that the idea was “premature and not rooted
solidly in the available science.” Studies are underway to determine whether
doses of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine can be halved to 50 micrograms in order to
double the supply of the vaccination doses in the U.S., according to the
National Institutes of Health and Moderna.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT HOW CURFEWS WORK?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 14, 2021
|
Updated on
Jan 14, 2021
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
The intended purpose of curfew orders is to reduce nonessential interactions
between individuals from different households by keeping people at home during a
time when they are more likely to participate in nonessential activities that
could result in less compliance with public health practices. The logic of this
argument is that people are more likely to be working during the day and running
essential errands such as grocery shopping, whereas in the evening and early
hours people are less likely to be gathering for essential reasons, and are more
likely to be gathering socially with a risk of leniency towards public health
recommendations and mandates. Contact tracing efforts have shown that the most
common sources of COVID-19 spread include gatherings at places such as bars and
restaurants. In addition, the percent positivity of COVID-19 is highest among 18
to 24-year-olds across counties in the United States—the country with the most
cases and deaths of COVID-19—indicating high public health need to target that
age group, which curfews do. By maintaining most normal activities, curfews
also have less of a negative financial and mental health impact on society than
lockdowns. Curfews also signal the severity of the situation, and as a result,
are potentially helpful for reducing interactions between people overall. One
critique of curfews, particularly ones that start early in the evening, is that
for a short period of time before a curfew begins they can result in more people
being crammed together (on transit, in stores, etc.) who are rushing to get
errands done and get home on time. In addition, jurisdictions close by (such as
neighboring cities) can have different curfews, making it difficult to really
ensure the curfew is effective as an individual with an early curfew could stay
out in a neighboring city with a later curfew. It could also create difficulty
for local businesses when curfews differ and one jurisdiction’s businesses are
able to stay open later than others'. In addition, individuals can go around the
curfew, for instance, by gathering in homes after the start of curfew. Overall,
there isn’t strong evidence that curfews help or hurt efforts to curb the spread
of COVID-19. There are pros and cons to curfews, with logical reasons pointing
towards their use. However, targeted actions such as limiting indoor dining or
cracking down on large indoor gatherings are more likely to be more effective.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT ARTHRITIS DRUGS (INCLUDING TOCILIZUMAB OR SARILUMAB) AS A
TREATMENT FOR SEVERE COVID-19?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 12, 2021
|
Updated on
Jan 14, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Tocilizumab and sarilumab are drugs used for arthritis treatment that have shown
potential to reduce deaths among severely ill COVID-19 patients. Several
clinical trials around the world are underway to study the effect of tocilizumab
and sarilumab to treat severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. There have been mixed
results about their efficacy to treat COVID-19 based on the studies conducted so
far. A recent study of 800 patients conducted in the UK has shown encouraging
results. As per the pre-print, which has not been peer-reviewed yet, hospital
mortality among critically ill patients with COVID-19, who were on organ support
in intensive cares, had better survival rates (28% and 22.2% respectively for
early tocilizumab and sarilumab treatments) compared to those who were not
treated with these drugs (35.8%). Based on the available research evidence, the
U.K. NHS has encouraged the use of tocilizumab and sarilumab to support the
treatment of patients with COVID-19 who have been admitted to intensive care
units. Tocilizumab and sarilumab are immunosuppressor drugs, that work to
suppress a protein called IL-6. When a virus infects a body and starts
replicating itself, the immune system response activates, which in the case of
severe infections may then lead to an inflammatory response, where the immune
system starts attacking the body’s own cells. In case of severe COVID-19
illness, some patients experience a self- damaging cytokine response with very
high levels of IL-6. These drugs help to inhibit such a response.

DOES VITAMIN D HELP PREVENT OR TREAT COVID-19?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 1, 2020
|
Updated on
Jan 13, 2021
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
According to the US National Institutes of Health, "there are insufficient data
to recommend either for or against the use of vitamin D for the prevention or
treatment of COVID-19." Researchers are now working on several studies to
determine if Vitamin D can be effective in preventing or treating COVID-19.
Multiple observational studies have shown an association between vitamin D
deficiency and higher numbers of COVID-19 cases and deaths. While current
evidence does suggest that vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor for
COVID-19, there have not been studies to evaluate whether vitamin D
supplementation may help prevent COVID-19. Further studies are also needed to
better understand what level of deficiency carries COVID-19 risk. A pre-print
study from November 2020, found that vitamin D supplementation did not benefit
hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19. Researchers noted that vitamin D
levels did increase, but hospital length of stay, mortality (death), admission
to the intensive care (ICU), and the need for mechanical ventilation (ventilator
support for breathing) did not significantly differ between the experimental
group who received vitamin D and the placebo group (who did not receive vitamin
D). Studies to explore the possible benefit of vitamin D supplementation in
prevention and treatment of COVID-19 are ongoing.

SHOULD SOMEONE STILL GET THE FIRST DOSE OF A COVID-19 VACCINE, WITHOUT ASSURANCE
THAT A SECOND DOSE WILL BE AVAILABLE?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 12, 2021
|
Updated on
Jan 12, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
For COVID-19 vaccines that are designed to have two doses, it is important to
get both doses to maximize protection. In late 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) authorized emergency use of COVID-19 vaccines from Moderna
and Pfizer / BioNTech, both of which are designed to be implemented in
two-doses. Studies have shown each of these vaccine candidates to be relatively
safe and ~95% effective at preventing symptomatic COVID-19 disease in adults
after both doses. There are many reasons why a second dose may become delayed or
unavailable due to issues like limited vaccine supply and other logistical
challenges. As a result, there are proposals to ration vaccine doses or to
initially give a single dose to as many people as possible. The reaction of
scientists to these proposals is mixed, because of limited data on the impacts
of changing recommended vaccine dosing. According to data provided by Moderna,
one exploratory analysis of participants who received just one dose of its
vaccine suggested that the efficacy in protecting against symptomatic COVID-19
could be around 73%, in the short-term. Efficacy in protecting against
symptomatic COVID-19 after the first dose of the Pfizer vaccine was about 52.4%,
with most of the cases happening in the days immediately following the first
dose. From day 10 after the first dose until the second dose, the efficacy in
protecting against symptomatic COVID-19 was around 89%. It is important to note
that the second dose was given on day 21 in these Pfizer / BioNTech trials, so
there is limited data on how well the first dose would protect someone after day
21. On January 4, 2021, the FDA issued a statement about following the
authorized vaccine dosing schedules, saying: “We have been following the
discussions and news reports about reducing the number of doses, extending the
length of time between doses, changing the dose (half-dose), or mixing and
matching vaccines in order to immunize more people against COVID-19. These are
all reasonable questions to consider and evaluate in clinical trials. However,
at this time, suggesting changes to the FDA-authorized dosing or schedules of
these vaccines is premature and not rooted solidly in the available evidence.”
More research is being done to help answer the question about how beneficial it
is to change a recommended vaccine dosing schedule in order to stretch limited
supplies to as many people as possible.

HOW DOES PFIZER IDENTIFY CASES OF COVID-19 IN ITS CLINICAL TRIALS?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 8, 2021
|
Updated on
Jan 8, 2021
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
Clinical trial researchers have standard definitions for routinely detecting
COVID-19 cases for both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. There are
three ways that researchers classify and identify symptomatic COVID-19 cases in
clinical trials. Criteria for the first classification includes: the presence of
at least one COVID-19 symptom and a positive COVID-19 test during, or within 4
days before or after, having symptoms. The second classification is the same,
but also includes four additional COVID-19 symptoms defined by the CDC (fatigue,
headache, nasal congestion or runny nose, nausea). Criteria for the third
classification, which identifies severe COVID-19 cases in clinical trials,
includes a confirmed COVID-19 test (per the above guidelines), as well as one of
the following symptoms: clinical signs of severe systemic illness, respiratory
failure, evidence of shock, significant acute kidney, liver, or brain
dysfunction, admission to an ICU, or death. The Pfizer research protocol states
individuals who do not clinically present COVID-19 (that is, asymptomatic
individuals) are tested for COVID-19 antibodies. A positive asymptomatic case is
defined as the presence of antibodies in an individual who had a prior negative
test. By using these four definitions, researchers are able to detect COVID-19
cases in both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. However, the
pharmaceutical company has stated that there are more data on the vaccine’s
safety and efficacy for symptomatic cases, and that more data is needed to
better understand the vaccine’s safety and efficacy for asymptomatic cases.

IS IT SAFE OR EFFECTIVE TO GET A VACCINE DOSE FOR COVID-19 WHILE TESTING
POSITIVE?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 7, 2021
|
Updated on
Jan 7, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) does recommend that
people who have had COVID-19 still get vaccinated, because it may be possible to
get reinfected and vaccines can sometimes induce better immunity than natural
infection. However, this recommendation typically applies to people who have
recovered from COVID-19, rather than people who are currently still sick. For
people who currently have an active COVID-19 infection, their bodies are already
creating antibodies in response, so health experts recommend waiting until after
recovery for vaccination. Researchers are still understanding how immunity
evolves over time, but it is generally thought that most people have some level
of protection against reinfection for the first few months after recovery. The
U.S. CDC even suggests that people who have not had COVID-19 in the past 90 days
should be a higher priority for vaccination than people who have had COVID-19
recently. Additionally, it takes time for the body to develop immunological
protection after vaccination, and vaccines requiring two doses do not have
maximum protection until after the second dose. This means that it is still
possible for someone to become sick if exposed to COVID-19 before or immediately
after vaccination. People who are known to have COVID-19 may not be able to go
receive vaccinations until after they recover because they could risk getting
others sick. Scientists are continuing to learn about the safety and efficacy of
COVID-19 vaccines with the ongoing studies and data collection. For vaccines
that have been approved by regulatory agencies and are already in the market,
phase 4 clinical trials (also called “open-label studies” or “post-marketing
surveillance”) are a way to continue studying the risks and potential benefits
over a longer period of time. More data will become available in the future.

WHY IS JANSSEN STARTING A CLINICAL TRIAL WITH TWO DOSES?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 4, 2021
|
Updated on
Jan 6, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Janssen Pharmaceuticals, part of Johnson & Johnson, has designed a COVID-19
vaccine candidate to be delivered in a one-dose regimen. The company is also
starting a clinical trial for a two-dose regimen. Johnson & Johnson announced
that the new phase 3 trial for a two-dose regimen has been planned to be
complementary and run in parallel with the ongoing phase 3 trial for a one-dose
regimen, erring on the side of caution in case two doses have the "potential to
offer enhanced durability in some participants." The existing phase 3 trial for
a one-dose regimen, called ENSEMBLE, has been enrolling participants with a goal
of testing the Janssen vaccine candidate with up to 60,000 people from multiple
countries around the world. The newer phase 3 trial for a two-dose regimen,
called ENSEMBLE 2, intends to test two doses of the Janssen vaccine candidate
with up to 30,000 participants from multiple countries around the world. These
ENSEMBLE and ENSEMBLE 2 trials follow the promising interim results from the
phase 1/2a clinical trial of the Janssen vaccine candidate, which has been
studying both one-dose and two-dose regimens for preliminary data on safety and
effectiveness. Due to the urgent nature of the COVID-19 global pandemic, many
phases of vaccine development and testing have been implemented in parallel. For
example, sometimes clinical trial phases are combined into a phase 1/2 or 2/3
trial, or a later phase trial is started in parallel based on promising interim
results of an earlier phase trial (rather than doing trials sequentially that
wait for an earlier phase trial to be completed before starting a later phase
trial). Johnson & Johnson is not the only major vaccine developer to be running
clinical trials in parallel. Scientists will be able to say more about the
effectiveness of the one-dose and two dose regimens after more data from the
parallel phase 3 trials become available.

WHY WAS PFIZER'S VACCINE DEVELOPED SO QUICKLY, AND WHY SHOULD THIS SPEED NOT
WORRY THE PUBLIC?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 5, 2021
|
Updated on
Jan 5, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
On January 11, 2020, the CEO of BioNTech Dr. Ugur Sahin, designed 10 different
possible candidates for a COVID-19 vaccine in one day. Two of them were selected
for study in initial COVID-19 vaccine trials, and one (the mRNA-1273 vaccine)
advanced onwards to trial phase 2/3, and has now been approved for emergency use
in countries around the world such as the UK, Israel, Singapore, and the US,
with other authorizations pending. In addition to the vaccine's rapid design,
the timeline from start to approvals (under one year) is also the shortest
overall vaccine timeline ever. There are two primary reasons that the Pfizer
vaccine was developed so quickly: 1) The use of mRNA vaccine technology, and 2)
the rapid sharing of the COVID-19 virus’ genetic sequence. The mRNA-1273
vaccine works by injecting genetic information from the coronavirus into human
cells. This instructs the body to make special spike proteins like the
coronavirus, and causes the immune system to respond effectively against the
virus. This specific method means that BioNTech only needed the genetic sequence
of the COVID-19 virus to design a vaccine. Other methods involve more timely
processes, like weakening or killing a virus, or producing part of the virus in
the lab. The mRNA process involves slotting genetic material from the virus
into a tested and reliable delivery “package.” The process, also known as an
mRNA vaccine “platform technology,” is not the most traditional vaccine
approach, but has been in development for over 20 years. mRNA vaccines are
non-infectious, so this type of vaccine can have safety benefits over
conventional vaccines that contain weakened or inactivated germs. Production for
mRNA vaccines is also cell-free and tends to be faster, cheaper and easier to
scale than cell-based vaccine manufacturing techniques (ex. inactivated
influenza vaccines are typically grown in cultured cells). China’s initial
rapid identification of the genetic sequence and early sharing of the sequence
globally on January 10, 2020, prior even to the understanding of human-to-human
spread of COVID-19, promoted rapid availability of this critical vaccine
development data. The speed of the Pfizer vaccine timeline was also aided by
other factors, such as ongoing work studying coronaviruses, a growth in preprint
publications (where researchers can share findings before the peer-review
publication process is completed), and the unprecedented scale of COVID-19 that
continues to infect, harm, and kill people across the world, leading to more
resources being allocated to preventing and treating COVID-19 and well as
expedited logistical timelines. There are multiple, clear, reasons that explain
both the quick design of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine and the quick overall
Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine timeline, none of which jeopardize the safety or
efficacy of the vaccine.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT HOW AN MRNA VACCINE INTERACTS WITH HUMAN CELLS?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 4, 2021
|
Updated on
Jan 5, 2021
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
The human body has lots of different types of cells, and they serve many
different purposes. MRNA vaccines like Pfizer and Moderna's vaccines interact
with multiple types of cells once they enter the human body, including immune
cells, which are the cells that launch a response to the virus and help us build
immunity to COVID-19. Additionally, "T-follicular helper cells" (T cells) are a
type of immune cell that is activated by the mRNA vaccine. "Germinal center B
cell responses" (GC B cells) are also activated by the mRNA vaccine. mRNA
vaccines also interact with dendritic cells. Dendritic cells help our bodies
with transporting foreign invaders, like a virus or a vaccine, to the body's
immune-boosting T cells, so that we can build up immunity to that foreign
invader. Lastly, the mRNA vaccines also interact with cells in our muscles when
the vaccine is injected.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE TREATMENT EIDD2801 AND HOW IT WORKS AGAINST COVID-19?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Dec 27, 2020
|
Updated on
Jan 5, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
EIDD-2801, also called Molnupiravir, is an oral antiviral drug that was
developed by the Emory Institute for Drug Development (EIDD). It was originally
developed to treat influenza. It is in Phase II/III of its clinical trials as a
treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Similar in function to Remdesivir, EIDD-2801
targets the enzymes in the COVID-19 virus and replaces them with another
compound. This switching creates mutations in the virus that make it incapable
of functioning. The nonprofit biotechnology company owned by Emory University,
Drug Innovation Ventures at Emory (DRIVE) partnered with a biotechnology company
in Miami, Ridgeback Biotherapeutics to start the clinical trials for this
treatment. Ridgeback has partnered with Merck & Co. to develop and distribute
EIDD-2801.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT COVID-19 SPIKE GLYCOPROTEINS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE
HIV VIRUS?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jan 4, 2021
|
Updated on
Jan 5, 2021
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Glycoproteins, which are a type of molecule made up of proteins and
carbohydrates (like sugar), can be found in many viruses. They serve as a way to
assist the viruses with entering and binding to the human body. Glycoproteins
are found in viruses including SARS (SARS-CoV-1), chikungunya, dengue virus,
hepatitis C, ebola, influenza, and more. HIV and COVID-19 have glycoproteins,
including spike-like glycoproteins that push out from the virus's surface to
attach to cells. However, both COVID-19 and HIV also have distinct genetic codes
and different ways of infecting and impacting the people they infect. A recent
retracted and debunked study implied that four pieces of genetic code in the
COVID-19 virus have striking similarities to genetic sequences found in HIV
strains from Thailand, Kenya and India. The research team noted that, similar to
those HIV strains, some of the four pieces of code in COVID-19 were found on the
spike part of a glycoprotein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The debunked study
suggested it was likely that scientists manually placed the four genetic chunks
into COVID-19 samples from the HIV-1 genome, or in other words, that the virus
was created in a laboratory. This study was taken down from its pre-print host
site and has been widely debunked for numerous reasons. Though both COVID-19 and
HIV have similar spike proteins, with surfaces that are covered by a coat of
sugar molecules ( which is how the viruses latch onto and enter human cells)
they are not unique to these two viruses by any means. The four DNA protein
sequences that the study highlighted are found in many different organisms,
including the ones that cause cryptosporidiosis and malaria, in addition to
SARS-CoV-2 and HIV. Additionally, the sample of genetic code used in the study
was so short and thus not unique, that the code could easily be found in a
number of other viruses. A paper rejecting the original study's findings noted
that, after a genetic analysis using a more detailed database of genetic
sequencing codes, scientists found not just similarities between COVID-19 and
HIV, but also at least 100 identical or highly similar codes in genes from
mammals, insects, bacteria, and others and in a large number of viruses caused
by many different reasons. The paper showed that the genetic codes were not
essential for HIV's functions, as they were highly varied and could include many
moderations, further disproving the link between HIV being a potential source
for SARS-CoV-2's genetic code. Finally, the paper demonstrated that several of
the four genetic code insertions were found in bats in 2013 and 2018, so they
existed in nature before COVID-19 was even identified, let alone genetically
sequenced. Though there are several similarities between HIV and COVID-19
including spike glycoproteins and some similar genetic codes, the scientific
community has disproven the idea that genetic codes from HIV could have been
altered and substituted into SARS-CoV-2 to cause the COVID-19 virus.

ARE THERE ANY COVID-19 VACCINES THAT USE PIG FAT OR PORK PRODUCTS?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Dec 24, 2020
|
Updated on
Dec 28, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Gelatin from pork and cow products is often used in vaccines to stabilize the
drug's ingredients and ensure they remain effective through the distribution
process. The COVID-19 vaccines from Pfizer, Moderna and AstraZeneca do not use
pork gelatin in their formulas, but there is widespread concern over vaccines
from other companies, which have not released a list of their ingredients. Three
of the companies that religious groups are concerned about most are Sinovac,
Sinopharm, and CanSino Biologics, which have not released official statements
about whether or not their products use pork-derived gelatin. Gamaleya Research
Institute, Johnson & Johnson, Novavax, and Bektop have received limited approval
for releasing their vaccines around the world, but have not noted whether or not
they use gelatin in their formulas either. No other companies have declared that
they are using pork products in their vaccines at this time though nearly all of
them are still in the development, research and clinical trials phases.

DO PEOPLE WITH PREVIOUS COVID-19 INFECTIONS OR COVID-19 ANTIBODIES NEED TO
RECEIVE THE VACCINE?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Dec 23, 2020
|
Updated on
Dec 24, 2020
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
Positive COVID-19 antibody tests and a prior COVID-19 infections do not
guarantee immunity to the virus, making the COVID-19 vaccine recommended for
individuals who have tested positive for the COVID-19 virus and/or for COVID-19
antibodies. With regards to safety and efficacy, so far the Pfizer and Moderna
vaccine trials have concentrated on individuals who were not already previously
infected with COVID-19, so it's still not clear what the effect of vaccination
will be on those who have been previously infected with COVID-19 or have
COVID-19 antibodies at the time of vaccination. In those trials, some
individuals had prior infections, and evidence suggests that the vaccine was
safe and effective for them. Receiving a vaccine even after infection is also
common practice with other viruses, such as influenza and the Human
papillomavirus (HPV). To help ensure safety, the Advisory Committee on
Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends waiting until you have recovered from
the illness if experiencing symptoms before receiving the vaccine (typically 10
days after the onset of symptoms).

WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR ABOUT THE NEW VIRUS MUTATION IN SOUTH ENGLAND?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Dec 23, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
A recent surge of coronavirus cases in London and surrounding areas of Southeast
England is thought to be linked to a new, fast-spreading variant of the COVID-19
virus. The new variant was detected in samples taken in late September in the
Southeast English county of Kent, and now accounts for approximately 60% of
COVID-19 cases in London. Aptly named “Variant Under Investigation,” or
VUI-202012/01 for short, there are insufficient data and too many unknowns at
this time to draw any conclusions about the new variant, according to the UK
government’s New and Emerging Respiratory Threat Advisory Group (NERVTAG) and
Science Magazine. Until scientists and public health officials run rigorous
laboratory experiments and checks, they cannot provide definitive answers about
the new variant. They stress the importance of care providers, public health
practitioners, researchers, and policymakers keeping a vigilant eye on the new
strain to learn more about its behavior and potential impacts on disease burden
and spread. Importantly, media channels report that there is no indication that
the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna coronavirus vaccines will be less effective in
protecting people from contracting this mutation of the virus. Additionally,
there is no definitive evidence to suggest that the new variant is more deadly
or linked to more severe illness. All viruses mutate and in the case of
COVID-19, researchers have observed thousands of tiny modifications of since
March 2020. However, the new variant of COVID-19 raises alarm for three primary
reasons: 1 ) Early evidence indicates with “moderate confidence” that the new
variant is significantly more transmissible than previous versions. One study
from Imperial College London suggests that it is up to 70% more transmissible.
Another way scientists measure virus transmission at a population level is by
looking at the virus’ R0, or “R naught”, which describes the number of people
one person can infect. A higher R naught is an indicator of pandemic growth,
though actual growth depends on public health actions taken by the public. In
recent weeks, the R naught in the region with the mutation is thought to have
increased by 0.4 with the emergence of the new variant. From early laboratory
experiments, scientists studying the new coronavirus variant have identified up
to 23 changes to its genetic makeup, according to multiple sources. It is
unprecedented to see the coronavirus seemingly acquire more than a dozen
mutations at once, according to Science Magazine. One of these mutations
demonstrated improved ability to infect human cells. This change is linked to
the rapidly growing number of infections in Southeast England that, unabated,
may only continue to rise. 2 ) Many of the mutations altered an important part
of the virus called the spike protein, a crown-like structure encasing the viral
genetic material and giving the virus its name. One such change alters a key
piece of the spike protein, known as the “receptor-binding domain,” that binds
to and unlocks the entryway into human cells. The new variant’s uncanny skill at
entering and infecting cells likely gives it a leg up over other strains. This
novel behavior may in part explain why the new variant has been detected in the
majority of new cases in London, ousting other strains that may be less skilled
in this mechanism. 3 ) The fact that the new variant has begun to rapidly
replace other versions of COVID-19 as seen across testing centers in parts of
England puts scientists on high alert. Virus mutations have the potential to
introduce new and possibly aggressive behaviors, as well as increased
transmission. For this reason, it is critical that scientists keep a close
watch. These early research findings together suggest that the new variant is
highly contagious, more so than previous strains. Its rapid dominance remains
particularly concerning especially as it may take months to accurately capture
how the new variant will take hold. However, it’s also important to not panic
before we have more data and a more complete picture of this variant and its
implications.

WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO COMBINE PHASES OF CLINICAL TRIALS DURING VACCINE
DEVELOPMENT?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Dec 17, 2020
|
Updated on
Dec 22, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
There are several reasons why scientists might combine clinical trial phases in
the process of developing a vaccine. Usually, testing a vaccine occurs in three
to four phases after early, preclinical research is done in the lab or on
animals, like primates. Phase 1 trials are where researchers try to study very
basic elements of vaccines in small groups of people to see how the body absorbs
the drug, how long it stays in the body, and to show how toxic the vaccine may
be depending on the dosage. Phase 2 trials examine how effective a vaccine is in
different doses and looks at short-term side effects, usually with several
hundred patients. Finally, phase three trials involve hundreds or thousands of
volunteers. They are used to see how well a vaccine may work and what types of
side effects are most common over a longer period of time. Phase three trials
often determine whether the benefits of a vaccine outweigh the risks. Many
vaccines never reach the the third phase as the vaccines might not be shown to
be beneficial, may have dangerous side effects, or might not work as well in
humans as they do in animal studies. Developing vaccines often takes many years,
sometimes decades, and this can cause major challenges when a disease like
COVID-19 is spreading quickly around the world. Vaccines do not usually keep up
with the speed of a pandemic, so researchers often combine phases 1 and 2 or 2
and 3 to speed up the development and testing processes. This helps scientists
learn much more quickly whether a vaccine will continue being studied if it
appears safe and effective or if it will be stopped because it has not shown to
help prevent severe symptoms of an illness. When study phases are combined, the
same safety protocols and standards are used as in traditional trials and all
safety requirements must be met even at a more rapid testing speed.

WITH HEALTHCARE WORKERS GETTING MANY OF THE FIRST VACCINE DISTRIBUTIONS, HOW CAN
VACCINATIONS BE COORDINATED FOR OFF-SITE EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES (EMS)
PERSONNEL?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Dec 17, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
The prioritization of initial COVID-19 vaccinations varies widely from location
to location, with decisions being made at the federal, state, county and
facility level. Emergency medical services (EMS) personnel are often included
among the groups receiving the highest priority for the first shipments of the
COVID-19 vaccine. Since the initial supply is not sufficient to vaccinate
everyone within the highest priority groups, however, difficult decisions are
being made about who is to receive the COVID-19 vaccines first. Some places are
choosing to include EMS personnel outside of hospitals, such as in the fire
department, in the first wave of COVID-19 vaccinations. Other places are
distributing their first shipments of the COVID-19 vaccine straight to hospitals
first. Decision-makers for each location can set priorities by taking into
account public health guidance as well as data about their specific context
regarding what resources are available and what are the most urgent needs.
Several public health frameworks exist and have informed decision-makers,
including the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as they set
their vaccination priorities for COVID-19. In John Hopkins University’s
framework for COVID-19 vaccine priority groups, Tier 1 includes front-line EMS
personnel and Tier 2 includes other essential workers such as personnel in fire
and police departments. In the National Academies of Medicine preliminary
framework for equitable allocation of the COVID-19 vaccine, Phase 1a’s earliest
“jumpstart phase” includes first responders like EMS, police and fire personnel.
Depending on which public health frameworks are used, there can be differences
in the recommendations for when to include EMS personnel outside of a hospital,
such as in a fire department. Additionally, the U.S. CDC previously made
suggestions for sub-categorization of Tier 1 vaccine distribution when there is
an “extremely short supply” during a pandemic of other diseases, such as
influenza. The proposed ranking of groups within Tier 1 in this situation is: 1.
Front-line inpatient and hospital-based health care personnel caring for sickest
persons; health care personnel with highest risk of exposure 2. Deployed and
mission critical personnel who play essential role in national security 3.
Front-line EMS 4. Front-line outpatient health care personnel, pharmacists and
pharmacy technicians, and public health personnel who provide immunizations and
outpatient care 5. Front-line law enforcement and fire services personnel 6.
Pregnant women and infants aged 6 -11 months old 7. Remaining groups within Tier
1, including but not limited to: inpatient and outpatient healthcare personnel
not vaccinated previously; public health personnel; other EMS, law enforcement,
and fire services personnel; manufacturers of pandemic vaccine and antiviral
drugs While this guidance can be a point of reference for some locations seeking
to decide how to allocate vaccinations to EMS personnel outside of hospital
settings (who in this case might be categorized in group 3 or 7, depending on
their involvement in front-line care), there are some notable differences that
should be taken into account for COVID-19, compared to influenza. For example,
COVID-19 has been especially deadly for older adults in long-term care settings,
which is why long-term care residents and personnel are among the top tier
priorities for COVID-19 vaccinations according to U.S. federal recommendations.
While the specific prioritization of EMS personnel outside of hospital settings
may vary depending on the location, it is important for decision-makers to have
a plan for how to vaccinate non-hospital-based EMS personnel and communicate
this plan with transparency.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT CHLORINE DIOXIDE BEING A POTENTIAL CURE FOR COVID-19?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Dec 15, 2020
|
Updated on
Dec 15, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Chlorine dioxide is not a potential cure or treatment for COVID-19 and no
studies currently support its use with any evidence. Chlorine dioxide is a
bleaching agent that can cause serious and even life-threatening illnesses.
Though several warnings about this chemical being used in alleged COVID-19
treatments have been issued, products continue being sold with the promise to
combat the virus. Chlorine dioxide is not meant to be swallowed by people in any
capacity, let alone in treating an illness. These products often describe this
chemical as a liquid with 28% sodium chlorite solution and instruct users to mix
it with citric acid before drinking. When the acid is combined with the sodium
chlorite solution, it activates the acid to become chlorine dioxide.

WHY IS CHLORINE DIOXIDE DANGEROUS IF TAKEN FOR COVID-19?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Dec 15, 2020
|
Updated on
Dec 15, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Chlorine dioxide has not been verified by the medical and scientific community
as a cure for COVID-19 or other diseases, and its use can be dangerous to human
health. The U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) has warned that risks of
ingesting chlorine dioxide include: severe vomiting, severe diarrhea, low blood
cell counts and low blood pressure due to dehydration, respiratory failure,
changes to electrical activity in the heart that can lead to potentially fatal
abnormal heart rhythms, and acute liver failure. The Government of Mexico and
the Pan American Health Organization (Organización Panamericana de la Salud in
Spanish) have also issued warnings to discourage the use of chlorine dioxide as
a treatment for COVID-19. Chlorine dioxide is an oxidizing gas that can dissolve
in water to form a solution. It is typically used as a disinfectant to sterilize
medical and laboratory equipment and facilities or to treat water, rather than
being used directly with humans, because it can pose significant health risks
and has not been proven to treat diseases. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC) says that while using chlorine dioxide as intended (not as
a treatment for disease) is generally safe, direct exposure in larger quantities
can cause “damage to the substances in blood that carry oxygen throughout the
body.” If experiencing serious poisoning from consumption of a toxic substance
like chlorine dioxide, people can seek assistance from a poison control center
or seek medical care. Adverse reactions to COVID-19 products can also be
reported by consumers and medical professionals to the U.S. FDA’s MedWatch
Adverse Event Reporting Program.

WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR ABOUT COVID-19 AND DIABETES?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Oct 19, 2020
|
Updated on
Dec 10, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Type 2 diabetes is considered an underlying (pre-existing) medical condition
that has the "strongest and most consistent evidence" for increasing the risk of
severe illness due to COVID-19, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC). In July 2020, U.S. health officials stated that
almost 40% of people who have died with COVID-19 had diabetes. Beyond diabetes
leading to COVID-19 complications, researchers are now studying the potential
for COVID-19 to lead to diabetes. Medical experts have reported diabetes onset
in patients who tested positive. In some cases, the patients appeared to have
otherwise recovered from COVID-19, and/or had no previous history, genetic
predisposition, or traditional risk factors (such as lifestyle factors) for
diabetes. As of October 2020, over 300 doctors applied to share cases for review
in a global registry on this topic led by King's College London. The U.S.
National Institutes of Health (NIH) is also funding research on how COVID-19 may
cause high blood glucose levels and diabetes. Additionally, doctors as well as
researchers have been raising the alarm on how more children appear to be
getting diagnosed with diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic, compared to
similar months in previous years. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, other viral
infections including influenza and other coronaviruses have been linked to
triggering Type 1 diabetes, but this is usually in people who are predisposed to
developing diabetes. While researchers know that infections stress the body and
can lead to higher blood glucose levels, researchers still have not fully
understood why some people develop diabetes after infection and others do not.
The connections between COVID-19 and diabetes are continuing to be studied.
Diabetes is a disease where the blood glucose (sugar) levels are too high, and
is generally differentiated into Type 1 (where the body cannot produce the
insulin that is required to turn blood glucose into energy) and Type 2 (where
the body does not respond well to insulin, allowing blood glucose levels to
rise).

CAN CONVALESCENT PLASMA HELP TREAT COVID-19?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 13, 2020
|
Updated on
Dec 10, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
When someone has been infected with COVID-19, their body's immune system
produces antibodies (special proteins) that work to destroy the virus. These
antibodies can usually be found in someone's blood after they recover from the
virus, specifically in a portion of the blood called 'plasma.' Antibodies in
plasma help an infected person fight off the virus, so researchers are studying
whether transferring plasma from patients who have recovered from COVID-19 (also
called 'convalescent plasma') can help strengthen people's immune systems to
fight off the infection. This experimental use of convalescent plasma for
COVID-19 is not currently an approved treatment by the World Health
Organization, and there is a lack of scientific evidence to allow convalescent
plasma to be routinely prescribed to patients with COVID-19. However, there are
potential benefits to convalescent plasma use that have been demonstrated with
other diseases. These benefits are believed to outweigh the potential risks.
Given the current lack of scientific evidence, the use of convalescent plasma
has not been formally approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). On
August 23, 2020, however, the administration did issue an emergency use
authorization (EUA) for investigational convalescent plasma use for the
treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients. This means that convalescent
plasma is now regulated as an investigational treatment for COVID-19, but it not
yet fully approved for use. More than 70,000 patients have received convalescent
plasma in the US. Recent studies are inconclusive and have not shown significant
benefits for patients who receive convalescent plasma, but more research needs
to be conducted before scientists reach a consensus about the benefits vs
possible negative impacts plasma may have in patients with COVID-19.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT ELI LILLY'S COVID-19 TREATMENTS?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Dec 7, 2020
|
Updated on
Dec 9, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
The United States Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA) recently issued two
Emergency Use Authorization (EUAs) for American pharmaceutical company Eli
Lilly's most recent COVID-19 treatments. The first emergency use authorization
was issued on November 19, 2020, for bamlanivimab, an antibody treatment.
Bamlanivimab has been shown to reduce emergency room visits and hospitalizations
in patients who receive the medication quickly after their diagnosis, according
to early studies. No benefit has been shown in hospitalized patients with the
virus. The treatment was developed with collaborators including Vancouver-based
AbCellera and the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Bamlanivimab is a
monoclonal antibody drug that mimics the immune system’s own antibodies that
fight off harmful antigens such as viruses (like COVID-19). In this way, the
medication might be able to help block the virus from entering and infecting
healthy human cells. This drug should be dispensed as soon as possible after a
person tests positive for the virus and within 10 days of developing systems.
Bamlanivimab is authorized for people 12 years of age and older who weigh at
least 40 kilograms (88 pounds) and who may be at risk for developing a severe
case of COVID-19 infection or be hospitalized due to its impacts. Bamlanivimab
was developed from the blood of a recovered patient who had developed antibodies
to the virus. The data used to support this emergency use authorization was
based on a phase two randomized clinical trial in 465 non-hospitalized adults
with mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms. Patients treated with bamlanivimab
showed reduced viral load and rates of symptoms and hospitalization in
comparison with those who did not receive the treatment. On November 19, 2020,
(U.S. FDA) issued an EUA for the emergency use of Eli Lilly's drug baricitinib
to be used in combination with another COVID-19 U.S. FDA-approved treatment,
remdesivir, in adult patients who have been hospitalized with COVID-19. This
treatment, which also goes by the brand name Olumiant, is normally used to treat
rheumatoid arthritis and was developed in partnership with Incyte. In comparison
to treating patients with remdesivir alone, baricitinib was shown to reduce time
to recovery, when combined with the remdesivir. The safety of this
investigational therapy is still being studied, but this medication combination
was authorized for patients two years of age or older with suspected or
confirmed cases of the virus who require supplemental oxygen, invasive
mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The
combination of drugs improved patients' median time to recovery from eight to
seven days compared to remdesivir alone, a 12.5% improvement in the 1,000
patient study that began on May 8,2020, to assess the efficacy and safety of
baricitinib plus remdesivir versus remdesivir in hospitalized patients with
COVID-19. The proportion of patients who progressed to ventilation, or died by
day 29, was 23% lower when given both drugs in comparison to remdesivir alone.
By day 29, deaths among patients were also reduced by 35% for the combination
treatment when compared to remdesivir by itself. The recommended dose for
baricitinib in COVID-19 patients is 4 milligrams once daily for 14 days or until
hospital discharge.

WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR ABOUT HOW THE U.K. IS APPROVING AND ROLLING OUT VACCINES?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Dec 9, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
**Approval status:** On December 2, 2020, the U.K. Medicines and Healthcare
products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) granted an emergency-use authorization to a
2-dose mRNA vaccine developed by Pfizer and BioNTech, roughly seven months after
the clinical trials started. Other vaccine candidates are currently under review
by the regulator. **Approval processes:** In the United Kingdom, vaccines are
approved by the regulator (the MHRA) based on criteria including safety,
quality, and efficacy. The MHRA has been using a "rolling review" process since
June 2020 to assess COVID-19 vaccines in an accelerated timeframe, with teams of
scientists often requesting and reviewing data on various topics in parallel.
The European Union (EU) requires vaccines to be authorized by the European
Medicines Agency (EMA), but allows individual countries to use an emergency
procedure to distribute a vaccine for temporary use in their domestic market.
The MHRA chief executive stated that they used this existing EU provision to
fast-track approval in the U.K. before the rest of the EU, since the U.K. is
still subject to EU rules until their transition period for leaving is completed
on December 31, 2020. **Distribution status:** The U.K. announced that 357
million doses of seven different vaccines have been purchased, which includes 40
million doses of the Pfizer and BioNTech vaccine. An initial delivery of 800,000
doses of the Pfizer and BioNTech vaccine (which can provide two doses to 400,000
people) was received from a manufacturing site in Belgium, and was divided
between the four countries of the U.K. on the basis of population (with most
going to England and Wales, 65,500 doses going to Scotland, and 25,000 doses
going to Northern Ireland). The first vaccinations outside of trials in the U.K.
began on December 8, 2020, prioritizing residents and caretakers in care homes
for older adults (also known as aged-care). A 90-year-old woman was the first
person outside of trials to receive a vaccine dose in her country.
**Distribution priorities:** The U.K. Joint Committee on Vaccination and
Immunisation (JCVI) identified that the first phase of vaccinations should focus
on directly preventing mortality and supporting the National Health Service
(NHS) as well as the social care system. This first phase includes nine priority
groups, which taken together are estimated to represent 99% of preventable
mortality: 1. Residents in a care home for older adults and their carers 2. All
those 80 years of age and over and frontline health and social care workers 3.
All those 75 years of age and over 4. All those 70 years of age and over and
clinically extremely vulnerable individuals 5. All those 65 years of age and
over 6. All individuals aged 16 years to 64 years with underlying health
conditions which put them at higher risk of serious disease and mortality 7. All
those 60 years of age and over 8. All those 55 years of age and over 9. All
those 50 years of age and over The next phase of vaccinations will focus on
further reducing hospitalization and targeting those at high risk of exposure
and/or those delivering key public services. This next phase is likely to
include people at increased risk of exposure to COVID-19 due to their
occupation, such as first responders, the military, those involved in the
justice system, teachers, transport workers, and public servants essential to
the pandemic response. **Distribution processes:** The Pfizer and BioNTech
vaccine requires storage in ultra-cold temperatures of -70 degrees Celsius. A
shipping box has been developed that is packed with dry ice to maintain the
necessary temperature for 5,000 doses, which can be transported by airplane.
Once the doses arrive in the target country, the country can store the dry ice
packs in a freezer farm for up to 6 months. If unopened, the dry ice packs can
keep the doses cold for up to 10 days during transport. After the vaccine is
thawed, it can be stored for up to 5 days at between 2 and 8 degrees Celsius.
The U.K. Security Service (MI5) and National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) are
working to provide security for the vaccine supply chain and distribution, which
could be disrupted by hacking and other attacks. The U.K. Ministry of Defence
has announced that it is providing 60 military planners to work with the
government's vaccine task force and 56 personnel to help construct vaccination
centers. The U.K. Armed Forces Minister announced that more than 2,000 military
personnel have been deployed so far to help with testing and other COVID-19
response, and that 13,500 military personnel remain on "high readiness" to
provide support. In England, 50 NHS hospitals are serving as initial hubs for
administering the vaccine.

WHY HAS ICELAND HAD FEWER DEATHS OF COVID-19 THAN OTHER COUNTRIES?

by
Dr. Emily LaRose
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 1, 2020
|
Updated on
Dec 8, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
By using a test-trace-isolate strategy of containing infectious diseases early
in the pandemic, Iceland was viewed as a model for quickly addressing and
managing the spread of COVID-19. In September and October of 2020, however, the
number of daily COVID-19 cases rose, peaking higher than in the first wave of
the pandemic. The number of daily COVID-19 cases has been dropping back down in
November and early December of 2020. According to the World Health Organization,
as of December 8, 2020, there have been 5,496 confirmed COVID-19 cases with 27
deaths in Iceland. Iceland is a small nation and, as an island, its borders are
well controlled. Frequent testing, including testing for all who enter the
country, in combination with contact tracing, isolation, and quarantine
measures, has helped ensure that hospitals are not overwhelmed by patients.
Doctors have reported that, while hospitalizations are greater in the second
wave of the pandemic, intensive care admissions for COVID-19 are lower. The
lower need for intensive care may be because younger, otherwise healthy people
are being infected at higher rates than older individuals. In addition to
earlier monitoring and supportive treatments, the lower number of deaths may
also be related to the fact that most residents of Iceland (95.3%) have access
to Universal Health Coverage and the incidence of pre-existing conditions (like
obesity and diabetes) is lower than in many countries, including in U.S.

WHAT SHORT AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS DOES COVID-19 HAVE ON OTHER BODY PARTS,
INCLUDING LUNGS, BRAIN, HEART AND KIDNEYS?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 13, 2020
|
Updated on
Dec 8, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Many people infected with COVID-19 have mild or no symptoms, but some of the
short-term impacts reported by people with mild symptoms include shortness of
breath, fever, cough, fatigue (tiredness), and body aches. For more severe
cases, short-term impacts may include respiratory (breathing) failure, confusion
or other neurological problems, and kidney or heart damage due to a lack of
oxygen or blood clots that can sometimes cause long-term problems. The worse the
symptoms of COVID-19 are, the more likely major organs are to be negatively
impacted. COVID-19 may impact organ systems directly (in the case of the virus
causing inflammation in the lungs and airways) or indirectly (where organ damage
is caused by illness that is a result of COVID-19 infection, but the organ
damage is not caused by the virus infecting the organ directly). Recent studies
document long-term impacts of COVID-19 on different organs in the body,
including lung scarring, limited lung capacity, neurocognitive impacts, heart
damage, renal failure, and more. Lungs: Though it can impact other organs,
COVID-19 is primarily thought of as a lung (or respiratory) illness. Patients
with lung problems like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
and other chronic (long-term) lung diseases may be at higher risk of having
complications from COVID-19. In any infected patient, COVID-19 may cause
pneumonia (where the lungs fill with fluid), acute respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS), and sepsis (a bloodstream infection). Lung problems may be short or long
term, and experts have suggested that it can take months, possibly even more
than a year, for lung function to return to normal after a COVID-19 infection.
Early rehabilitation has been shown to improve respiratory (breathing) problems
in patients who have had severe COVID-19. Heart: Studies have shown that heart
problems are also common. One German study reported that 78 out of 100 patients
recovering from a COVID-19 infection had heart-related problems, such as
inflammation and scarring, that could have serious consequences. In addition,
heart problems have been reported in 40% of COVID-19 deaths. In September, US
CDC reported that heart conditions like myocarditis (inflammation of the heart
muscle) and pericarditis (inflammation of the covering of the heart), are
associated with COVID-19. Such heart damage might also explain long-term
symptoms like shortness of breath, chest pain, and heart palpitations. Although
rare, severe heart damage has also been seen in young, healthy people. Kidneys:
The American Society of Nephrology reported that approximately 50% of patients
with severe cases of COVID-19 in intensive care experience kidney failure.
During July 2020, the impacts of COVID-19 on the kidneys made the news,
following updated recommendations from the American Society of Nephrology. On
this topic, Mount Sinai Health System Associate Professor of Nephrology and
RenalytixAI Co-Founder, Dr. Steven Coca warns about the rise in “chronic kidney
disease in the U.S. among those who recovered from the coronavirus...Since the
start of the coronavirus pandemic we have seen the highest rate of kidney
failure in our lifetimes. It’s a long-term health burden for patients, the
medical community — and the U.S. economy.” New research and media reports are
continuing to be released. Brain: Emerging evidence has revealed that some
COVID-19 patients experience neurological symptoms in the brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and ganglia (cell bodies that relay nerve signals). Researchers believe
that these effects are an indirect impact of COVID-19 (meaning these effects
occur because of illness related to COVID-19, but not as a direct result of the
virus entering the tissue). Studies from around the world have reported
neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients ranging from brain inflammation and
delirium to nerve damage, stroke, and impaired consciousness in as much as 30%
of patients. Researchers have long been concerned about the risks of
post-traumatic stress, dementia, and delirium in patients who require intensive
care (even without COVID-19). The long-term implications of COVID-19 on the
brain and nervous system are still unclear, since COVID-19 is a new disease and
there has not been enough time to observe patients over long periods of time.
Neurological complications have, however, been reported during previous
epidemics, such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003
and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak more recently in 2012.
Since this is a new illness, the real long-term impacts remain unknown. The
longer-term effects of COVID-19 are still being studied. Exhaustion, anxiety,
dizziness, headaches, muscle aches, loss of taste and smell, and difficulty
breathing are often reported in patients who experience symptoms for weeks
following their infection with COVID-19. For some people infected with the
virus, symptoms have lasted longer than 100 days.

CAN VACCINES BE 100% EFFECTIVE AGAINST COVID-19 OR ANY OTHER ILLNESSES?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Dec 7, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Some vaccines can be very successful at preventing illnesses or reducing the
severity of it, but no vaccine is 100% effective on an entire population. This
is because immune responses vary from person to person. The measles vaccine is
one of the most successful vaccines, which is 99 per cent effective at
preventing the disease. The effectiveness of the flu vaccine administered in the
US varies widely from year to year (anywhere from 20% to 60%), depending on how
well the annual vaccine attacks that year's mutation of the virus. The duration
of how long a vaccine protection lasts, and how many doses might be needed for
it to be effective also varies from disease to disease. For the COVID-19
vaccine, the U.S. FDA has set an effectiveness threshold of 50% to be approved
or grants the emergency use authorization. A vaccine might not be 100%
effective, but if most people get vaccinated then vaccination not only protects
individuals, but also prevents the virus from circulating widely in a community.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT IN SILICO METHODOLOGY AND ITS USES IN FINDING A COVID-19
TREATMENT?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Oct 19, 2020
|
Updated on
Dec 4, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
In silico methods are computational predictions that have been used for decades
to help reduce the required time and expenses during drug development, including
for drugs that fight cancer and tuberculosis. During the COVID-19 pandemic, in
silico methods have been used in various ways to find effective interventions
for preventing and treating COVID-19. For example, in silico methods have been
used to quickly screen a large number of compounds, helping to identify which
have more potential to inhibit the virus SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19 for
application in therapeutic drugs. Another example is the use of in silico
methods to model how COVID-19 can spread in a population, and to simulate the
impact of different preventative measures such as wearing masks. In silico
methods can also be used to speed up the design and evaluation of medical
devices and other supplies. Additionally, in silico methods have been used to
model, and sometimes attempt to predict, COVID-19 symptoms or complications by
comparing simulations to actual clinical data. Researchers are continuing to
apply in silico methods in different ways to figure out how to best prevent and
treat COVID-19.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT FALSE POSITIVES WITH RAPID ANTIGEN TESTING?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Oct 19, 2020
|
Updated on
Dec 4, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Antigen tests for COVID-19 have many advantages, including rapid results, cheap
production costs, and a high rate of accurate test results for people who are
actively infected with COVID-19. However, one of the major downsides of these
tests is their high rate of false negative results (having a negative test
result even if you are actively infected with the virus). Comparatively, false
positive test results, which incorrectly show that a healthy person is infected
by the virus when they are not, are very rare in tests that have been approved
by regulatory agencies like the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Despite
having low rates of false positives, these types or errors in antigen tests
still exist due to technical issues like handling, contamination, or test
errors. These considerations have a large impact as their effects can directly
result in health impacts for people who test positive (but are not) and are
quarantined with people with active infections or receive treatments like
medication when it may be harmful. While most newer antigen tests aim to
accurately identify people with active COVID-19 infections at least 80% and 90%
of the time (true positive rate), some antigen tests have been reported to have
false positive or false negative rates as high as 50%. Several experts recommend
using a second test to confirm a patient is truly negative or positive,
particularly when patients may have no symptoms or have not been exposed to
people who tested positive for the virus. While antigen tests can usually
diagnose active COVID-19 infections, they are more likely to miss an active
infection in comparison to molecular tests like polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
tests. Several countries have begun authorizing the use of newer antigen tests
that report lower rates of false positives and false negatives. For example, as
of early December 2020, the U.S. FDA has granted Emergency Use Authorizations
(EUAs) for a handful of the more accurate antigen tests that are available. As
more of these tests are produced and used on a wide scale, we hope to learn more
about their accuracy and achieve as sensitive (correctly identifying those who
are are actively infected with the virus) and specific (correctly identifying
those who do not have an active infection) as possible.

WHAT DOES THE ASTRAZENECA AZD1222 (CHADOX1 NCOV-19) VACCINE CONTAIN?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Dec 4, 2020
|
Updated on
Dec 4, 2020
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
Some vaccines, including the Oxford Astra-Zeneca vaccine, are developed using
something called a viral vector. A viral vector involves using a weakened and
modified version of a virus, in order to teach the body how to activate an
immune response against the actual virus. The University of Oxford-AstraZeneca
vaccine, AZD122, uses an adenovirus vector as its technology. A spike
glycoprotein (S) is found on the surface of the SARS-Cov-2 coronavirus virus
through which the virus binds to receptors on human cells (ACE2 receptor) and
gains access to insert itself and cause infection. Genetic material of this
spike protein is added to ChAdOx1 virus vector so that the adenovirus can
stimulate a response from a person's immune system when their body detects it in
cells. When the vaccine is injected, it penetrates into the body and gives a
blueprint (DNA) for how to defend itself against COVID-19. In this case, that
means the cells start to produce club-shaped spike proteins found in
coronaviruses, including COVID-19. These three-dimensional spike proteins are so
similar to a normal COVID-19 infection that it causes inflammation and the
creation of antibodies and T cells. Then, when a vaccinated person is eventually
exposed to COVID-19, their body attacks the virus because it already recognizes
how to respond to those spike proteins, and can fight against them to prevent
infection. Essentially, the vaccine helps train human bodies to detect and
eliminate a real COVID-19 infection by showing it mock spike proteins, before
COVID-19 can cause any severe symptoms or a severe infection. Similar to all
vaccination, it could cause side effects. Completed Phase 3 study results of
this vaccine trial are yet to be published, but some early trial data showed
that 60% of trial participants reported side effects from the injections. These
symptoms included pain, feeling feverish, chills, muscle ache, headache, and
malaise and many were treated with paracetamol. Injection-site pain and
tenderness were the most common local adverse reactions within 48 hours of the
injection and a significant number of side effect symptoms were reported in each
age group over temporary symptoms of fever, sore throat, headaches or diarrhea.

CAN COVID-19 BE TRANSMITTED IN HOT CLIMATES?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 8, 2020
|
Updated on
Dec 3, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
COVID-19 can be spread in all climates and seasons. According to an August
publication in the journal Nature, 'No human-settled area in the world is
protected from COVID-19 transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the
year.' Studies that have explored the impact of temperature or weather on
COVID-19 have shown mixed results. Some have been positive, some negative, and
others neutral. Researchers have concluded that there are many factors that
likely play a much larger role in the spread of the virus than the weather,
including population density, human mobility, social distancing policies and
practices, testing, public health facilities, and more. While more studies are
needed, warmer weather does not appear reduce the spread of COVID-19, and it
does not impact how the virus spreads from person to person. Routine
hand-washing, social distancing practices, avoidance of crowds, wearing face
masks, and surface cleaning should be used to prevent the spread of COVID-19
between people and via indirect (non-contact) transmission.

WHAT DOES THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE SAY ABOUT USING HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE TO
PREVENT, TREAT OR CURE COVID-19?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
May 12, 2020
|
Updated on
Dec 3, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Hydroxychloroquine is not a recognized prevention, treatment or cure for
COVID-19. Earlier in the pandemic, hydroxychloqoruine was proposed as a
treatment for COVID-19, on the basis of some preliminary results from small,
uncontrolled clinical trials. Since then, more robust randomized controlled
trials have been conducted to study hydroxycholoquine as a treatment for
hospitalized coronavirus patients. Study results published in November 2020 show
that hydroxychloroquine does not benefit adults hospitalized with the
coronavirus disease. Another study published in 'The Lancet' in November 2020
reported that hydroxycholoquine does not prevent mortality from COVID-19 even
among those who were using it before they got infected with SARS-CoV-2. Around
the world, some countries have authorized chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for
the treatment of COVID-19 despite limited clinical evidence supporting its
efficacy. This decision follows some preliminary results coming out of China and
France in March 2020, where a few small clinical trials showed limited success
of the medication. On June 15th 2020, the U.S. FDA revoked the special
permission to use chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in emergency situations for
COVID-19, citing that these drugs are unlikely to be effective in treating
COVID-19 and highlighting serious cardiac adverse events and other serious side
effects reported in studies.

WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR ABOUT INHALED STEROIDS AS A TREATMENT OR CURE FOR
COVID-19?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
May 5, 2021
|
Updated on
Dec 3, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
In early September of 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued guidance
that a class of steroids called corticosteroids - specifically dexamethasone,
hydrocortisone, and methylprednisolone - should be considered treatments for
severe cases of COVID-19, but should not be used in milder cases. These steroids
are given systemically, meaning through the veins or in an oral pill form.
Inhaled steroids have not be recommended or approved for use in COVID-19 cases
by the WHO or U.S. FDA. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are used to treat asthma
and other lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD). Due to
lack of sufficient scientific evidence, whether ICSs protect or contribute to
worse outcomes in COVID-19 patients is still debated. According to NIH Clinical
Trials website, a randomized clinical study by Oxford University is underway to
understand if ICSs can prevent or treat COVID-19. The Lancet Respiratory
Medicine Journal published more information in September 2020 on the relation of
COVID-19 mortality and inhaled corticosteroids. The publication states that
using ICS might reduce immunity to fight viruses and increase pneumonia in
patients with COPD. ICS use has also shown protection against COVID-19 by
reducing the frequency of exacerbations and replication of SARS-CoV-2. However,
there were significant differences in age and underlying illnesses about the
groups studied. Common devices used as inhalers include a metered-dose inhaler
(MDI), nebulizer and dry-powder or rotary inhaler. There have been rumors
circulating about using "nebulizers" to inhale steroids, such as the
anti-inflammatory drug budesonide (brand name Pulmicort), to potentially treat
COVID-19. "Nebulizers" are a type of inhaler that change liquid medications,
like budesonide, into a mist that can be more easily inhaled into the lungs.
Nebulizers can be more expensive than the most common type of inhaler used by
people with asthma, and patients usually use nebulizers for specific reasons,
such as if a child or someone with severe asthma is having difficulties inhaling
medicine. Inhaled steroids like budesonide can have side effects, and are also
crucial for patients with health conditions who do not have COVID-19, so these
should only be used when recommended by your doctor. Budesonide can be inhaled
or taken orally, and when inhaled is part of a family of anti-inflammatory
medications called inhaled steroids that are primarily used to help manage
symptoms for conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD). Budesonide is a prescription-only drug that is not approved by the U.S.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of COVID-19.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT COVID-19 AND OBESITY?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Nov 23, 2020
|
Updated on
Dec 3, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Obesity is a key risk factor for severe cases and death from COVID-19.
Hospitalization, intensive care needs and death from COVID-19 is more common
among obese individuals. However, as per the recent pre-print of a study that
looked at the association between obesity and SARS-CoV-2 infection rates,
COVID-19 symptoms, and change in immune response among non-severe cases,
obesity, was not linked with increased risks of getting infected with
SARS-COV-2. Obese individuals showed more pronounced symptoms, including fever
as compared to non-obese people. In the non-severe cases studied, the immune
response of obese individuals to the infection was not significantly different
from the immune response of non-obese individuals.

WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR ABOUT COVID-19 AND NURSING HOMES?

by
Mohit Nair
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 27, 2020
|
Updated on
Dec 3, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Long-term care (LTC) facilities, often called nursing homes or assisted living
facilities, are uniquely vulnerable to COVID-19 transmission. This is partially
because COVID-19, like many other respiratory viruses, can easily be spread
between people in enclosed spaces. In addition, since many residents at nursing
homes are over the age of 65 and have preexisting conditions (i.e. heart
disease, diabetes, or breathing problems) that my affect their immune systems
and organ function, they are at a greater risk for severe disease if they do get
COVID-19. This is why LTC facilities are considered to be high risk for COVID-19
spread. Though the number of COVID-19 cases in LTC facilities are strongly
associated with the number of COVID-19 cases in their surrounding communities,
research continues to show that COVID-19 infections spread quickly in LTC
facilities among residents and staff. In addition to resident-specific risk
factors, other factors that impact how COVID-19 has spread in LTC facilities
include staffing shortages, low pay, and poor staffing ratios as well as a lack
of resources dedicated to infection prevention, including guidelines to follow,
dedicated staff members, and protective equipment. Shared living spaces like
cafeterias and group rooms make social distancing difficult and can make it hard
to isolate patients who are ill. Though additional funding was allocated to LTC
facilities from the US government in May 2020 and new testing requirements for
staff and residents were put into place in August 2020, LTC staff and residents
have continued to be significantly impacted by the virus. As of early November
2020, the impact of COVID-19 on US LTC facilities, residents, and staff has
continued to grow to record highs. According to data from the Kaiser Family
Foundation (dated November 6th, 2020), 26,515 LTC facilities had known cases of
COVID-19. There have been a total of 728,750 cases with 100,033 deaths
associated with LTC facilities, and LTC facility deaths account for 40% of total
COVID-19 deaths nationally.

HOW SOON CAN WE HAVE A COVID-19 VACCINE?

by
Fallback
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 22, 2020
|
Updated on
Dec 2, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
The timeline for COVID-19 vaccine availability is rapidly evolving, with
differences between multiple vaccine candidates and rollout plans in different
countries. While the vaccine development and testing processes normally take
many years, these processes have been accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Several COVID-19 vaccines have reported promising results from clinical trials
so far. As of December 2, 2020, Pfizer's vaccine candidate received approval
from the U.K. government to begin mass distribution, with at-risk populations
and healthcare workers being the first priorities. Both Pfizer's and Moderna's
vaccine candidates have applied for Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) from the
U.S. government, and have the potential to begin distribution outside of trials
before the end of 2020. In a departure from the rigorous review processes
typically used for vaccines, China and Russia approved and started distributing
experimental vaccine candidates earlier in 2020, based on preliminary data,
rather than waiting for results from large-scale trails. There are currently
more than 200 potential vaccines for COVID-19 under development around the
world. Each potential vaccine must be thoroughly tested to determine whether it
has any harmful side effects, whether it can prevent disease in other mammals,
and whether it successfully produces antibodies, which are the biological tools
or instructions our immune systems need to defend against the virus. Scientists
also need to assess how the immune system responds to the vaccine in general,
which takes time. Even with an expedited timeline and regulatory approval
process, researchers must ensure adequate clinical testing and adherence to
regulatory standards, manufacturing, and quality control processes.
Additionally, several COVID-19 vaccine candidates require multiple doses to be
effective and cold storage during transport. There are concerns about the cost
and infrastructure requirements for vaccines to be distributed equitably in
certain regions of the word. Public health experts hope that multiple vaccine
candidates can be widely approved and distributed in 2021, to help end the
global COVID-19 pandemic.

CAN COVID-19 LEAD TO LETHAL THROMBOSIS?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 16, 2020
|
Updated on
Dec 1, 2020
August 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Thrombosis occurs when a clump of blood changes from a liquid form to a
semi-solid form (called a 'blood clot' or 'thrombus'), and then becomes big
enough to partially or fully block the regular flow of blood in veins or
arteries. In some severe cases of COVID-19, thrombosis can happen, which
prevents blood from flowing normally in patients (despite many of taking blood
thinners meant to prevent blood clots from occurring). In some COVID-19
patients, thrombosis may contribute to causing respiratory (breathing) failure,
kidney failure, heart attacks, strokes or other dangerous medical issues that
can lead to death. Research studies have shown that thrombosis is a known
complication of COVID-19 and is associated with an increased risk of death. More
research is needed in this area to determine exactly **why** thrombosis may be
occurring. Recent analyses show that many hospitalized patients with COVID-19
who developed thrombosis also developed pneumonia and other lung and respiratory
problems. Some patients also developed damage to their blood vessels, while a
significant number also developed pulmonary embolisms (blood clots in the lung).
These other impacts must also be considered when studying and determining the
cause of death related to COVID-19.

WHAT ARE SOME OF THE BIRTH AND INFANT OUTCOMES FOLLOWING COVID-19?

by
Dr. Emily LaRose
Health Desk
|
Published on
Nov 10, 2020
|
Updated on
Dec 1, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Maternal COVID-19 infection during pregnancy may be a risk factor for premature
birth. In November 2020, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
released outcomes data for infants born to birth givers who had been diagnosed
with COVID-19 during pregnancy. The data was collected between March and October
of 2020 and included a total of 3,912 infants. Incidence of prematurity in study
participants was higher than average, which suggests that maternal COVID-19
infection acquired pregnancy (not in general) may be a risk factor for
prematurity. This report found that 12.9% of infants born to individuals who had
been diagnosed with COVID-19 during pregnancy were born prematurely (<37 weeks
gestation), which is greater than the national estimate of 10.2%. In the U.S.,
COVID-19 has not impacted all communities equally; non-Hispanic Black and
Hispanic communities have been unduly impacted by the virus. Racial and ethnic
disparities also exist in overall health outcomes and impact maternal morbidity,
mortality, and adverse birth outcomes. In this study, non-Hispanic Black and
Hispanic women were disproportionately represented, and the authors note that
further observation and analysis of outcomes by race and ethnicity is needed.
Another study published in the Lancet in October 2020 found that the incidence
of preterm births went down in the Netherlands after the implementation of
COVID-19 pandemic mitigation policies. The authors suggest that some of the
observed decrease in preterm births could be related to reductions in maternal
exposure to air pollution and reductions in pregnant women seeking obstetric
care that induces preterm birth. While the impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy
outcomes remains under investigation, the CDC continues to encourage pregnant
people to attend prenatal care appointments; practice handwashing, social
distancing, and mask wearing (preferably a cloth mask over a surgical mask); and
avoid crowds especially in indoor areas to prevent COVID-19 infection. They also
suggest that providers counsel pregnant individuals on steps to prevent COVID-19
infection.

WHAT CHECKS AND BALANCES ARE IN PLACE TO ENSURE VACCINE MANUFACTURERS ARE
PRODUCING SAFE PRODUCTS?

by
Dr. Emily LaRose
Health Desk
|
Published on
Dec 1, 2020
|
Updated on
Dec 1, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Standard vaccine development is a long process. Multiple studies on safety often
take place over multiple years. Manufacturers use phased testing to determine an
effective vaccine dose and to evaluate if the vaccine works, if it’s safe, if it
has significant or serious side effects, and if immune systems respond well to
the vaccine. To pursue regulatory authorization, a vaccine’s benefits must be
shown to be greater than its risks, and vaccine safety and effectiveness are
considered to be top priorities by regulatory agencies. Regulators around the
world oversee vaccine development and testing at both national and international
levels. In the European Union (EU), the European Medicines Agency (EMA) has a
COVID-19 Task Force (COVID-ETF) that takes “quick and coordinated regulatory
action on the development, authorization, and safety monitoring” for medicines
and vaccines to treat and prevent COVID-19. In the US, the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) ensures
that “rigorous scientific and regulatory processes are followed by those who
pursue the development of vaccines.” Similar to the COVID-ETF in Europe, the FDA
has also recruited experts from government agencies, academia, nonprofit
organizations, pharmaceutical companies, and international partners to “develop
a coordinated strategy for prioritizing and speeding development of the most
promising treatments and vaccines.” To facilitate timely vaccine development
during health crises, the US FDA sets clinical trial standards for scientific
data on safety and efficacy, which manufacturers need to achieve in order to
bring a vaccine to the US population. Once manufacturers meet those criteria,
companies can pursue Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) approval, through which
the manufacturer’s EUA submission is reviewed by FDA career scientists and
physicians. So far, Moderna and Pfizer have both submitted data on their
vaccines for FDA EUA approval. While some COVID-19 vaccine manufacturers have
requested emergency authorization with regulatory agencies around the world, it
is important to note that if emergency authorization is approved, it is
generally considered to be an emergency exception, with temporary permissions
designed to accommodate the current COVID-19 public health crisis. Emergency
authorization is not the same as formal licensing, which can take months.
Unlicensed vaccines may be authorized by regulatory agencies and their lack of
licensing does not mean that the vaccine has not been rigorously tested. Because
of the nature of pandemic circumstances, for emergency authorizations,
governmental agencies rather than manufacturers often assume responsibility for
vaccine safety. In the US, for example, the Public Readiness and Emergency
Preparedness Act (PREP Act) provides manufacturers, distributors, and others
with liability immunity, as long as they have not participated in “willful
misconduct.” Regulatory oversight and monitoring will continue even once
vaccines are approved for emergency use. In addition to testing by the vaccine
manufacturers, government regulators regularly test vaccines for quality, and
tweak manufacturing once they are released onto the market. Post-authorization,
US vaccine safety monitoring is performed by the federal government (US FDA and
the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]) and other agencies and
organizations who are involved in healthcare delivery. Vaccine safety and
monitoring systems are in place to quickly identify rare side effects that were
not identified in clinical trials, and to detect possible vaccine safety
problems. Though no major safety concerns have been identified in the current
vaccine trials, even when the current clinical trials are completed
pharmaceutical companies, regulatory agencies, public health experts,
researchers, and others will continue to evaluate safety, efficacy,
effectiveness, and side effects in the years to come. The US FDA has stated that
“efforts to speed vaccine development to address the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic
have not sacrificed scientific standards, integrity of the vaccine review
process, or safety.”

WHAT CAN WE EXPECT WHEN A POPULATION FIRST BEGINS GETTING VACCINATED?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Dec 1, 2020
|
Updated on
Dec 1, 2020
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
Once vaccine doses are distributed in the millions to a population, we can
expect to see cases of COVID-19 dropping in those populations within a few
months. Following a decrease in case numbers, we can expect decreases in
hospitalization rates (the number of hospitalizations per 100,000 individuals),
and then decreases in mortality rates (the number of deaths due to COVID-19 in a
population). Importantly, we do not yet know how much we'll see these case
numbers drop following the first vaccinations, because we don't yet know how
effective the vaccines are outside clinical trials. The decrease could be
minuscule or massive — and there's no way of knowing until the vaccines are
distributed. The data we have on the most promising vaccines reflect vaccine
efficacy, which is different than effectiveness and shows us how well a vaccine
works to prevent a particular disease in a controlled, research environment. The
data currently shows 95% efficacy for the Pfizer vaccine and 94.5% efficacy for
the Moderna vaccine, with efficacy to be announced soon by AstraZeneca. We will
not have data on vaccine effectiveness until a vaccine is made available to
large populations outside of clinical trials. Given that U.K. Medicines &
Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) authorized the supply of Pfizer and
BioNTech’s COVID-19 mRNA vaccine on December 2, we will likely have data on the
Pfizer vaccine's effectiveness first. Once we have information on effectiveness,
we’ll have a better sense of how the vaccines will impact metrics such as case
numbers, test-positive rates, hospitalization rates, mortality rates, and level
of disease severity. If vaccine distribution begins in early-mid-December (the
Pfizer vaccine is set to begin being distributed in the U.K. on December 8), by
mid-March to the highest risk individuals a population may begin to see
declining case numbers. Depending on the rate at which a population is
vaccinated, and particularly when distribution of the vaccine moves from highest
risk individuals to the broader public, a December distribution start date to
high-risk individuals followed quickly (within one month or so) by the general
public could potentially vaccinate approximately 70% of that population by
mid-late summer (within 6-8 months). This level of vaccination in a population
would mean the population reaches herd immunity, triggering significant
decreases in COVID-19 metrics such as case numbers, hospitalization rates, and
mortality rates. However, if the general public in a population does not have
access to vaccinations until later than this timeline (for example, April -
June), herd immunity may not be reached until the fall or end of 2021 (6-8
months following). It is important to note that these types of timelines are
estimates and based on an assumption that mass vaccination production and
delivery is efficient. It also typically takes a few weeks for the body to build
immunity after vaccination, so as a result, it is still possible for someone to
contract COVID-19 just after they receive a vaccine, influencing case numbers.
Case numbers, hospitalization rates, and mortality rates following vaccination
in a country will depend on a variety of factors. First, different populations
within countries suffer from COVID-19 morbidity and mortality differently. Black
Americans, for example, have 2.6x higher case numbers, 4.7x higher
hospitalization rates, and 2.1x higher mortality rates than white Americans.
This will impact how much case numbers, hospitalizations and deaths fall in
those populations after the first doses of vaccines get distributed to
Americans. The distribution of vaccines is also not guaranteed to be equitable
and there are varying degrees of willingness to even take a vaccine in some
populations. Finally, some communities within a country may continue to practice
recommended preventative guidelines (i.e. masks, social distancing) after the
first rounds of vaccination, while others may not. Current projected
distribution plans across the two most promising vaccines is for the vaccine to
first go to emergency department clinicians, outpatient clinicians, testers at
symptomatic sites, other high-risk health care workers, immunocompromised
individuals, EMTs, and potentially essential federal employees, followed by the
rest of the general population. However, in the case of Pfizer, they are
permitting the regions, countries, and states, distributing the vaccines to
determine the distribution plans. For instance, in the U.S., distribution plans
are by state. In the United States, vaccines are currently intended to be
allocated to all 50 states and eight territories, in addition to six major
metropolitan areas. Pfizer, which has filed for emergency use authorization
(EUA) in the U.S. and is the closest to potential approval, is prioritizing this
approach over a plan that would prioritize the hardest-hit areas of the country,
which they’ve said was decided due to the rapid wide spread of the virus. This
plan will have impacts for the case rates and other metrics, as equal
distribution will lead to different outcomes than targeted distribution. Other
barriers to vaccine access include, among others, continual access to health
care, particularly given that both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccine require two
doses; cost (the vaccines are free but vaccination providers will be able to
charge an administration fee); and potential supply chain challenges.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT CALPROTECTIN AND COVID-19?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 13, 2020
|
Updated on
Dec 1, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Calprotectin is a type of protein that is released into the body by neutrophils
(a type of white blood cell). Neutrophils help heal damaged tissues and stop
infections from spreading. When there is any type of swelling in a person, the
amount of neutrophils produced by the immune system increases naturally, in
order to help protect and defend the body. When there is inflammation in the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract (the digestive system in humans and animals that
help them digest, absorb, and discard food and liquids), neutrophils move to
that area and release the calprotectin protein to help protect and defend the
body. Because of this, studies have shown that increased levels of calprotectin
in the body are linked to higher levels of inflammation in the GI tract, so
calprotectin levels are often tested in people with gastrointestinal issues to
determine whether or not they have illnesses like inflammatory bowel disease or
other infections. Despite calprotectin normally being used as a marker for
inflammation in the intestines, new research claims that measuring levels of
this protein might help determine whether or not people who have tested positive
for the coronavirus may develop more severe symptoms. Recent research in a
pre-print study and a Letter to the Editor (in the Journal of Infection) shows a
potential link between the levels of calprotectin in people infected with
COVID-19 and more severe cases of the virus. In another pre-print study (which
should not be used to guide medical treatments or practices) researchers found a
potential link between higher levels of calprotectin in the body of COVID-19
patients with a higher number of patients who require breathing support with a
ventilator (a machine that makes sure your body gets enough oxygen by moving air
in and out a patient's lungs). Both of the studies suggest that testing levels
of calprotectin in people with the virus might help doctors predict how severe
each patient's symptoms and outcomes might be. Studies are ongoing, but there is
not enough evidence at this time to support this finding and no scientific
consensus whether or not calprotectin can serve as a prediction of how serious
the virus will be in some patients. Researchers will continue studying
calprotectin in COVID-19 patients, but for now, calprotectin is still used
primarily as a way for doctors to see if patients have inflammation in their
intestines.

HOW LONG IS A PERSON INFECTED WITH COVID-19 CONTAGIOUS?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
May 12, 2020
|
Updated on
Dec 1, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Recent research has shown that a person infected with COVID-19 may be able to
spread the virus up to 72 hours before they begin to have any symptoms and up to
10 days after symptoms disappear. New studies have suggested that people are the
most infectious in the 48 hours before they start to experience any symptoms.
People who test positive for COVID-19 but do not develop symptoms in the 10 days
following the test result are considered to be likely no longer contagious after
those 10 days. There may be exceptions to these timings, so experts recommend 10
days of isolation after either testing positive for the virus, being exposed to
a person who has been infected with COVID-19, or developing any symptoms. The
best way to ensure you are no long contagious is by having two negative COVID-19
tests more than 24 hours apart. However, as per the U.S. CDC, individuals who
were severely ill from COVID-19 or are severely immunocompromised might need to
remain isolated for longer than 10 days and up to 20 days because they may still
be producing viral particles.

WHAT IS IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY TO SARS-COV-2 AND CAN IT LAST FOR MORE THAN SIX
MONTHS AFTER INFECTION?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Nov 23, 2020
|
Updated on
Nov 25, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Immunological memory is the ability of your body's immune system to recognize a
foreign virus or bacteria that the body has encountered before and start an
immune response. A pre-print study was released on November 16, 2020 that
assesses immunological memory to the virus SARS-CoV-2 for more than six months.
This study analyzed 185 COVID-19 cases in the United States, including 41 cases
after 6 months post-infection. Study authors found it promising that they could
measure at least three components of immune memory in 96% of cases over 5 months
after symptom onset. The authors believe this implies that durable immunity to
help protect against reinfection of COVID-19 could be possible in most people.
No significant difference was detected between males and females, and the
authors reiterated that "the magnitude of the antibody response against
SARS-CoV-2 is highly heterogenous between individuals." The authors acknowledge
several study limitations, such as the relatively low number of severe COVID-19
cases in their study. Additionally, there is limited data on protective immunity
against the virus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease COVID-19, so the authors cannot
make direct conclusions about protective immunity from their study results at
the time of publication because "mechanisms of protective immunity against
SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 are not defined in humans." More research is underway to
better understand long-term immunity against COVID-19.

DOES A FLU SHOT INCREASE YOUR CHANCES OF GETTING COVID-19?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Nov 10, 2020
|
Updated on
Nov 25, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
There is no evidence that flu shots (influenza vaccines) increase someone's
chances of getting COVID-19. Flu shots are widely considered a safe way to help
prevent someone from getting sick with the flu. A September 2020 publication in
the Journal of Clinical and Translational Science by researchers from the
Cleveland Clinic analyzed data from 13,000+ COVID-19 tests, comparing people who
received flu shots with people who did not receive flu shots. The researchers
found that people who received flu shots were not at higher risk of being
hospitalized, being admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), or dying from
COVID-19. Doctors and public health experts recommend flu shots for the general
public as a safe way to protect against severe illness and death from the flu,
which is important during the COVID-19 pandemic to reduce strains on health
systems and healthcare workers.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A VACCINE'S EFFECTIVENESS AND ITS EFFICACY?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Oct 5, 2020
|
Updated on
Nov 20, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Though vaccine efficacy and vaccine effectiveness are similar terms and are
often used interchangeably, the differences between the two are important. In
this entry, we rely on the United States Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention's (U.S. CDC) definitions of effectiveness and efficacy. When a new
vaccine is being developed and studied in clinical trials, scientists report on
vaccine efficacy. Efficacy is a term used to describe how well the vaccine
protects clinical trial participants from getting sick or getting very sick. The
term does not describe how well a vaccine works on the general public. The
efficacy of a vaccine reflects ideal circumstances, like a research trial, which
are different than real-world conditions. Once a vaccine is made available for
large population groups, vaccine effectiveness can be measured. Effectiveness is
the amount of protection given by a vaccine in a certain population when its
used under field conditions (somewhat normal practices, less than perfectly
controlled like in a research study). It considers other factors like
population-level differences in health status, weight, age, and other factors
across communities. Effectiveness is a more reliable and accurate term for how
helpful a vaccine is at preventing disease in daily life when people are doing
regular community-based activities like socializing, going to work or school,
and grocery shopping.

WHAT DO THE EFFICACY RESULTS OF PFIZER'S CLINICAL TRIAL MEAN?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Nov 9, 2020
|
Updated on
Nov 19, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
On November 18th, 2020, Pfizer announced that its experimental COVID-19 vaccine
(BNT162b2) prevented infection in 95% of overall participants who received the
drug company’s late-stage clinical trial dose. In adults over 65 years of age,
the vaccine was effective in over 94% of volunteers. These early results
exceeded the minimum United States Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA)
target of 50% efficacy—but it is important to reiterate that no vaccine is ever
100% effective. It is impossible to know how well a vaccine actually works until
it is deployed in the real world and given to large populations, not just
volunteer participants in a trial. While the current data is promising, it has
yet to be evaluated by the U.S. FDA, and more information is needed before
Pfizer can pursue approval for the vaccine. The company has concluded its phase
III trial but will continue to monitor patients for any adverse reactions or
events. Additionally, to ensure that there are not major safety concerns, the
U.S. FDA is requiring manufacturers to provide at least two months of follow-up
data for at least half of the volunteer participants. Most serious side effects
from vaccines occur within about six weeks after the vaccine is given. In
vaccine clinical trials, any observed impacts of the vaccine on volunteer
participants are eventually considered side effects with more serious side
effects causing the trials to pause or stop completely. No safety concerns about
these potential side effects have been reported so far. Pfizer recently stated
that the only side effects that occurred in more than 2% of participants was
fatigue at 3.8% and headache at 2.0%. Because the news about this vaccine is
still early, there is still a lot we don't know. Remaining questions include
when the vaccine might be available for everyone, if it will work in children
younger than 12 (as they have been excluded from the early trials), if it will
stop the virus from spreading in people who are infected but don't have any
symptoms (asymptomatic), if it will prevent people from developing severe cases,
and how long the vaccine might offer protection from the the virus. This vaccine
requires an initial injection followed by a secondary shot called a “booster” to
achieve its full level of protection. The vaccine was found to be effective
against COVID-19 beginning 28 days after the first dose. The clinical trial
included more than 43,000 volunteer participants, many of whom already received
two doses of the vaccine. In the interim analysis, there were 94 cases of
COVID-19 in trial participants, and the study continued until there have been
164 cases of COVID-19 among study volunteers. It is important to note that these
study results may not play out the same under “real life” circumstances because
of differences in health status, weight, age, and other factors across
communities. While Pfizer has reported that 42% of participants are from
“diverse backgrounds,” the study population may not reflect the diversity of our
global populations and communities despite the vaccine being effective across
age, gender, race and ethnicity demographics in the trials.

DOES AIR POLLUTION INCREASE YOUR RISK OF GETTING COVID-19?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Nov 10, 2020
|
Updated on
Nov 17, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
COVID-19 has not been linked directly to air-pollution, and there has not been
research conducted to show that reducing air pollution leads to fewer COVID-19
deaths. However, urban air-pollution (that commonly contains fine particulate
matter from things like cars or trucks, fires, coal-based power) is associated
with an increase risk of breathing problems and respiratory (breathing)
illnesses. Exposure to high levels of bad air pollution damages the throat and
lungs and causes chronic inflammation that could limit how well the lungs are
able to protect themselves from infections. It has been reported that
individuals with existing breathing problems (i.e. asthma, emphysema) are may be
at higher risk of COVID-19. Studies conducted in China, Italy, and the United
States have shown that in areas with higher amounts of air pollution there is an
increase in the number of COVID-19 cases. However, the United States study notes
that the findings are for county-level populations and cannot be used to link
individual cases to air pollution. More studies will need to be conducted to
better understand how air quality may affect individual people and their risk of
COVID-19

WHAT IS THE CONTEXT BEHIND THE MISINFORMATION ABOUT FETAL CELLS USED IN THE
ASTRAZENECA COVID-19 VACCINE?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Nov 16, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
The Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine (AZD1222) does not contain human cells
or tissues. The AZD122 (ChAdOx1 nCov-19) is a weakened version of an
adenovirus—a harmless virus that usually causes the common cold in chimpanzees—
and is used as a way to transport the vaccine's ingredients into the human body.
This type of vaccine is called a "vector vaccine," because the adenovirus serves
as the vector (or vehicle) for getting the drug into human cells. The adenovirus
can stimulate a response from a person's immune system when their body detects
it in cells. Essentially, the vaccine helps train human bodies to detect and
eliminate a real COVID-19 infection through showing it mock spike proteins,
before COVID-19 can cause any severe symptoms or a severe infection. During
preclinical research, MRC-5 cells were used to determine how effective the
vaccine may be in human clinical trials, but the MRC-5 cells are not used in the
manufacturing process for this vaccine. There are different processes used to
make vaccines. Often, when vaccines are being made, viruses are propagated
(grown in the lab) in special laboratory cells, and the viruses are then
collected to make the vaccine. To make this COVID-19 vaccine, the virus is
propagated using another type of cells, the HEK 293 cell line. However, there is
no evidence that these cells are present in the vaccine itself. The cells are
removed through a filtering and purification process that breaks down the
cellular pieces and remaining DNA before a vaccine is deployed to humans. The
HEK 293 cells and MRC-5 cells (mentioned above), as well as many other research
cell lines, were collected from fetal tissue in the 1960s and 1970s. Since then,
labs have reproduced those cell lines for some medical purposes, including
research and vaccine development. These cells are not part of the vaccine. It is
also important to distinguish between fetal cells and cultured (lab grown)
cells. Fetal cells are not used in vaccine production.

WHY IS THERE MISINFORMATION RELATING WEARING A MASK WITH TEFLON (PTFE) TO
GETTING CANCER?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Nov 10, 2020
|
Updated on
Nov 12, 2020
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
Wearing a mask with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) does not increase your risk
of getting cancer or any other negative health outcome. PTFE is the polymer that
also makes Teflon, the brand name of a non-stick chemical coating commonly used
on kitchen appliances such as pots and pans. While some masks are sprayed with
PTFE or have a PTFE filter, as PTFE has widely been used in the field of air
filtration, it would take a mask with PTFE to 1) be heated to an extremely high
temperature — 300 to 400 degrees celsius or 572 to 752 degrees Fahrenheit, 2)
for fumes to be released, and 3) for those fumes to be breathed in, for any
ailment to be caused. The specific condition the highly unlikely hypothetical
scenario would cause is not a cancer, but rather is a flu-like ailment known as
“[polymer fume fever](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4544973/),”
informally known as Teflon flu. Most surgical face masks do not contain PTFE,
and are made out of a different type of plastic called polypropylene. If you do
have a mask that contains PTFE, there is no evidence that wearing the mask would
cause any flue-like symptoms or other negative outcomes when worn properly and
normally.

WHY DOES EVERYONE HAVE TO GET A VACCINE FOR A VACCINE TO WORK?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 14, 2020
|
Updated on
Nov 1, 2020
August 2, 2021
|
Explainer
While the current data is promising, the study is ongoing, and more information
is needed before Pfizer can pursue U.S. FDA approval. To ensure that there are
not major safety concerns, the U.S. FDA is requiring manufacturers to provide at
least two months of follow-up data for at least half of the volunteer
participants. Most serious side effects from vaccines occur within about six
weeks after the vaccine is given. In vaccine clinical trials, any observed
impacts of the vaccine on volunteer participants are eventually considered side
effects with more serious side effects causing the trials to pause or stop
completely. No safety concerns about these potential side effects have been
reported so far.

HOW EFFECTIVE ARE REMDESIVIR AND FAVIPIRAVIR, AND CAN THEY BE TAKEN WITHOUT
MEDICAL SUPERVISION?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 22, 2020
|
Updated on
Oct 29, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
On November 19, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended against
the use of the antiviral Remdesivir (also known as Veklury) due to lacking
evidence, following months of controversy regarding the utility of the drug.
This decision was made based on four trials, including one conducted by the WHO,
called the Solidarity trial, which is the largest so far and includes over 5,000
patients being used to study Remdesivir. The pre-print study found that
Remdesivir (along with Hydroxychloroquine, Lopinavir and Interferon) regimens
appeared to have little or no effect on hospitalized COVID-19, measured by by
rates of overall mortality, initiation of ventilation, and the duration of stay
in the hospital. The study also found that that Remdesivir does not reduce
COVID-19 deaths. The trial studied data from 405 hospitals in 30 countries, and
randomly assigned more than 11,000 people hospitalized with COVID-19 to assess
Remdesivir and three other drugs. 301 of 2,743 people hospitalized with COVID-19
taking Remdesivir died, compared with 303 of 2,708 who were not taking
Remdesivir, demonstrating that Remdesivir does not have a statistically
significant mortality benefit. Despite this recommendation by the WHO,
Remdesivir continues to be recognized as a credible treatment for COVID-19 among
hospitalized individuals, including in the U.S., Japan, and Germany. On October
22, 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Remdesivir based
off of the evidence of three randomized controlled trials. Remdesivir was the
first officially approved treatment of COVID-19 within the U.S. The approval
followed the FDA’s Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for Remdesivir on May 1.
Remdesivir was developed by pharmaceutical company Gilead. The other three
studies the WHO panel reviewed evidence for to make their decision found more
positive evidence regarding Remdesivir, but were smaller in size. One clinical
trial, conducted by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,
assessed COVID-19 recovery time within 29 days of being treated. The trial
looked at 1,062 hospitalized subjects with mild, moderate, and severe COVID-19
who received Remdesivir versus those who did not. The median time to recovery
from COVID-19 for those who received Remdesivir was 10 days compared to 15 days
for those who did not, a statistically significant difference. The odds of
clinical improvement were also higher for those who took Remdesivir at Day 15
compared to those who did not. This difference, however, was not statistically
significant. A second study found that the odds of a subject’s COVID-19 symptoms
improving were higher if they had taken Remdesivir compared to if they had
received the standard of care. If the drug was taken for 10 days rather than 5
days, the chances increased more, but not to a statistically significant extent.
The third, separate study found that a patient’s odds of their COVID-19 symptoms
improving were similar for those taking Remdesivir for 5 days as those for 10
days, and that there were no statistically significant differences in recovery
or mortality rates between the two groups. Once again, these studies are smaller
in size than the WHO Solidarity trial. Favipiravir is also considered to be a
possible treatment for COVID-19. A small study showed the virus being reduced
faster with the drug in comparison to other medications. Without further study,
there is not enough evidence suggesting effectiveness and safety. Many studies
for COVID-19 treatments remain underway, and it is too early to determine which
additional ones may be effective therapeutic options for COVID-19 patients. When
Favipiravir or any medication not officially approved is prescribed, it is
important that medical providers monitor the patient's clinical condition noting
effectiveness and possible negative side effects.

WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR ABOUT USING VCO FOR COVID-19?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Oct 26, 2020
|
Updated on
Oct 29, 2020
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is being studied in the Philippines and other countries
as a potential supplementary treatment for COVID-19 — that is, a potential
additional treatment used in combination with other COVID-19 treatments. These
community-based trials are being carried out by the Filipino Department of
Science and Technology (DOST) at the Sta. Rosa Community Hospital in Laguna, and
involved both probable cases of COVID-19 (i.e. highly suspected cases) and mild
cases of COVID-19. There are also two trials being carried out at the Philippine
General Hospital (PGH) looking into the effects of VCO on moderate cases of
COVID-19 or those who are hospitalized. These two sets of studies aim to
understand if VCO can shorten the COVID-19 recovery time, prevent further
complications, and prevent hospitalization time. These studies follow 6 months
of laboratory experiments that found VCO to decrease the coronavirus count by 60
to 90% for mild to moderate cases of COVID-19. If proven to be effective with
sufficient evidence in the community-based trials, VCO could be a safe and
affordable supplementary treatment for COVID-19. It is important to note that
these studies are still in development and that The World Health Organization
(WHO) does not support the use of any specific medication to treat, cure, or
prevent COVID-19. While coconut oil is safe in certain doses, more evidence is
needed to understand its effect on COVID-19 and it should not be used as a
COVID-19 treatment or prevention medication.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT USING CT SCANS TO DIAGNOSE COVID-19?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Oct 26, 2020
|
Updated on
Oct 29, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
High levels of false negatives from RT-PCR testing and long waits to receive
test results have led many medical institutions to use chest CT (computed
tomography) scans to diagnose COVID-19. Several studies, mostly conducted in
China, have shown higher sensitivity of CT scans in detecting coronavirus when a
PCR test showed a negative result. However, this does not mean that CT scans
alone should be used for disease identification. CT scans can also miss
detecting the virus and be misidentified with other pulmonary infectious/ viral
pneumonias. Some experts believe that CT scans do not add any diagnostic value,
while others believe that from a population health perspective during a
pandemic, CT scans should be used to isolate suspicious cases for COVID-19,
because of its high sensitivity and rapid identification. Some studies support a
dual approach of CT scans and RT-PCR, or the use of chest CT scan to screen for
coronavirus when RT-PCR tests are negative. CT scans are relatively expensive
compared to swab tests and also expose patients to a small dose of radiation.
Some experts argue that because CT scans are resource intensive, they cannot be
used as a population-wide testing tool. The American College of Radiology (ACR)
and US CDC recommend against using Chest CT scanning for screening or diagnosis
of coronavirus disease 2019. On the other hand, the National Health Commission
of China has encouraged the use of Chest CT scans for diagnosis. Local resource
constrains and expert physician advise on individual patient conditions are
important factors in deciding on the use of CT scans or not.

DO POSITIVITY RATES SHOW HERD IMMUNITY HAS BEEN REACHED?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 3, 2020
|
Updated on
Oct 27, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Positivity rates of COVID-19 are not an indication of herd immunity. The rate of
positivity in a community is defined as the percentage of total COVID-19 tests
that come back positive out of all the people who have been tested in that
community or population, within a given time period. Positivity rates can
indicate an increasing outbreak, if the rate of positive tests increases while
the amount of testing stays the same. A positivity rate can also indicate that
not enough tests are being conducted, if more tests come back with positive
results but tests were conducted on a smaller percentage of the population than
the week before. Neither of these have anything to do with herd immunity. "Herd
immunity" refers to a given percentage of people that need to become immunized
to a virus, through vaccines or through becoming infected in a natural setting,
against a virus in order to provide safety for an entire population—i.e. the
herd. It's the idea that if most people are immune, then the rate of
transmission will be low or non-existent. COVID-19 is not vaccine-preventable at
this time and we know very little about how we become immune to the virus. Herd
immunity would require a large majority of the population to become infected
with the virus and obtain long-term immunity to COVID-19 — but since we know so
little about long-term immunity right now, we can't say anything about herd
immunity in relation to COVID-19. Percent positive rates of COVID-19 are not
being used to determine herd immunity in a community because we know so little
about immunity in general, and because positive rates can mean a wide variety of
things. If there is a higher percentage of positive test results in a region,
this is not indicative of any potential for herd immunity, because evidence to
support long-term immunity is lacking.

WHAT DO RISING COVID-19 CASES DURING THE FALL OF 2020 IN U.S. MIDWESTERN STATES
MEAN FOR OTHER STATES, LIKE FLORIDA?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Oct 23, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Without a distinct, explicit, and obvious uptick in travel pattern volumes, and
access to data about those travel pattern volumes, it is not possible to predict
how the number of cases in one state or geographical region, such as the U.S.
Midwest, will impact COVID-19 infection rates in another state or region, such
as Florida. Known mass migration from one region to another could help
epidemiologists predict how COVID-19 may spread, but U.S. travel tends to be
spontaneous and multidirectional, with individuals traveling across and between
different regions, rather than traveling as a large group from one specific
region to another. Though widespread travel and transmission patterns are
difficult to predict, we can reasonably conclude that a high volume of COVID-19
cases throughout the United States means that the likelihood of transmission of
COVID-19 in the country is high, compared to other parts of the world. To
prevent the spread of COVID-19, public health experts continue to recommend that
people wash their hands, wear masks (the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention recommends wearing a cloth mask over a surgical mask for increased
protection), avoid crowds (especially indoors), practice social distancing, and
stay home when possible. Out of the top five states that have seen COVID-19
cases rise the fastest during the first couple weeks of October 2020, four
states (Idaho, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota) are in the Midwest. Some
health care workers and public health researchers have referred to the rising
cases in the Midwest during the fall of 2020 as a "third wave," after the summer
wave and the initial wave of COVID-19 cases. Dr. Anthony Fauci and other
infectious disease experts have warned that states across the U.S. could see
another wave of COVID-19 cases, particularly with current case numbers remaining
high in several places, colder weather setting in and coinciding with what is
typically the annual influenza (flu) season, and people starting to become
fatigued with maintaining pandemic prevention measures. Simultaneously in
Florida, 5,558 new COVID-19 cases were reported on October 22, 2020, which is
one of the highest single-day increases that the state has seen since mid-August
2020 (the only days with higher numbers in the fall of 2020 are thought to be
due to irregularities in reporting). The reported increase brings Florida's
statewide total to 768,091 COVID-19 cases and over 16,470 deaths related to
COVID-19 as of October 22, 2020. Following the Florida Governor's decision on
September 25, 2020 to move to Phase 3 of their reopening plans, including fully
open bars and restaurants, public health experts have been warning that Florida
could see a rise in COVID-19 cases and that this could also coincide with the
anticipated flu season.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT UV LIGHT AND COVID-19?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Oct 21, 2020
|
Updated on
Oct 21, 2020
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
Using an at-home ultraviolet (UV) light is ineffective at treating, curing or
preventing COVID-19, and can be highly dangerous. There is one type of UV ray
(UVC rays) that can kill the COVID-19 virus, but it is highly dangerous to use
UVC ray treatment unless you’re properly trained. It is not intended for use
outside of hospital settings, such as in public non-hospital spaces or at home.
Exposing yourself or your belongings to at-home non-UVC UV rays through lamps or
lights for any period of time does not prevent someone from spreading COVID-19
to another person or catching COVID-19 from another person, and does not
disinfect items. Long-term exposure to sunlight or UV radiation can be very
damaging and increase your risk of skin cancer. As of now, there is no clear
benefit of using any at-home UV products for preventing or treating COVID-19.

DOES MENTAL STATE OR EMOTION PREVENT COVID-19 FROM SPREADING?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Oct 19, 2020
|
Updated on
Oct 21, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Mental state and emotion cannot prevent COVID-19 from spreading. The use of face
coverings, physical distancing and hand washing are recommended guidelines by
WHO and US CDC health officials to reduce the spread of the SAR-CoV-2 virus. A
recent study by researchers at Aarhus University found that people who are
empathetic towards those who may be more vulnerable to the infection tend to
wear face masks and maintain physical distancing more often. The study
demonstrates that evoking empathy may be effective for promoting and encouraging
the use of face masks and physical distancing, compared with using factual
information alone. The findings do not imply that if one is empathetic or in a
particular mental state, they will not spread the virus.

WHY DO VACCINE CLINICAL TRIALS SOMETIMES STOP OR SUSPEND OPERATIONS?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 14, 2020
|
Updated on
Oct 16, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Pausing or suspending clinical trials occurs frequently in the development of
new medications and vaccines. This is because every clinical trial is overseen
by a data and safety monitoring board that routinely looks at data from the
different trial phases to see if there are any harmful or adverse issues
happening in trial participants. The board also monitors to see if there is any
evidence of the vaccine being effective. If the board has any concerns at any
point during a clinical trial, they will suggest stopping a trial until they can
determine a) what caused the patient(s) to develop a harmful medical issue, b)
if people receiving the vaccine in the clinical trials are doing much better
than those who didn't, or c) if people who received the vaccine are doing much
worse than the people who didn't. These prescheduled checks by the boards may
sound alarming, but they occur frequently in all phases of clinical trials. As
vaccines move into the third phases of clinical trials, in which they are given
to tens of thousands of people, it is not surprising that one or more people
develop a medical issue which may or may not be related to the vaccine itself.
Lists of side effects that you see on medications stem from these clinical trial
phases. Studies also have pre-set protocols and criteria that determine what
events will cause them to pause or stop their research phases. They cannot
ethically continue with the trial if they have reasons for concern about the
health of clinical trial participants who have received their vaccines.

WHAT ARE THE PROS AND CONS OF EACH AVAILABLE COVID-19 TEST?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Oct 15, 2020
|
Updated on
Oct 16, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
There are 3 main types of COVID-19 tests. Two are diagnostic (molecular and
antigen tests), which means they show active infections. One test type looks for
antibodies that occur in the body following a previous infection (also known as
antibody tests). 1) Molecular tests (polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests,
viral RNA tests, and nucleic acid tests) are completed using nasal swabs, throat
swabs, and through testing bodily fluids like saliva. These tests look for
evidence of genetic material from the virus. They have a low rate of
false-positive results (when a test says you have the virus, but you do not) but
a higher rate of false-negative results (when a test says you do not have the
virus, but you really do). Using a deep nasal swab PCR test that collects viral
material at the back of nose, near your throat, is the most trusted option of
the molecular tests. That's because it is the most accurate, and there is a
higher amount of virus in that area of the body than anywhere else. These tests
are highly sensitive, which means they are able to accurately determine when a
person actually has an infection. However, the method is uncomfortable, the
results can take hours to days, they are the most expensive to do, and can be
overly sensitive and pick up inactive virus fragments when a person no longer
has an active infection. 2) Antigen tests are completed using nasal or throat
swabs and they look for proteins (antigens) from the virus. Most people are
familiar with this technology because it is commonly seen in pregnancy tests.
These results are available in as little as 10 minutes, the test is less
expensive than other forms, and uses simpler technology than PCR tests. These
tests are usually highly accurate for positive results, but might require a
molecular test to confirm if a person really is negative because they can often
have a high rate of false-negative results. 3) Antibody tests are different than
diagnostic tests because they are blood tests that look for a former COVID-19
infection through the presence of antibodies, a protein that latches on to
foreign invaders in the body - in this case, COVID-19 - neutralizes them, and
then remains in a person's system after infection. A person produces COVID-19
antibodies when they are exposed to the virus, so an antibody test can show
whether or not someone has been infected in the past. Antibody test results are
usually available within a few days. However, these tests produce a lot of
false-negatives and we don't know enough about how long antibodies last after
exposure or infections, how long any immunity might last, and how many
antibodies are needed in a person who has recovered from the virus to show a
positive test result. There are many different elements involved in how accurate
or reliable tests may be at the time they are taken and at the stage of exposure
and infection each person is presently in, and every testing type has different
strengths or weaknesses. It is important to remember that the best test for each
person should be chosen with their doctor on an individual basis.

WHAT DOES THE SCIENCE SAY ABOUT COVID-19 ON SURFACES?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 20, 2020
|
Updated on
Oct 16, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
The virus that causes COVID-19 primarily spreads through close, person-to-person
contact, not through surface contamination. However, the virus can live on
surfaces and the amount of time that SARS-CoV-2 can survive on a surface depends
on the material of the surface. According to a recent study published in the
Virology Journal, depending on the temperature, COVID-19 survived on different
surfaces from a few hours to several days, with a half-life (time taken for 50%
of the virus to no longer be infectious) of up to 2.7 days. The virus remained
infectious on stainless steel, polymer and paper notes, glass, cotton and vinyl
for much longer at 20°C as compared to 40°C. In practice, the amount of the
virus on a surface usually drops dramatically in the first few hours. It is also
important to note that even though some of the living virus might still be
detected on a surface after several hours or days, it might not be present in a
large enough quantity to make someone sick. The recent findings, however,
suggest that the virus can remain infectious for longer periods of time than
considered earlier, especially at lower temperatures. If a person touches a
contaminated surface with traces of the virus and then touches their eyes, nose,
or mouth, they could become infected if the surface contains large amounts of
the virus. This is why it is important to clean and disinfect any surfaces that
people might come into contact with, especially those like doorknobs, cell
phones, light switches, handles, countertops, sinks, toilets, and more. If
possible, people should try to avoid touching high-contact surfaces in public.
Washing your hands for 20 seconds, avoiding touching your face, maintaining six
feet (two meters) of distance and wearing a mask (the U.S. Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention recommends wearing a cloth mask over a surgical mask for
increased protection) are key steps in combatting the spread of the virus.

WHAT ARE THE MARKERS OF A SECOND COVID-19 WAVE?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Oct 15, 2020
|
Updated on
Oct 16, 2020
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
There is no single definition of a “wave” of a disease in public health.
Defining a disease wave varies across scientific literature and even by the
scientist you ask. This lack of continuity has to do with the complexity of
disease outbreaks, and in particular 1) the ways in which diseases affect
different populations at different times, 2) the difficulty in accessing
accurate data, and 3) most importantly, the lack of a standardized definition of
a disease wave. We do, however, know a disease wave when we see one in public
health, and agree on indicators of second, third, and fourth waves, and beyond.
A disease wave can be thought of as a sustained surge (or spike) in cases,
following and relative to a period of sustained low cases. Think of a line on a
graph that curves high (first wave), dips low (end of the first wave), then
curves high again (second wave). In defining the end of a first wave for the
U.S., on June 18 2020, Dr. Anthony Fauci, U.S. White House advisor and director
of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, told the
Washington Post that in order to consider the first wave in the U.S. technically
"over", we would need to see a specific region, state, or city have a sustained
decrease of positive infection rates until they were in the low single digits.
This is just one expert's definition, however, and just because a region may not
have reached single digits of positive test rates does not mean they might not
be considered by some to be in a second wave now, and by others in a third wave,
if they’re seeing a significant and sustained surge in positive rates compared
to what that area’s positive test rate number was previously.

CAN PINK EYE BE A SYMPTOM OF COVID-19?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Oct 13, 2020
|
Updated on
Oct 15, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye because it can cause the white of the eye
to appear red or pink, is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva (a
transparent membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the white part of the
eye). Conjunctivitis can have different causes, including bacterial infections
and viral infections (including adenoviruses, which cause the common cold, and
the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19). The appearance of reddish eyes can
also be due to allergies, dryness, fatigue, or other factors and does not
necessarily mean a person has conjunctivitis. Some research studies have
identified conjunctivitis as a possible symptom of COVID-19, including a study
of 38 patients with COVID-19 in China, which found that 12 of the patients had
ocular or eye-related symptoms such as conjunctivitis. Patients with more severe
COVID-19 were more likely to have ocular symptoms, and 1 patient in the study
presented with conjunctivitis as their first symptom. In Canada, a case study
was published on a female patient with COVID-19 who had severe conjunctivitis
and minimal respiratory symptoms. In the U.K., another case study of a male
patient with COVID-19 found that conjunctivitis was a symptom in the middle
phase of COVID-19 illness. A review of ocular symptoms in COVID-19 patients that
was published in August 2020 found no reports of COVID-19 becoming
sight-threatening. The American Academy of Ophthalmology has stated that
conjunctivitis can be an infrequent symptom of COVID-19, estimated to occur in
1% to 3% of patients who test positive for COVID-19. A meta-analysis of 1167
patients in 3 studies found that the overall rate of conjunctivitis was 1.1%,
with the rate being 3% in patients with severe COVID-19 and 0.7% in patients
with non-severe COVID‐19. Conjunctivitis may be more common as a COVID-19
symptom in children. A study of 216 children with COVID-19 in China found that
22.7% showed an ocular symptom, including conjunctivitis. Since conjunctivitis
is not among the most common COVID-19 symptoms and can have underlying causes
that are unrelated to COVID-19, many public health and medical experts are
advising that adults and children with suspected conjunctivitis seek care for
their eyes. If someone with conjunctivitis has been at risk of exposure to
COVID-19, a healthcare provider can help with determining whether a person with
conjunctivitis should also get tested for COVID-19.

IS THE RUSSIAN VACCINE A SUCCESSFUL CURE FOR COVID-19?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 13, 2020
|
Updated on
Oct 8, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
COVID-19 vaccines are being developed to prevent people from getting the
disease, not to treat or cure patients who already have the disease. Many
experts continue to caution that a vaccine may not be widely available until
2021, which would already be record-breaking timing for vaccine development,
manufacturing and distribution. In the summer of 2020, Russia's Sechenov First
Moscow State Medical University announced human clinical trials of a COVID-19
vaccine, with 18 people vaccinated on June 18 and 20 people vaccinated on June
23. Russia's initial announcements of their human clinical trials were
accompanied by projections that the vaccine could be distributed in August and
mass produced by private corporations in September 2020. Health experts
responded with cautions about how there are many challenges in scaling up from a
vaccine that has been tested on just a few dozen people in one country to a
commercially available vaccine that is available and suitable for millions of
diverse people around the world. In August 2020, President Vladimir V. Putin
announced that Russia approved its first COVID-19 vaccine, although global
health authorities warned that the vaccine has not yet completed important
late-stage clinical trials with larger numbers of people to determine the
vaccine's safety and effectiveness. The first approved Russian vaccine, called
Gam-COVID-Vac Lyo, was registered by the Gamaleya Research Institute of
Epidemiology and Microbiology at the Health Ministry of the Russian Federation
for a combined phase 1 and 2 trial. Public health experts have been concerned
that skipping phase 3 clinical trials and rushing vaccine approval can
potentially endanger people. Russia's first approved vaccine is now being
offered outside of trials in small quantities to people at higher risk of
infection, such as healthcare workers. In September 2020, the head of
Rospotrebnadzor, a Russian agency regulating health care, announced that Russian
researchers have completed early clinical trials of a second vaccine, which uses
proteins that mimic those in the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. This differs
from the first approved vaccine in Russia, which uses common cold viruses.
Beyond the Russian vaccine trials, there are several human clinical trials for
COVID-19 vaccine candidates happening around the world, with some trials
involving hundreds or thousands of people over observation periods of many
months. Rigorous clinical trials are important to understand whether vaccine
candidates are safe and without major negative side effects, as well as whether
vaccine candidates are effective and can actually provide immunity for long
periods of time.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE USE OF THE DRUG AVIFAVIR TO TREAT COVID-19?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 15, 2020
|
Updated on
Oct 8, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Avifavir is an antiviral medication primarily used to treat severe cases of
influenza. This medication is currently being studied in several countries as a
potential experimental treatment for COVID-19, but we do not yet have enough
evidence to determine whether or not Avifavir is an effective treatment for the
virus. Recently in Russia, the health ministry approved the medication's use as
a COVID-19 treatment by using an accelerated, short-term form of a clinical
trial with fewer people involved than traditional studies would normally
require. However, this study has not been published in a peer-reviewed journal
so the data, methods, and other study characteristics have yet to be critiqued
or evaluated by other scientists. Though this research is still occurring in the
country, Russia's preliminary results suggested Avifavir might help reduce the
number of days people are infected with the virus and shorten the duration of
time people experience high-grade fevers while sick. In September 2020, a
publication from India reviewed clinical trials in China and Japan, along with
the on-going trials in Russia and other on-going studies in Saudi Arabia, the
United States, and India. The researchers acknowledged that Avifavir does not
have as much supportive data to back its use compared to other drugs, but that
it may be emerging as a medication that is worth considering in mild to moderate
cases. The preliminary results from a study in India suggest that Avifavir may
help reduce the time it takes for COVID-19 patients to recover, and lead to a
two-day shorter viral shedding period when patients are infectious. Until more
studies are completed and a greater amount of data can demonstrate Avifavir's
efficacy and safety, we do not have enough information to determine whether or
not this medication can help treat COVID-19.

IS THE ISOLATION PERIOD OF COVID-19 PATIENTS BEING RE-EVALUATED? IS THERE ANY
RESEARCH THAT SHOWS THE VIRUS STAYS IN THE BODY FOR A PERIOD OF 90 DAYS?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Oct 6, 2020
|
Updated on
Oct 8, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Public health agencies have been updating their recommendations for isolation
during the COVID-19 pandemic, as the scientific understanding of how long
someone can be sick and infectious to others evolves. For example, the U.K.
Chief Medical Officers extended their isolation period for people who test
positive from 7 days to 10 days in July 2020, the Indian Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare reduced their isolation period for international travelers from
14 days to 7 days in August 2020, and the French Prime Minister reduced their
self-isolation period for people who test positive from 14 days to 7 days in
September 2020. The World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for releasing
COVID-19 patients from isolation was updated in late May 2020 to recommend that
people who are asymptomatic remain in isolation for 10 days, and that people
with symptoms remain in isolation for at least 10 days after symptom onset and
at least another 3 days without symptoms (or a minimum of 2 weeks). One large
contact tracing study found that people were less likely to become infected with
COVID-19 when exposed to a positive case after 6 days or more of the infected
person's symptom onset, which is in alignment with how certain countries are now
using 7 days as their recommended isolation period. Other studies suggest people
with mild to moderate cases of COVID-19 may be infectious up to 10 days after
the symptom onset, with a documented case report of a person with mild COVID-19
who was shedding "replication-competent" virus specimens (an indicator for being
able to infect others) for up to 18 days after symptom onset. Furthermore, some
research suggests that people with more severe cases of COVID-19 or who are
severely immunocompromised may remain infectious for up to 20 days after symptom
onset. In terms of COVID-19 patients having evidence of the virus in their
bodies for long periods of time, there have been studies suggesting that people
with COVID-19 can continue to shed detectable virus specimens from their upper
respiratory system for up to 3 months (or about 90 days) after symptom onset,
but it is important to recognize that this may not be at a concentration that's
high enough for the virus to replicate and infect others. People who continue to
shed virus specimens for many weeks or even months after symptom onset are
sometimes called "persistently positive," but according to a review of studies
by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there is currently
little evidence of transmission by "persistently positive" people who have
clinically recovered from COVID-19. Most of the data on how long people with
COVID-19 remain infectious comes from adults, so more research is needed to
understand how long children and infants may remain infectious. Additionally,
research is ongoing on how the virus is shed in certain situations, such as in
people who are immunocompromised. As more research findings emerge, public
health guidelines will likely be updated around the recommended isolation
periods for people with COVID-19 or who have been in contact with someone
confirmed to have COVID-19.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT TRANSMISSION ON AIRPLANES?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Oct 5, 2020
|
Updated on
Oct 6, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
COVID-19 transmission on airplanes is still being researched. There have been
documented cases of COVID-19 transmission on airplanes, with the majority being
to people seated within 1-2 rows of an infected person or through contact with
airline crew. While traveling on an airplane is not risk-free for COVID-19
transmission, it is generally considered a lower-risk activity due to how air is
circulated through a HEPA (high efficiency particulate air) filter and mixed
with fresh air from outside, and especially when other public health guidelines
are followed such as passengers wearing masks or face coverings, passengers
maintaining physical distance as much as possible, and disinfecting surfaces
between passengers. On crowded flights, the risk of COVID-19 transmission is
higher when it may not be possible to avoid sitting within 6 feet of other
people, sometimes for several hours. Other COVID-19 transmission risks related
to airplane travel include being in proximity to other people when at airport
terminals and security lines, being in contact with frequently touched surfaces
in places such as public restrooms, and being in proximity to other people
during some forms of transport to and from the airport like ridesharing services
and public transportation.

IS IT TRUE THAT INDIA'S BHARAT BIOTECH IS NOT TOO FAR AWAY FROM FINDING A
VACCINE FOR COVID-19 AS THEY HAVE NOW BEEN APPROVED FOR HUMAN TRIALS?

by
Fallback
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 6, 2020
|
Updated on
Oct 6, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
At this time, it is unlikely that a vaccine for COVID-19 will be produced before
2021. The Indian Council of Medical Research, the primary body overseeing
clinical research for COVID-19 in India, has pushed to fast-track clinical
trials for the Bharat Biotech-developed drug COVAXIN, which is currently in
Phase II trials. ICMR had initially announced an ambitious deadline of August
15th 2020 to launch the vaccine, which had been criticized by doctors and
researchers as a rushed and impractical timeline that carries substantial risks.
ICMR has clarified that the intention is to complete the trials as fast as
possible and speed up recruitment of participants, but everything will depend on
the results of the clinical trials. The timeline to develop a safe and effective
vaccine is lengthy and requires several stages of clinical trials, as well as
plenty of regulatory oversight. This process usually takes several months and
can continue for more than a year. Even if pre-clinical data is promising, human
clinical trials that are necessary to deploy a vaccine take place in stages that
take a very long time, in order to assess efficacy and safety. The process
typically takes well over 12 months to complete. Lots of testing happens in
animals before a vaccine begins phased testing in humans. During the first stage
of vaccine testing on humans (Phase I), a new vaccine is provided to small
groups of people—which is the first time the vaccine is tested in humans. The
second stage (Phase II) involves testing the vaccine on people who have similar
characteristics (such as age and physical health) to the target population,
which means the group for which the vaccine is intended. The goal of this stage
is to identify the most effective dosages and schedule for Phase III trials. The
final stage (Phase III) provides the vaccine to hundreds of people across
several different healthcare settings from the target population to see how safe
and effective it is. Once the vaccine clears this last stage, the manufacturer
can apply for a license from regulatory authorities to market for human use.

WHAT WOULD SUCCESSFUL CONTACT TRACING LOOK LIKE FOLLOWING THE PRESIDENT OF THE
UNITED STATES’ COVID-19 INFECTION?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Oct 5, 2020
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
Given that the the period between exposure to COVID-19 and symptom onset can be
between 2-14 days, U.S. President Donald Trump could have been infected as early
as two weeks ago. He could have been contagious as early as approximately 12
days before his positive test result. Since other prominent individuals in
Donald Trump’s circles have also tested positive in days following Trump’s
positive result — such as Melania Trump, presidential adviser Hope Hicks, and
Trump campaign manager Bill Stepien — all infected members of the White House
may have overlapping chains of transmission and as a result, contact tracing
efforts will be complex. As a result, the optimal, comprehensive contact tracing
approach in this situation would look as follows: 1. Donald Trump and all
individuals who tested positive in his close circles would provide detailed
information on where they were and who they had close contact with in the 14
days prior each of their positive test results. Close contact includes anyone
who has been within 6 feet (2 m) of any of them for at least 15 minutes, or
indoors with any of them without a mask on within two days of any of the three
diagnoses 2. A team of contact tracers would then quickly alert the identified
individuals, to let them know that they may have been exposed to COVID-19 3. The
individuals from the close contact group would then be assessed for symptoms and
tested for COVID-19 4. The people from the close contact group who test negative
for COVID-19 would then be instructed to self-quarantine for 14 days after they
were exposed, keep social distance from others, self-monitor for COVID-19
symptoms, and send doctors and the state health department daily health updates
5. The people from the close contact group who don’t have symptoms, but have
also not been tested, would be instructed to follow guidelines as if they tested
negative 6. The people from the close contact group who test positive would be
instructed to self-isolated and recover at home for minimum 10 days and then
self-quarantine for 14 days after being exposed, seek medical care if they
experience emergency warning signs, and monitor symptoms and avoid spreading the
virus 7. The people from the list who have symptoms of COVID-19 but can’t be
tested would be asked to follow the guidelines as if they tested positive 8.
Each close contact would get tested again one week after initial testing 9.
Contact tracing steps 1-8 would repeat for the close contacts of each individual
who tests positive Though the incubation period of the virus that causes
COVID-19 is 2-14 days, the incubation period of infection is most often 3-5
days, so it's most likely that Trump was infected between Saturday, 9/26/2020,
and Monday, 9/28/2020. That makes him mostly likely infectious as of Tuesday,
9/29/2020. This entry was updated with new information on October 4, 2020.

IS THE FLU VACCINE MORE IMPORTANT DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 21, 2020
|
Updated on
Oct 5, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
As the Northern Hemisphere enters influenza (flu) season during the COVID-19
pandemic, it is more important than ever to get vaccinated against the flu.
Reasons include: - Reducing strains on health systems providing testing and care
- Preventing patients from becoming infected with the flu and COVID-19 at the
same time - Protecting the lives of people who are the most vulnerable to
getting sick, such as very young children, people with certain health
conditions, and older adults Flu cases occur year-round, but tend to peak during
the fall and winter seasons in the Northern Hemisphere. Seasonal flu vaccines,
also called flu shots when given via injection, help the body to develop
antibodies about two weeks after vaccination. These antibodies help the immune
system fight against infection from certain strains of influenza viruses. Each
year, research indicates what the most common influenza viruses may be during
the upcoming season, and flu vaccines are developed to tackle those strains. Flu
vaccines do not protect against every strain of influenza because there are
many, and mutations are frequent. Flu vaccines are widely considered safe and
effective for preventing illness and death from the flu. Flu vaccines can have
added benefits for people with certain chronic medical conditions, such as
reducing illness flare-ups in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) and reducing the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and death among people
with heart disease. There are many types of flu vaccines available, including
for children as young as 6 months of age and for older adults above 65 years of
age. Most flu vaccines are considered safe for the general population between 6
months and 65 years of age, including pregnant women and people with certain
health conditions. There are limited exceptions to who should get a flu vaccine,
based on factors such as age, health status, and allergies. Anyone with concerns
about getting a flu vaccine can consult a doctor. The U.S. Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends getting a flu vaccine every year, and
emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated against the flu in 2020 due to
the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. It is better to get a flu vaccine early in the
season, before the flu season peaks, rather than waiting until influenza viruses
are spreading in your community. When going to get a flu vaccine during the
COVID-19 pandemic, plan to take recommended precautions such as wearing a face
covering (preferably a cloth mask over a surgical mask) and practicing good
hygiene.

CAN THYMOSIN ALPHA-1 TREAT, CURE OR PREVENT COVID-19?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 21, 2020
|
Updated on
Oct 5, 2020
August 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Thymosin alpha-1 has not been shown to be safe or effective in preventing,
treating, or curing COVID-19. The drug has been sold under the brand name
Zadaxin, and was created to act as a lab-made version of a natural substance in
the body that can stimulate some immune functions and responses in humans.
However, despite many inaccurate claims by several wellness groups, thymosin
alpha-1 has never been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
for COVID-19, or any other condition. It has been granted "orphan drug
designation" in order to research the drug as a potential treatment for some
rare illnesses (though has yet to be approved for any). Thymosin alpha-1 has
been approved in 30 countries outside the United States for treatment of chronic
viral infections, including HIV and chronic hepatitis C, and it has some
promising research occurring in other types of disease responses, but has not
been designated as a COVID-19 treatment by the World Health Organization. Though
there are currently some studies being conducted that research the impact of
thymosin alpha-1 on COVID-19 patients, including clinical trials, there is not
enough evidence to support using this drug as a treatment or prevention tool for
the virus.

DO MASKS HEIGHTEN THE RISK OF 'ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT STRAINS OF PNEUMONIA' OR THE
RISK OF DEVELOPING PNEUMONIA AT ALL?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 21, 2020
|
Updated on
Sep 21, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
There is no evidence to suggest that the use of face masks increases the risk of
developing pneumonia, or any other bacterial, fungal or viral infection in the
lungs. In fact, according to a study published in the Preventive Medicine
journal, wearing face masks is shown to protect people against bacterial
infections in hospital settings, where health care workers are most prone to
antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The American Lung Association also endorses the
U.S. CDC recommendation of wearing masks in public. WHO and CDC both recommend
that general sanitation guidelines should be followed to ensure one is wearing
clean masks. Wet or visibly dirty masks should not be worn, as they can be
contaminated with micro organisms.

CAN NOSE SWAB TESTING FOR COVID-19 BE HARMFUL?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 21, 2020
|
Updated on
Sep 21, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Nasal or nose swab testing for COVID-19 is a completely standard and safe
procedure to detect COVID-19. It does not pose any significant risks to the
patient, beyond some discomfort. The procedure can trigger tears when performed
correctly, because it activates a reflex in your body. The procedure does not
last for more than five seconds per nostril, and there are no lasting effects
from the test. The nose swab needs to be inserted quite far into the nose in
order to get a sample of secretions that can be sent to a lab for analysis.
Since most people do not typically experience an object being inserted into the
nose on a regular basis, they can experience minor discomfort, but there are no
other short or long-term harms that result from the procedure. It is virtually
impossible for swab testing to access or have any impact on the blood-brain
barrier. The blood-brain barrier is a packed layer of cells that creates a
barrier, protecting molecules in the blood from the brain's blood vessels.
Rupturing the blood-brain barrier would require breaking through multiple layers
of tissue, drilling through bone, and going through blood vessels, which is not
possible with a nasal swab. The nasal swab technique is standard practice across
the world, and it cannot rupture the blood-brain barrier or the endocrine
glands, nor can it infect the brain, as some have falsely claimed.

ARE YOU AS LIKELY TO DIE FROM A COMMON COLD AS COVID-19?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 17, 2020
|
Updated on
Sep 18, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
COVID-19 is far more lethal than the virus that causes the common cold, even
though the vast majority of COVID-19 patients only experience mild or no
symptoms. The best available current evidence indicates that the novel
coronavirus is easily transmissible in the absence of social distancing and mask
wearing, and is responsible for more than 900,000 deaths globally. The common
cold is generally not lethal, with some rare exceptions. The flu, which is
deadlier than the common cold, killed 0.1% of the people who contracted it in
2019. It is still too early to discern accurate global death estimates for
people who have contracted COVID-19, but estimates have ranged from 1% to 25% of
all cases, depending on the country. Even conservative COVID-19 death rates
(around 1% ) would mean that the novel coronavirus is at least 10 times as
deadly as the flu, and significantly more lethal than the common cold. Compared
to the common cold, COVID-19 kills more people in every age group, and is
especially more lethal in the oldest age groups. However, it is important to
note that actual case numbers and the ability to accurately attribute cause of
deaths to COVID-19 is still evolving. As the pandemic progresses and scientists
receive a complete picture of all known infections, the risk of death will
become more clear.

HOW MIGHT WILDFIRES AND OTHER NATURAL DISASTERS IMPACT COVID-19 TRANSMISSION?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 16, 2020
|
Updated on
Sep 16, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Wildfires and natural disasters may impact COVID-19 transmission by increasing
the spread of the virus among people exposed to wildfires, smoke, and other
disasters. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S. CDC) noted
that "Wildfire smoke can irritate your lungs, cause inflammation, affect your
immune system, and make you more prone to lung infections, including SARS-CoV-2,
the virus that cause COVID-19." The more people cough and struggle to breathe
this way, the more likely they are to spread viral particles in the process.
This can spread those particles in the air and around the area so more people
are likely to be exposed to the virus in addition to the wildfire smoke. People
most at risk from wildfire smoke overlap with some of those most at risk for
COVID-19 including adults age 65 and older, pregnant people, people with chronic
health conditions, and people with limited access to medical care. For these
reasons, the U.S. CDC has outlined steps for preventing further spread of the
virus through several safety and prevention tips. Some of these tups include
reducing wildfire smoke exposure by seeking cleaner air shelters and air spaces
(while still maintaining social distancing and wearing masks) and creating a
cleaner air space at home by taking actions like using a portable air cleaners
with doors and windows closed, using do-it-yourself box fan filtration units,
use air conditions, heat pumps, fans, and windows shades, work with an HVAC
professional for help with different filters and settings, and avoid activities
that create more indoor and outdoor air pollution like frying foods, sweeping,
vacuuming, and using gas-powered appliances. In addition to limiting outdoor
exposure when it is smoky outside and chooser lower intensity activities to
reduce smoke exposure, the U.S. CDC recommends cloth face coverings or more
intense respirators, and getting prepared for the wildfire smoke season by
planning evacuation routes and stocking up on medicine. Finally, the U.S. CDC
suggests monitoring and planning for the weather including paying attention to
the air quality index and knowing the difference between COVID-19 and wildfire
smoke exposure symptoms.

CAN MASK WEARING LEAD TO OR CAUSE PLEURISY?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 14, 2020
|
Updated on
Sep 16, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Pleurisy, also known as pleuritis, is the inflammation of the pleura tissues
that separate the lungs from the chest wall. It can be caused by respiratory
infections, inherited genetic conditions, or certain medications. Public health
and medical experts have not found pleurisy to occur as a result of wearing a
mask or face covering to prevent COVID-19 transmission. Mask-induced pleurisy
has not been validated in scientific or medical literature. The Chief Medical
Officer of the American Lung Association stated that there is not a "medically
plausible mechanism for mask-wearing to cause pleurisy." Regarding concerns
about wearing masks for 3 hours or longer leading to pleurisy or other health
issues, healthcare workers have been wearing tighter masks for much longer than
8 hours a day without negative side effects. Wearing masks is generally
considered safe for children and adults. There are a few exceptions, for very
young children (under 2 years of age in the U.S.) and people with health
conditions that make it difficult to wear a mask (ex. certain pre-existing
pulmonary or cardiac issues, mental health conditions, developmental
disabilities). For the vast majority of people, wearing masks are an effective
way to help reduce COVID-19 transmission without causing any major side effects,
as long as masks are kept clean and used correctly.

DOES THE ANTIBIOTIC LEVOTOP 500 TREAT, PREVENT OR CURE COVID-19?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Sep 8, 2020
|
Updated on
Sep 8, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Levotop 500 is an antibiotic that is used to treat infections caused by
bacteria. COVID-19 is an infection caused by a virus, not a bacteria. Therefore,
Levotop 500 is not a medication that is effective in preventing, treating or
curing COVID-19. Levotop is used to treat bacterial infections like
pneumonia, bacterial sinusitis, gastroenteritis and chronic bronchitis. Some
antibiotics are being used in patients who are initially hospitalized because of
COVID-19 to treat "co-infections" or "superinfections." Co-infections can occur
when a COVID-19 patient also has a second infection, or catches one while
hospitalized, and needs antibiotics to treat the second infection.
Superinfections can happen on top or after an existing infection. It is possible
that a hospitalized COVID-19 patient's immune system is weaker than normal,
making it more vulnerable for all kinds of infections from germs, including
bacteria.

IF YOU CAN GET COVID-19 THROUGH YOUR NOSE AND MOUTH, WHY NOT YOUR EARS?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 27, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 28, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Getting infected with COVID-19 through the ear is not as likely as getting
infected through the nose, mouth, and eyes. Experts believe this is because the
surface of the outer ear canal is more like the skin on the rest of our bodies,
which acts as a protective barrier that makes it more difficult for the
SARS-CoV-2 virus, causing COVID-19, to enter. In contrast, the tissues lining
the surface of the nose, mouth, and eyes are mucous membranes (or a thin lining
of cells that secrete mucus), which are an easier way for SARS-CoV-2, the virus
causing COVID-19, to enter. Like the nose, mouth, and eyes, ears are connected
to the upper part of the throat and respiratory tract. Doctors and researchers
are currently looking into the risks of COVID-19 transmission when patients have
open ear injuries or are getting invasive ear procedures (ex. surgery), as both
the patients and the healthcare providers should be adequately protected from
exposure. For the average person, ears remain a less likely pathway for getting
COVID-19. There are currently not specific recommendations for preventing
transmission through ears. Preventative public health recommendations remain
focused on face coverings over the nose and mouth, eye protection for people who
may be at higher risk of exposure (ex. frontline workers), hand hygiene (ex.
avoid touching the face, clean hands with soap and water or alcohol-based
sanitizers), and physical distancing.

HOW MANY DAYS AFTER EXPOSURE SHOULD ONE BE TESTED TO YIELD THE MOST ACCURATE
RESULTS, AND WITH WHICH TEST?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 17, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 28, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Research suggests that diagnostic testing is more accurate a few days after
symptoms start, or around a week after exposure to a person who is infected with
COVID-19. Testing more than once can confirm negative results, when appropriate,
and when tests are available. During the wait for test results, it is essential
for people who suspect they have COVID-19 or have been exposed to COVID-19, to
take precautions and self-isolate when possible. It is also important to
consider what type of test is being used to check for a COVID-19 infection, as
this will likely impact how accurate the test is and how long it will take to
get results. Molecular tests are among the most accurate diagnostic tests
currently available for detecting whether someone has an active COVID-19
infection. Molecular tests use methods such as RT-PCR (reverse transcription
polymerase chain reaction) to detect genetic material from SARS-CoV-2, the virus
that causes COVID-19, in respiratory samples such as nose and throat swabs.
Molecular tests have a higher risk of false negatives in the earliest days after
exposure and symptom onset, according to an August 2020 publication in the
Annals of Internal Medicine by researchers at John Hopkins University who
reviewed 7 published studies on the performance of RT-PCR molecular tests. The
researchers found that on average, the false negative rate was lowest around day
8 of an infection or 3 days after symptom onset (symptom onset is typically
several days after an infection starts), with the false negative rate rising
again as the infection continues. False negative test results in the early
stages of infection are concerning, because other research (including studies
published in Nature and the American Journal of Pathology) have found that
COVID-19 patients can be most infectious to others in the early days of
infection, when test results may be more likely to come back as false negatives.
Some testing policies recommend that people get tested twice to confirm a
negative result. Repeat testing to confirm negative results can be particularly
important for people who may interact with high-risk populations (ex. healthcare
workers, caretakers), people who may interact with many others outside of their
household (ex. an employee going back to the office, a student returning to
in-person classes), and people who may need medical care for COVID-19 (e.g.
elderly patients with underlying conditions). Molecular tests are a relatively
accurate type of diagnostic testing, and they have a lower chance of false
negatives when conducted a few days after symptoms start, or approximately a
week after exposure. A lower chance of false negatives does not mean there is no
chance of inaccurate test results, so repeat testing may be recommended to
confirm test results in certain situations. With all the ongoing research and
development work on COVID-19 tests, pandemic testing guidelines may continue to
evolve.

WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR ABOUT COVID-19 AND IMMUNITY?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 27, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 27, 2020
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
The evidence around COVID-19 and immunity is rapidly evolving. Based on what we
know so far, COVID-19 patients become immune (protected from reinfection) for at
least 3 months, if not longer, after they recover from the illness. However the
virus is still new and there are no long-term studies published about it yet, so
it's hard to accurately assess how long immunity persists in the population. A
study in Nature found that men's immune systems, particularly older men over the
age of 60, may make them twice as likely to get severely sick or die in
comparison to women from the same age group. These results are not entirely
surprising. Scientists already know that women's immune systems typically are
stronger at fighting other illnesses, compared to men. Public health experts
believe this may mean that men need to rely more on vaccination, rather than
natural infection, to safely protect against recurring infections. Levels of
antibodies, which are particles an infected person produces to fight off an
illness, typically shrink after recovery. In August 2020, the New York Times
reported the first documented case of re-infection with COVID-19. A 33-year-old
man, who was first diagnosed with COVID-19 on March 26, 2020, had no detectable
antibodies after his first infection. On August 15, 2020, he tested positive
again and researchers confirmed that the test result was due to a new infection,
rather than a prolonged previous infection. Antibodies are only one component
of the body's complex immune system and its response to COVID-19. Antibodies
prevent a future infections, but other mechanisms, like cytotoxic (also known as
killer) T-cells, can find and kill an infection. Memory B-cells also help bodies
produce antibodies to prepare for possible future infections. Based on the
current evidence so far on COVID-19, we know that if the initial infection is
more severe, immunity will typically last longer: re-infection might still be
possible, but it will be far less likely to result in another severe infection.

DOES EXHALED CARBON DIOXIDE IN A MASK CAUSE ANY SIDE EFFECTS?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 23, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 26, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Exhaled carbon dioxide caused by the use of face masks, including the N95 mask,
has not been shown to cause carbon dioxide toxicity or lack of adequate oxygen
in healthy people. Because the masks we make and purchase, and even the airtight
medical masks listed above, are designed for constant breathing, the risks of
any side effects are low. Again, for people diagnosed with illnesses such as
COPD, emphysema, and obesity, and in heavy smokers, the consistent use of
N95-like masks over long periods of time could cause some build-up of carbon
dioxide levels in the body. If people in this group are experiencing these side
effects, they should speak to their doctor.

ARE AIR PURIFIERS ESPECIALLY THE MINI, PORTABLE ONES WORN AS NECKLACES EFFECTIVE
IN PREVENTING TRANSMISSION OF COVID-19 OR OTHER CORONAVIRUSES?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 23, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 23, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Mini, portable air purifier necklaces (such as the type available for purchase
on consumer websites) have not been shown to prevent COVID-19 infection and
there have been no studies about their effectiveness to date. Indoor air
purifier units can help reduce tiny parts of virus in the air (airborne
contaminants) in a home or confined space if they are used correctly, but they
are not enough to protect people from COVID-19.

WHY DO SELF-ISOLATION OR QUARANTINE TIMELINES SOMETIMES CHANGE?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 22, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 22, 2020
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S. CDC) recently changed
quarantine guidelines. They now recommend that most people who test positive for
COVID-19 isolate themselves for 10 days after their symptoms begin. The CDC
previously recommended isolation for 14 days for the general population. They
changed it because the latest data shows that people with mild to moderate
COVID-19 (the majority of patients) are not likely to be infectious for longer
than 10 days after first experiencing symptoms. In some cases, people who are
experiencing more severe or critical symptoms from COVID-19 may need to
quarantine for a longer period of time (up to 20 days after symptoms have
started). Asymptomatic patients (individuals who never experience any symptoms,
but still test positive for COVID-19) can discontinue quarantine or
self-isolation precautions 10 days after their first positive test for
COVID-19. Sometimes detectable levels of the virus can still be found in
recovered patients, but there is no evidence to indicate that those patients are
actually able to transmit the virus to other people. As a result, the U.S. CDC
recommends ending quarantine or isolation measures after symptoms have ended. In
general, given the limited testing availability in the United States and many
other countries, the U.S. CDC does not recommend re-testing patients repeatedly
if they have completed a 10-day quarantine if they have no symptoms or if
symptoms have gone away, as long as the patient does not have other health
conditions that leave them immunocompromised. It is important to note that
isolation should only end at 10 days if the person hasn’t had a fever for at
least 24 hours or any other symptoms have not improved. Patients with severe
immune deficiencies may require additional tests in consultation with public
health and infection control experts before to ending their quarantine. The
World Health Organization (WHO) still recommends a 13-day period of
self-isolation for any person who has tested positive for COVID-19. For
asymptomatic patients who test positive for COVID-10, WHO recommends isolating
for 10 days after testing positive. If countries decide to implement testing as
part of their isolation strategy, the WHO recommends allowing people to stop
isolating after two negative rapid tests at least 24 hours apart. Overall, most
public health experts recommend a 10-day quarantine after a positive COVID-19
test, or after the start of symptoms.

IS THERE ANY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EATING SUGAR IN FOODS AND COVID-19?

by
Dr. Emily LaRose
Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 17, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 22, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
While a varied and balanced diet including fruits and vegetables does help to
support the immune system in general, there is no evidence to suggest that
special diets, consumption of particular foods, or taking vitamin, mineral, or
herbal supplements will prevent, treat or cure COVID-19. For patients with type
2 diabetes, using medications, diet controls (intentionally eating for your
condition, like controlling carbohydrate intake and limiting sugar), and
exercise to keep blood sugar levels within a normal range has been associated
with better outcomes in patients with COVID-19. While diets high in sugar have
been shown to impact health, it is not well understood how much added sugar is
needed to cause health problems. Studies show that people who consume diets that
are high in sugar are more likely to be overweight or obese and have other
health problems like insulin resistance (where their bodies are not able to use
sugar correctly), type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, kidney disease, or fatty
liver disease than people who consume little added sugar. In addition, sugar has
been linked with inflammation and poor immune function in the body, especially
when a person has insulin resistance or excess body fat. Researchers do not know
how much, what type, or under which conditions sugar may cause problems in the
short or long term.

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF COVID-19?

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
May 12, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 21, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
COVID-19 can impact people in different ways, but most people who are infected
with the virus will only have mild to moderate symptoms and won't need to be
hospitalized. Most cases of the virus are not dangerous, but should be taken
seriously. The World Health Organization says the most common symptoms are: -
fever - dry cough - tiredness Symptoms fewer people have include: - aches and
pains - sore throat - diarrhea - conjunctivitis - headache - loss of taste or
smell - a rash on skin, or discoloration of fingers or toes Symptoms that are
serious and which mean people should contact a medical professional as soon as
possible include: - difficulty breathing or shortness of breath - chest pain or
pressure - loss of speech or movement A person may have mild symptoms for a week
or so, and then their condition might worsen rapidly. There maybe others who
show no symptom at all. Children, generally speaking, have similar symptoms to
adults but with milder illness. People who are older have been shown to have
more severe forms of illness. Some people with COVID-19 have also been
experiencing neurological symptoms, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (relating to
the stomach and intestines), or both. Because we are learning more about this
virus every day, including new symptoms, it is important to pay attention to
what your body is feeling and contact a medical professional if you begin to
experience any of the above symptoms or notice any other changes in how you
normally feel. Additionally, the United States Centers for Disease Control
People with COVID-19 have had a wide range of symptoms reported – ranging from
mild symptoms to severe illness. This list does not include all possible
symptoms, but these may appear **2-14 days after exposure** **to the virus**: -
Fever or chills - Cough - Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing - Fatigue
- Muscle or body aches - Headache - New loss of taste or smell - Sore throat -
Congestion or runny nose - Nausea or vomiting - Diarrhea Additionally, the
United States Centers for Disease Control urges people to seek emergency medical
care if they are experiencing any of these symptoms: - Trouble breathing -
Persistent pain or pressure in the chest - New confusion - Inability to wake or
stay awake - Bluish lips or face

WHAT ARE VIRUS SHUT-OUT MASKS?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 10, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 21, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
There is no scientific evidence that products marketed as “virus shut-out” (i.e.
masks, cards, tags) prevent, treat or cure COVID-19 infection. In a search of
medical and scientific literature, there were no search results or studies that
mentioned “virus shut-out” masks. Based on the Virus Shut-Out Tag Facebook page
and a search of "virus shut-out" website information, the primary product being
promoted is the “virus shut-out” tag for wearing around one's neck. that will
reportedly “reduce the 90% risk of being infected by continuously sending out
the lowest concentration of chlorine dioxide.” The Virus Shut-Out Tag Facebook
page states that the cards “are not specifically made for COVID-19 and there’s
no approved therapeutic claims.” The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
states that the product is not registered with the EPA and “its safety and
efficacy against viruses have not been evaluated.” The U.S. Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (US CDC) website states that the alleged active property,
chlorine dioxide, is toxic and can be dangerous with long term or frequent
exposure. On the Virus Shut-Out Tag Facebook page, the “virus shut-out” tag is
promoted to be used “with masks for better and stronger protection.” It is not
clear if the masks on the company website are medical grade or provide
protection above and beyond what cloth face masks provide.

ARE TEACHERS MORE LIKELY TO BE INFECTED IN THE GENERAL COMMUNITY, OR IN SCHOOLS?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 19, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 21, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
This question can only truly be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, as there are
many different points that have to be considered. Variables include: - Where
schools are located (major cities, rural areas, small towns, etc.) - How many
children are in each classroom - How many students and teachers are wearing
masks all day - How much distance is between desks - How many other people live
with teachers in their homes - If the school is located in a place with a virus
outbreak - Individual behaviors like taking public transportation, social
distancing and mask wearing In addition to the individual risks each teacher
faces, schools pose additional risks due to the high number of students who are
in close contact with one another in closed, tight rooms. This can make
prevention tools like social distancing and frequent hand washing difficult. It
is also why it is important for school systems that are reopening, or have
already reopened, to create safe, healthy spaces for students and teachers with
policies like mandatory mask wearing, allowing for six feet/two meters of
distance between desks, routine testing (if possible), using proper ventilation,
consistent and frequent cleaning and decontamination of surfaces, installing
physical barriers, and avoiding group transportation. Keeping both students and
teachers safe in schools and communities depends on the behaviors, environments,
underlying risk factors, and choices made by school systems and individuals.
This is why it is not possible to accurately estimate where teachers are more
likely to get infected with COVID-19, but shows why it is so critical to prevent
the spread of the virus in all environments.

WHAT DO PEOPLE MEAN WHEN THEY REFER TO COVID-19 AS BEING A BLOOD VESSEL DISEASE?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 4, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 21, 2020
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
Patients who have been infected with COVID-19 can sometimes develop severe
symptoms. Some of these symptoms include things like blood clots, heart
problems, and "COVID toes." One thing all of these issues have in common is
their link to blood vessels, which are the tubes that deliver blood and oxygen
throughout the body. When these tubes, and the cells that line the insides of
the tubes (endothelial cells), have challenges carrying and spreading blood to
organs and tissues, issues like blood clots, kidney damage, inflammation of the
heart and swelling of the brain (encephalitis) can occur in patients. This is
why some doctors are calling the virus a "vasculotropic" virus (virus that
affects blood vessels). More research is needed to present such findings
conclusively. Though COVID-19 was originally thought to be a respiratory
illness, some researchers believe that the virus may be able to move from the
lungs into the blood vessels (pulmonary system), often causing additional
symptoms such as the ones mentioned above. While some patients have been
impacted by blood vessel-related symptoms, more research is still needed to
determine its exact impacts on the body and its organs. At this point in time,
blood clots due appear to be a major cause of negative health outcomes in
patients with severe cases of COVID-19, bringing heightened awareness to the
potential involvement of blood vessels and blood flow as an effect of the virus.

IS THERE ANY EVIDENCE FOR A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STAPH INFECTIONS AND USING
MASKS TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF COVID-19?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 20, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 20, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
It is very rare for a person wearing a mask to develop a staph infection as a
result of the mask. Staphylococcus aureus, also known as a 'staph infection,' is
a germ that can be found on people's skin, and can potentially cause serious
infections if it enters the bloodstream. Usually staph infections are minor and
can be treated with antibiotics, but more severe infections can be worrisome. In
order to develop a staph infection, the person wearing the mask would have to
have an open lesion or untreated wound on their face, but even then, it very
rarely happens. Some of the same prevention tips health organizations recommend
for preventing COVID-19 infections can help prevent staph infections, like
washing your hands rigorously, cleaning and bandaging wounds on your skin, and
regularly cleaning your mask. Wearing moisturizers like lotion can also help
protect your skin from irritation which could lead to an open wound, if the skin
becomes raw. Though cases of staph infections related to mask wearing are very
rare, it is important to take prevention measures seriously to avoid a potential
infection.

WHAT DOES IT MEAN FOR COVID-19 TO IMPACT THE BRAIN?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 20, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 20, 2020
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
Physicians and scientists are learning more about how COVID-19 impacts organs
outside of the respiratory system, such as the brain. The emerging evidence has
revealed that some COVID-19 patients experience neurological symptoms in the
brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia (cell bodies that relay nerve signals).
In early March 2020, observational data from 58 patients in France indicated the
presence of neurological symptoms such as agitation, confusion, disorientation,
and encephalopathy (brain damage). In April 2020, a study was published on 214
COVID-19 patients in China with "severe infection," where over a third were
reported to experience neurological symptoms, including acute cerebrovascular
diseases and impaired consciousness. In July 2020, another study on over 40
British patients provided additional evidence about neurological symptoms,
ranging from brain inflammation and delirium to nerve damage and stroke. Some of
these patients reported severe symptoms, such as strokes and paralysis resulting
from nerve damage, while others experienced more minor symptoms like
breathlessness and fatigue. Most of the cases with brain inflammation were
diagnosed with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), which is a rare
illness involving inflammation of the brain and spinal cord that results from
viral infections. Data from London indicated an increase in ADEM cases for this
study period during the pandemic, as the number of reported cases would
typically have been expected over a 5-month period rather than a 5-week period
in the city. SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, was not detected in
the cerebrospinal brain fluid of any of the British patients tested, which may
suggest that the virus did not directly attack the brain and that the symptoms
could have occurred post-infection. Vanderbilt University Medical Center
launched a study in July 2020 that will study delirium, post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD), and depression in patients who have been hospitalized with
COVID-19. These disabling impacts are also known as post-intensive care syndrome
(PICS), and previous studies of intensive care patients similar to COVID-19
patients suggest that 33-50% experience dementia, 10-20% experience PTSD, and
33% experience major depression. Researchers are also studying whether COVID-19
patients with brain inflammation are at higher risk of autoimmune disorders like
demyelination, where the protective coating of nerve cells is attacked by the
immune system and may lead to weakness, numbness and difficulty with daily
activities. With the increasing evidence of neurological symptoms, which have
not been found to occur as commonly as respiratory symptoms, researchers and
health care practitioners are continuing to observe patients around the world to
learn more about how COVID-19 impacts on the brain. The long-term implications
are still unclear, since COVID-19 is a new disease and there has not been enough
time to observe the development of symptoms in patients over long periods of
time.

WHAT IS COVID-19 DELIRIUM?

by
Dr. Saskia Popescu
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 15, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 20, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
COVID-19 delirium occurs in patients who have a sudden onset of mental
disturbances that results in confusion and a lack of accurate perceptions
regarding their environment and current state. Delirium itself is a change in
mental abilities that results in the inability to think clearly, reduced
awareness, and often emotional shifts. Delirium often occurs rapidly in patients
and is frequently attributed to severe or chronic illness, changes in metabolism
(the reactions and processes in your body that convert food into energy),
infections, and other factors. Researchers and doctors have been drawing
attention to the fact that regardless of age, potentially 1/3 of COVID-19
patients can develop symptoms of delirium. More recent studies have seen
delirium in 20-30% of hospitalized patients with higher rates occurring in
critically ill patients (upwards of 60-70%). For example, Vanderbilt University
Medical Center launched a study in July 2020 that will study delirium, among
other impacts on the brain, in patients who have been hospitalized with
COVID-19. The researchers share that in previous studies of intensive care
patients similar to COVID-19 patients, 33-50% experience dementia. Delirium can
lead to longer hospital stays, which increases the risk for complications. _This
entry was updated with new information on August 20, 2020._

WHAT IS ASSURANCE TESTING AND HOW CAN IT HELP WITH COVID-19 TESTING?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 10, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 14, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Assurance testing, also called 'universal testing,' is a process in which an
entire population gets tested for a virus several times over a specific period.
So far during the pandemic, testing has mostly been saved for people who are
experiencing symptoms, people who were in contact with individuals who tested
positive for COVID-19, or people who are at high-risk of infection. Assurance
testing would remove those limitations and allow everyone to get tested.
Assurance testing tests large regions so that if an outbreak happens, it can be
caught early and controlled through isolation measures. This type of testing
could help different regions as they begin to reopen economies, schools, and
other large gatherings after the lifting of lockdown and shelter in place
orders. Assurance testing can help people interact with one another safely
without leading to an increase in cases and uncontrollable outbreaks. Social
distancing and mask wearing are still recommended in most regions for the near
future, but assurance testing could help to maintain lower levels of the virus
in populations that have been able to reopen.

WHAT ARE THE MANY BENEFITS OF TESTING?

by
Fallback
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 29, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 13, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Testing provides several benefits during a pandemic, including early diagnosis,
contact tracing, prevention, and surveillance. Viral testing identifies if an
individual is currently infected with the virus that causes COVID-19. At the
individual level, it allows infected individuals who were potentially
experiencing symptoms to be diagnosed and access the care they need. At the
community level, viral testing prevents further infections since an infected
individual can take all necessary precautions to not infect other people. It
also allows public health experts to identify new cases and track the spread of
the virus through contact tracing by following the chain of transmission. Viral
testing is commonly used to test people who have symptoms of COVID-19 as well as
caregivers, essential workers, travelers, and others who may not show active
symptoms. Serology tests - also called antibody tests - are useful to find out
if an individual has been previously infected with the virus that causes
COVID-19. These kinds of tests look for antibodies in the blood, which determine
if there was a previous infection. It allows public health experts to find out
how many COVID-19 infections have occurred in the past, and to track what
percentage of the population has been infected over time, which has important
implications for surveillance. At a policy level, serology testing can guide
social distancing or quarantine guidelines. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control
use a serology surveillance strategy to better understand the spread of the
virus by testing in different locations, at different points of time, and within
different populations (ex. across age, ethnic and socioeconomic groups) in the
United States. However, it's important to note that the evidence surrounding
serology testing and its link to immunity (protection) is still evolving. We do
not understand fully if prior infection is evidence of immunity, know how long
antibodies can protect the body, or whether patients can get infected again
after a previous infection.

SHOULD DISINFECTION TUNNELS BE USED?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 10, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 12, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
The World Health Organization (WHO) and other international health agencies do
not recommend using disinfection tunnels to prevent transmission of COVID-19.
This is due to concerns about their safety and effectiveness. Disinfection
tunnels are spaces (such as a tunnel, room, cubicle, or cabinet) in which people
are sprayed with chemical disinfectants or exposed to other disinfection
methods, such as ultraviolet (UV) light. These disinfection methods are often
applied to the surfaces of objects. Their use directly on people can be
dangerous to human health and may not stop the transmission of COVID-19. If a
person is infected with COVID-19 and passes through a disinfection tunnel, any
disinfection would only be external and the infected person could still exhale
droplets (by breathing, speaking, coughing, sneezing, etc.) that could transmit
COVID-19 to others. People passing through disinfection tunnels can experience
physical as well as psychological harm. Chemical disinfectants sometimes used in
these tunnels can be toxic to the human body, leading to irritation or damage of
the eyes, skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal system (for example nausea or
vomiting). Some chemical disinfectants are flammable and explosive, generate
toxic gases, and are harmful to the environment. UV light exposure, which is
also sometimes used in disinfection tunnels, can lead to skin burns, skin
cancer, and eye damage. The International Ultraviolet Association (IUVA) states:
"there are no protocols to advise or to permit the safe use of UV light directly
on the human body at the wavelengths and exposures proven to efficiently kill
viruses such as SARS-CoV-2." Psychologically, the pain and stress of passing
through a disinfection tunnel can be traumatic. Preventative measures (such as
physical distancing, hand washing, wearing masks, and ensuring good ventilation)
are recommended to help reduce the transmission of COVID-19, but disinfection
tunnels are not recommended as a COVID-19 preventative measure.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BLOOD TYPE AND SEVERE REACTION TO
COVID-19

by
Dr. Anshu Shroff
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 8, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 12, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
As of now, there is not enough evidence to indicate whether or not there may be
some connection between blood type and COVID-19 risk, though the link is likely
to be minimal if it does exist. Studies previously cited in the news suggested
that Type A blood could be associated with higher risks of severe cases of
COVID-19, and reporting included studies that had not yet been assessed by
scientific experts (referred to in science as the peer-review process). One of
these recent studies had been peer-reviewed and published in the New England
Journal of Medicine (NEJM); however it used genes to determine the blood type,
which is a method that is not very accurate. The gene testing company, 23andMe,
recently released the preprint of a study (awaiting peer-review and using a
similar gene association method) that identifies a strong association between
blood type and COVID-19 diagnosis. The study suggests that people with blood
group O tested positive less often compared to people with other blood groups,
under similar circumstances. Two more recent studies from Columbia University
and Massachusetts General Hospital in the U.S. found that blood type is not
associated with risks of intubation or death from COVID-19, after adjusting for
other factors. While scientists continue to learn more, age and underlying
health conditions remain more significant risk factors for severe COVID-19
symptoms, and Type A blood is not thought to be a major risk factor at this
time. While some studies have suggested a potential risk reduction for people
with Type O blood, not all the studies have been peer-reviewed and the use of
blood donors as study participants can give the appearance of Type O being more
protective than it is (Type O blood is over-represented in blood donors,
compared to the general population). Type O blood does not mean immunity to
COVID-19.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT BRO-ZEDEX AS A TREATMENT FOR COVID-19?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 29, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 12, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Bro-Zedex is a cough syrup that is used to treat symptoms of a cough. There are
Bro-Zedex formulas for both wet and dry coughs, and the ingredients in each type
are different. For wet coughs, the key ingredient in the orange-colored
Bro-Zedex is bromhexine, which is a medication that treats respiratory issues
that cause excessive mucus and phlegm in the throat and mouth. Bromhexine does
this by making the mucus in the throat thinner and easier to remove through
coughing. This formula's other ingredients - menthol, guaifenesin, and
terbutaline - can make the phlegm in your chest and throat thinner so it's
easier to cough up, cool and soothe sore throats, and relax the muscles in your
airways. For dry coughs, Bro-Zedex comes in a green liquid and its main
ingredients are ambroxol, levosalbutamol, and guaifenesin. This formula loosens
congestion in your chest and throat by breaking up phlegm and also relaxing the
muscles in your airway so you can breathe easier. Though these formulas work in
similar ways, their ingredients are meant to relieve specific symptoms that come
with wet and dry coughs. Bro-Zedex is not used as a treatment for COVID-19 on
its own, but may help relieve some of the uncomfortable symptoms that occur in
mild to moderate cases of the infection, like coughing and phlegm build-up.
Current research is looking at whether bromhexine can be taken for prevention -
before a COVID-19 infection to prevent someone from getting sick, or as part of
a treatment plan in more severe cases to help improve some symptoms. Bro-Zedex
is also part of clinical trials where researchers are looking to see if it can
shorten the amount of time a person has COVID-19 symptoms or help prevent
hospitalized patients infected with COVID-19 from becoming infected with other
respiratory illnesses while they are still in the hospital. _This entry was
updated with new information on August 11, 2020._

WHY DON'T WE KNOW WHAT ANIMAL COVID-19 CAME FROM?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 8, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 11, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
While scientists have hypothesized that COVID-19 came from snakes, pangolins,
bats, and other creatures, we still don't know exactly which animal passed the
virus to humans, or how many species it might have impacted along the way.
Scientists have determined that the virus did come from animals, not humans, and
was first traced to a wet market in Wuhan, China. Many countries are hoping an
independent investigation will take place to determine when and how COVID-19
first entered the human population, and at exactly what location. Many experts
believe that the virus is a "wild" one, meaning that one animal species
transmitted the virus to another species before it was spread to humans. The
only way to determine exactly which animal the virus came from is to find the
original animal species in the wild.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AS PART OF A TREATMENT OR VACCINE
FOR COVID-19?

by
Dr. Saskia Popescu
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 27, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 11, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Antibodies are tiny proteins created by the immune system to attach to any
foreign invaders in the immune system (antigens) and also tell the immune system
to begin defending itself from this threat. Monoclonal antibodies (which means
'one type of antibody') are antibodies created in a lab that can act as a
replacement for the antibodies the body normally creates. The difference between
these lab-made antibodies and those created by the immune system is that the
monoclonal types are uniquely designed to target a specific antigen, in this
case the virus that causes COVID-19, so it can send it messages, try to destroy
it, and even make it easier for the immune system to find the antigen and attack
it. Once the antigen is mapped out in the lab and scientists are able to produce
monoclonal antibodies to attach to them, the lab then makes a large amount of
these antibodies so they can help the immune system in its fight against a
threat. COVID-19 is unique because it is characterized by its spikes, which you
can see under a microscope. Monoclonal antibodies created in the lab work by
targeting and breaking these spikes on the virus, which are critical for the
virus to enter our cells and infect us. There is growing interest in their
potential for use in both vaccine development, but also treatment for infection.
The hope is that these antibodies can work as both a vaccine to prevent
infection, and/or as a therapeutic treatment to help reduce severity of illness
in patients with COVID-19. It is likely that after rigorous testing for safety
and effectiveness, these antibodies would be produced in labs, manufactured in
large quantities, and they would be injected into people to prevent infection
from the virus. As of now, no monoclonal antibody treatments have been approved
for this use and are still being heavily researched. _This entry was updated
with new information on August 11, 2020._

ARE THERE ANY SIDE EFFECTS OF USING HAND SANITIZER?

by
Dr. Saskia Popescu
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 20, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 11, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Side-effects of hand sanitizer are short-term and often mild. The side effects
are usually related to skin irritation, like cracking and bleeding, due to
either irritation from the product or overuse and drying of the skin. It is
important to always check the label to ensure safe use. Ingestion or use around
the eyes and nose can cause irritation. Alcohol-based hand sanitizer should
contain at least 60% alcohol to be effective. Hand sanitizer is a good way to
clean hands when soap and water isn't available and is effective against the
virus that causes COVID-19. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has
recently issued a warning on the increase in hand sanitizer products containing
methanol, instead of ethanol. Methanol, or wood alcohol, is a toxic substance
when absorbed through the skin or when ingested that can lead to blindness,
hospitalizations, or death. On August 5, 2020, the U.S. Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) reported 4 deaths and 3 patients with visual
impairments from drinking hand sanitizer. The FDA has recalled over 135 hand
sanitizer products for safety reasons, and also warns against false labels
claiming a hand sanitizer product is "FDA-approved" (because the FDA has not and
does not approve any hand sanitizer products). Hand sanitizer products should be
stored out of the reach of children to help prevent accidental ingestion. If you
become exposed to hand sanitizer containing methanol and are experiencing
symptoms, seek immediate treatment for potential reversal of methanol
poisoning. _This entry was updated with new information on August 10, 2020._

CAN CANNABIS PREVENT, TREAT OR CURE COVID-19?

by
Fallback
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 1, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 7, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
There is no reliable evidence so far to suggest that cannabis can prevent, treat
or cure COVID-19. One pre-print (a type of study that is yet to be
peer-reviewed) from Canada suggests possible anti-inflammatory properties in
cannabis may be effective in future treatments of the disease. The study also
suggests that cannabis could be used to prevent infection from the SARS-CoV-2
virus that causes COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 gains entry into cells in the human body
by interacting with the ACE2 receptor protein, which is found on the surface of
many cells. This study suggests that cannabidiol (CBD), one of the active
ingredients in cannabis, may affect the virus' ability to bind to the ACE2
receptor protein and enter cells. However, none of the claims in the pre-print
study have been validated in large-scale studies, and pre-print data should
always be treated with caution. Another lab, in Israel, is studying the effects
of cannabis on the immune system's response to COVID-19 and analyzing the
potential for molecules in cannabis to prevent the virus from entering cells and
spreading. This research, however, has been undertaken by a cannabis research
and development company based in Israel, and not independently verified by other
scientific studies that are not linked to the cannabis industry. At this point,
there is insufficient independent research to make any claims about the use of
cannabis in preventing, treating, or curing COVID-19.

DOES WEARING A MASK REDUCE YOUR OXYGEN LEVEL?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 27, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 6, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
There is no proof that wearing a mask can reduce oxygen levels, also known as
hypoxia. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S. CDC)
recommend wearing cloth masks over a surgical mask in public, which are not too
tight on our faces and allow for easy breathing. Even doctors and healthcare
professionals wearing N95 masks (which fit very tightly around the face and are
made to create a seal around the edge of the mask) are not at risk of hypoxia.
However, for any person with preexisting lung or breathing problems in general,
they should speak with their doctors about their concerns regarding masks.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT ANTIHISTAMINES, INCLUDING CETIRIZINE, AS A TREATMENT FOR
COVID-19?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 29, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 5, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Antihistamines are medications people can purchase over the counter without a
prescription to help improve their allergy symptoms. They are among the many
medications being researched as potential treatment options for COVID-19. Few
studies about the efficacy of antihistamines as a treatment for COVID-19 are
complete, and there is no evidence that supports the theory that antihistamines
are an effective treatment for the virus. Current research is investigating
whether some antihistamine medications like cloperastine, clemastine, and
Azelastine can help improve symptoms or shorten the duration of COVID-19
infections, but early research has only identified these potential medications
in laboratories. That means that they have not completed testing these
medications in humans, so we don't know if they have any impact. Cetirizine (an
antihistamine medication also known as Zyrtec) is currently being studied with
famotidine (an antihistamine and antacid medication) to see whether it can be
effective in treating COVID-19, particularly in patients with very aggressive
immune system responses. An early study in a pre-print journal that has not been
reviewed by experts or published yet, found promising results for helping ease
symptoms in hospitalized patients. The study did not have a control group to
compare these patients to (which is generally part of published studies on
medication) and had a small population size. Overall, there has yet to be
evidence that antihistamines —including certirizine—can treat COVID-19.

CAN GASOLINE AND/OR DIESEL BE USED TO DISINFECT MASKS, SURFACES, OR EVEN SKIN?
WHAT ARE POTENTIAL DANGERS, IF ANY, IN DOING SO?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Aug 5, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
No. Gasoline and/or diesel should not be used as a disinfectant, does not work
as a disinfectant, has not been shown to kill the virus that causes COVID-19,
and may be very harmful to human health. According to the U.S. National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, gasoline exposure through the skin
or eyes, drinking, or breathing can cause many health problems including the
following: · Irritation or burns of the eyes, skin, or mucous membranes
(i.e. the tissues in the nose, eyes, mouth, throat) · Headache, weakness,
blurred vision, dizziness, slurred speech, confusion, convulsions
· Chemical pneumonitis (when liquid gasoline is inhaled into the lungs and
causes damage) · Possible liver or kidney damage · Long-term exposure
may cause cancer · Gasoline is flammable and improper storage / use can
lead to fires and burn injuries Gasoline exposure should be avoided and, if
accidental exposure does happen, washing the exposed area is important. When
exposed to gas fumes, it is important to leave the area where the fumes are to
an area with fresh air or ventilation. Seek medical help for breathing problems
as well as slurred speech, dizziness, confusion, or other symptoms of
neurological (brain and nervous system) problems.

IS PARACETAMOL EFFECTIVE IN TREATING OR CURING COVID-19?

by
Nour Sharara
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 6, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 5, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Paracetamol (also known as acetaminophen, Tylenol, Dolo 650) can help relieve
symptoms associated with COVID-19, but it cannot cure the viral infection.
Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, is a medication commonly used for mild
to moderate pain and aches relief, and fever reduction. Since some people
infected with COVID-19 experience fever, body aches and headaches, this drug has
been prescribed to relieve those symptoms. Paracetamol can provide some relief
for patients with these symptoms, but it is not a cure against COVID-19.
Paracetamol made news headlines early in the pandemic because some governments,
including the United Kingdom and France, and the World Health Organization
encouraged people with COVID-19 to take paracetamol rather than ibuprofen –
another drug used to help manage symptoms like fever, headache, or body aches.
At the time, there were concerns about a link between ibuprofen and other drugs
that could be prescribed to COVID-19 patients (such as non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drugs) that could lead to an increased risk for
illness or for worsening of COVID-19 symptoms. As the pandemic evolved, the WHO
changed their stance on March 19 2020 to say that they do not recommend avoiding
ibuprofen to treat COVID-19 symptoms. While paracetamol is routinely used to
relieve COVID-19 symptoms, it is important to strictly respect the dosage
prescribed as stated on the medication bottle. The dosage of paracetamol for
adults is 1-2 500 milligram tablets up to four times in 24 hours, with at least
four hours in between doses. Any higher amount can be dangerous and is not
advised. _This entry was updated with new information on August 4th, 2020_

IN SCIENTIFIC TERMS, IS IT ABSOLUTELY SAFE TO SAY THAT "BALD MEN ARE MORE LIKELY
TO HAVE COVID-19?"

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Aug 4, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
No, it is not safe to say in scientific terms that bald men are more likely to
have COVID-19. In May 2020, a research study was widely reported in news
headlines, which suggested male pattern baldness (androgenetic alopecia) could
mean higher risks for severe COVID-19 symptoms. However, this is not exactly
what the researchers found. The authors of this publication also acknowledged
there were research limitations meaning their results cannot be generalized to a
larger population and further studies are needed. Published in the Journal of
the American Academy of Dermatology (JAAD), the researchers wrote that out of
122 men and 53 women admitted with COVID-19 to hospitals in Madrid, Spain, they
found 79% of the male patients had some hair loss or baldness (alopecia) while
estimating the prevalence of baldness in the general population is only
31%-53%. However, the researchers acknowledged limitations of their findings,
including how only 175 people were studied (in research terminology, this is
considered a** **small sample size that limits how findings can be generalized
to a larger population). They also acknowledged that patients in the study were
all admitted to a hospital with COVID-19, meaning there was no comparison group
(control group) of participants without COVID-19 to compare the findings against
the general population. Additionally, the research did not include information
about patient outcomes (such as how the patients fared after they were admitted
to the hospital), so it was not possible for researchers to compare outcomes for
patients with and without baldness. In general, many researchers and doctors
have cautioned that older people and men are more likely to have severe cases of
COVID-19 requiring hospitalization, and older men are also more likely to be
bald. For these reasons, "bald men are more likely to have COVID-19" is an
incorrect interpretation of the published research.

IS HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE THE SAME AS CHLOROQUINE?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Aug 3, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 4, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Chloroquine is a medication that is taken to prevent or treat malaria, which is
transmitted by mosquitoes bites. It's also used to treat some intestinal
infections. On the other hand, hydroxychloroquine is a medication that is also
taken to prevent and treat malaria, but it can also treat other diseases such as
rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. Both of these medications are antimalarials, but
hydroxychloroquine is a newer, slightly altered version of chloroquine that has
fewer side effects and dissolves more easily in the body, so it is often
considered a safer medication for patients to take. Despite recent media
coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic, neither chloroquine nor hydroxychloroquine
are approved treatments against COVID-19. Several research studies conducted
around the world have demonstrated that hydroxychloroquine is likely not
effective against COVID-19.

HOW DOES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM WORK TO FIGHT COVID-19?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 20, 2020
|
Updated on
Aug 2, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
When our bodies are exposed to pathogens - tiny, foreign organisms such as
viruses, bacteria, fungi, worms and other invaders - our natural defense called
the 'immune system' tries to protect us and keep us healthy. When the body
senses that the pathogen, in this case, COVID-19, is trying to get into the body
through the nose, mouth, or eyes, it launches into the first part of this
defense called the 'innate immune system.' A. Innate Immune System This part of
the immune system tries to prevent the virus from spreading and reproducing in
our bodies, and from moving around in our bodies. The innate immune system is
made up of several types of defenses, including the skin and body openings (like
the mouth and nose); different white blood cells to defend our bodies from
pathogens; and different substances in bodily fluids and the blood to try and
stop the virus from reproducing. This system tries to prevent the virus from
entering the body through the mouth, nose, and eyes, but if the virus does get
inside a person, then white blood cells will move toward the virus' location and
cause an increase in blood circulation there so it becomes hot and swollen while
the body might also produce a fever (as high temperatures can sometimes kill
pathogens). At this point, other cells in the blood and tissue try to enclose
the virus and eat the viral particles. But if after four to seven days, the
innate immune system is not able to kill all of the virus and the virus causes
an infection, the adaptive immune system will begin to defend the body. B.
Adaptive Immune System The adaptive immune response, also called the acquired
immune system, is a much more focused effort to target and destroy the foreign
threat: the virus. Two important parts of the adaptive immune system are white
blood cells called B cells and T cells. B cells create antibodies - small
proteins that attach** **to unique parts of each pathogen called 'antigens'.
When your body senses a particular antigen attached to the virus in the body, B
cells then creates antibodies that can connect to those antigens using a
specific shape that was created to match it. Meanwhile, T cells try to kill the
antigen like an army fighting off an invader. Some T cells also help B cells
make antibodies while others are busy working to stop the virus from reproducing
in your body and spreading to different parts of your body. This part of the
adaptive immune response also creates longer term memory of the virus that will
help it fight off the virus if it is exposed to it again in the future, and to
launch its defenses more quickly. Researchers are now studying how long-term
this memory-based immunity lasts and how strong it is in defending against
COVID-19 infection in the future. C. Conclusion Hopefully at this point, the
innate and adaptive immune systems are able to kill the virus and create some
immunity to it. If not, the immune system continues working to fight off the
virus, but symptoms might worsen as the body weakens after spending so much
energy to fight off the virus. In some cases, COVID-19 might impact organs so
severely that it can result in death.

WHEN DO WE CONSIDER SOMEONE WITH COVID-19 TO HAVE RECOVERED?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 27, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 31, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Different institutions (including hospitals, clinics, public health agencies,
and government agencies) have used different criteria to define when someone
with COVID-19 is considered recovered. These criteria are often used to decide
when someone can be allowed to leave the hospital or can stop isolation. A
review of COVID-19 recovery guidelines being used around the world show most
doctors agree on the following criteria: 1) Clinical: The patient no longer has
symptoms, and 2) Laboratory: The patient has negative test results (testing
through swabs taken from the nose and throat) showing the virus is no longer
present in the upper respiratory system. Both of these criteria should be
considered in combination to determine recovery. Negative test results are
important because people can still spread the virus even if they have no
symptoms or their symptoms have stopped. In addition, the European Centre for
Disease Control and Prevention (ECDC) suggests also considering the following
criteria to determine if a patient has recovered: 3) Positive serological or
antibody test results from blood samples. Antibody tests can show if your immune
system has produced antibodies to fight off COVID-19 which would signal that you
had been infected with the virus. Antibody tests are typically done at least 1-3
weeks after a patient first experiences symptoms. However, antibody test results
should not be used on their own to determine recovery - they should be used in
combination with the other two criteria. It is not always possible to use these
recommended criteria to determine recovery. For example, some people with
COVID-19 experience only mild symptoms (fatigue, shortness of breath, etc.) yet
are not hospitalized because these symptoms are not severe enough. These mild
symptoms can however persist over long periods of time (weeks to months) which
further complicates how to decide if someone has recovered or not from COVID-19.

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF VACCINES?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 27, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 31, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Historically, there are four main types of vaccines: - Live-attenuated vaccines
- Inactivated vaccines - Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate
vaccines - Toxoid vaccines Vaccine designs are based on how our immune systems
respond to germs, who in the population (children, adults) needs to be
vaccinated against the germ, and the best approach and technology available to
create the vaccine. This is why there are different vaccine types to respond to
different germs. Live-attenuated vaccines use a weaker - also called
'attenuated' - form of a living germ, which would normally cause a disease in
stronger forms but is almost completely harmless in a vaccine because the virus
has been weakened. Some of these live-attenuated vaccines are used to protect
against diseases like measles, mumps, rubella; rotavirus; smallpox; chicken pox;
and yellow fever. Inactivated vaccines use the killed or inactive version of the
germ, so they are not as capable at helping humans develop some immunity to a
germ** **as live-attenuated vaccines and can't provide immunity for as long.
These vaccines protect against diseases like hepatitis A, influenza, polio, and
rabies. Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines use
particular pieces of the germ, like its protein or sugars, to create a strong
immunity to specific parts of the germ. Some illnesses these vaccines focus on
are hepatitis B, HPV, whooping cough, shingles, and meningococcal disease.
Toxoid vaccines use a harmful product called a 'toxin' that is made by the germ.
A toxin is a living organism that can normally cause harm to parts of the body
like tissues when they come into contact with them. However, toxins in vaccines
are harmless because they have been very weakened in laboratories as their only
job is to teach the immune system how to fight the germ. They create immunity by
focusing on the specific parts of the germ that cause illness instead of the
entire germ. These vaccines target illnesses like diptheria and tetanus.
Researchers trying to develop COVID-19 vaccines are using many of these types of
approaches to vaccine design. Two new types of vaccines are gaining attention in
the scientific world. One of these vaccine types use the genes of the COVID-19
vaccine called 'DNA' and 'RNA' to create a strong immune system response. The
other new type of approach to vaccine development uses a platform base called
'recombinant vector vaccines' which act like how infections would impact your
body normally. As we learn more about the virus and how to create immunity in
people through vaccines, we will learn if any of these vaccine types can
successfully prevent COVID-19 infection in people.

WHY ARE SMELL TESTS BEING PROPOSED OVER TEMPERATURE CHECKS AT WORKPLACES?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 6, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 31, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
While many businesses and public spaces have begun using temperature checks as a
way to try to identify people who might be infected with COVID-19, several
studies have proposed that using a smell test in addition to a thermometer check
may be a more accurate way of detecting potential cases. The reasons for this
are numerous, and are mostly due to concerns about the effectiveness of
temperature checks. Some of these issues include: - The fact that many people
with COVID-19 never develop any symptoms such as fevers; - People with fevers
might not have the virus at all and could have any number of other illnesses; -
Infrared/non-contact thermometers are often inaccurate and operating errors may
occur; and - People who take over-the-counter medication for fevers might be ill
but will not present with a fever. Using a temperature check alone is not an
effective strategy to detect COVID-19 infections at public sites. On the other
hand, the potential benefits of a smell test are numerous, as the loss of smell—
also called 'anosmia'—is relatively unique to COVID-19, whereas fevers are
common symptoms in many illnesses. For instance, a recent preprint study
(awaiting peer-review) showed that COVID-19 patients were 27 times more likely
to have lost their sense of smell than people without the virus, but only 2.6
times more likely to have fever or chills than those without the virus. Another
study demonstrated that people with a loss of smell are "more than 10 times more
likely to have COVID-19 than other causes of infection," according to Dr. Carol
Yan, making it a more accurate marker for COVID-19 than a fever would likely be,
as they have many other causes and are associated with many other illnesses.
Reasons like this are why many health experts believe that a combination of a
smell test in addition to temperature checks could more accurately test and
identify people for COVID-19.

SHOULD WE WIPE DOWN GROCERIES WITH DISINFECTANT BEFORE BRINGING INSIDE A HOUSE?

by
Dr. Saskia Popescu
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 27, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 31, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
There is no evidence that food or the packaging it comes in plays a role in
COVID-19 transmission. The public health community is continually learning about
how the novel coronavirus spreads, and what transmission routes are most likely
to make it spread. Because of this continual learning in the public health
community, there has been confusion around how easily COVID-19 spreads, through
which routes, and what precautions are really necessary—such as wiping down
grocery packaging. According to recent studies, the risk of becoming infected by
surfaces like food and packaging is quite low, but the same prevention measures
experts have been suggesting for months should still be followed. Health experts
recommend hand washing after handling produce and putting away groceries, but
not that people wipe down or disinfect the packaging or belongings before coming
inside. They should instead use hand washing after bringing items inside and
putting them away.

IS THERE A CURE FOR COVID-19? WHAT IS THE CURE?

by
Mohit Nair
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Jul 30, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
There is no known cure for COVID-19 right now, but there are ways to manage the
symptoms of the disease. A cure is a substance or act that ends and relieves the
symptoms of a medical condition so patients can have their health restored. One
for COVID-19 is currently being researched in many clinical trials around the
world, but no treatment or practice has been shown to effectively meet these
standards. Healthcare professionals around the world are researching various
treatments for COVID-19, including drugs that already exist to treat other
conditions to see if they may be effective against COVID-19 as well. No
treatments are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
for COVID-19, but because COVID-19 is a public health crisis, doctors can treat
patients using some drugs that are not technically approved for COVID-19.
Emergency use authorization enables unapproved medical products or unapproved
uses of approved medical products to be used for diagnosis, treatment or
prevention in an emergency setting, even if the treatments may still be under
further study. Remdesivir, an antiviral drug manufactured by Gilead Sciences
that stops the virus from replicating, received emergency use authorization by
the U.S. FDA. It reportedly reduced the recovery time for hospitalized patients
from 15 days to 11 days, and early results indicate that it may reduce mortality
among patients who are very sick from COVID-19. In terms of clinical management
of symptoms, the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) COVID-19 treatment
guidelines indicate that Remdesivir supplies are limited and should be
prioritized for patients who need it most (hospitalized patients who require
supplemental oxygen). The guidelines also recommend the use of dexamethasone, a
steroid that can reduce inflammation, for patients who require ventilators or
supplemental oxygen (and potentially other corticosteroids). Healthcare
professionals may use ventilators and supplemental oxygen to ensure that
hospitalized patients have a healthy supply of oxygen in the body, and monitor
patients accordingly. Prone positioning (flipping COVID-19 patients onto their
bellies in order to open up their lungs ) is also widely used to help patients
recover from the virus. At present, there is no cure for COVID-19.

WHY DOES COVID-19 MAKE SOME PEOPLE SICK FOR MONTHS?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 7, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 30, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Because the COVID-19 virus is new, we still don't know why some people might
become sick longer than others—but we do know that people infected with COVID-19
who have severe symptoms tend to have symptoms for longer than those with mild
cases. Differences in immune responses, including lower levels of antibody
production, can impact how long patients remain sick with COVID-19. COVID-19 can
impact many organs, which might help explain why the virus can cause symptoms
that continue over a longer period of time in some patients. Akiko Iwasaki, a
Yale immunology doctor, believes some potential reasons the virus lasts longer
in some patients is because the virus might remain in one of the organs that is
not tested by nasal swabs; that non-living parts of the virus can still cause
your immune system to overreact like the virus is still alive and reproducing in
your body when it isn't really doing that; and the virus might not be present in
your body any longer, but your immune system is stuck in the state of fighting
it off. Additionally, after becoming infected with different viruses, your body
can take a while to heal. So even if you don't have the virus anymore, you may
continue coughing and not be able to breathe as well as you normally do, since
your throat and lungs have yet to fully heal and recover. Currently, the
majority of patients infected with COVID-19 have symptoms for several days - 6
weeks.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT ALUM AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR SANITIZER?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 1, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 29, 2020
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
Alum (also called potassium alum or aluminum potassium sulfate) has been widely
used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food, and even textiles, but it has not been
tested against viruses. While alum has some antimicrobial and anti fungal
properties, it has not been shown to be an effective alternative for sanitizer
or disinfectants. It is possible that there might be research, in the future,
regarding the use of alum as an anti-viral disinfectant and cleaner, but the
current literature does not support its use as an alternative to those on the
EPA List N disinfectants with claims against Emerging Viral Pathogens.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EXPOSURE AND INFECTION TO A VIRUS?

by
Dr. Saskia Popescu
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 20, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 29, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
When it comes to infectious diseases, "exposure" means coming into contact with
a virus or bacteria. Infection happens when someone is exposed and actually
becomes sick from the exposure. Exposure does not always lead to an infection.
If the time a person is exposed to the virus is very short, if the amount of
virus that enters the body is not in a large enough quantity, or if the body's
immune system is able to quickly fight it off, then exposure will be less likely
to lead to infection. Many things have to happen for an exposure to result in an
infection, especially the ways in which a person was exposed to the virus. In
the case of the virus that causes COVID-19, exposure takes place usually by
breathing in the virus through the nose or the mouth, and sometimes the virus
enters our bodies through the eyes. People can be "exposed" to different viruses
in different ways, such as by eating food with a virus on it, or getting bit by
a mosquito or other animal that carries a virus. Again, in the case of COVID-19,
exposure typically happens by breathing in the virus through the nose or the
mouth. Other factors that can impact whether an exposure leads to an infection
include whether the germ is a virus, a bacteria or a parasite; how strong or
"infectious" it is; and the strength of our body defense system (immune system).
For example, you could be exposed to whooping cough (pertussis) by someone in
the same room as you, but whether or not you end up being infected depends on
several factors. These factors include how close to the person you were, how
long you were exposed for, and if you are vaccinated against whooping cough.

HOW CAN I PROTECT MYSELF IF I AM ATTENDING A PROTEST OR MASS GATHERING?

by
Nour Sharara
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 1, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 29, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Attending protests or mass gatherings can increase the risk of catching COVID-19
or spreading the disease. This is especially so given the large amount of people
who are infected with COVID-19 but do not have any symptoms (pre-symptomatic and
asymptomatic), and may feel well enough to attend a mass gathering like a
protest or march. In this context, there are a few steps you can take to reduce
the risk of COVID-19 transmission. These include first of all wearing a mask and
trying to maintain a certain distance from other people at the protest - 6 feet
(or 2 m) where possible. Additionally, wearing heat resistant gloves and eye
protection (ex: sunglasses) is also recommended. Since yelling - even through a
mask - can increase the spread of respiratory droplets due to the force that
pushes them out, it is recommended to choose signs or drums (or similar noise
makers) if you want to express a message. To prevent further spread of the
virus, it is recommended to stick to a 'buddy group' when participating in
protests to keep the number of close contacts low. In the event one person in
the group is found to be infected with COVID-19, it will be easier to contact
all the people who came into close contact with that person and take the
recommended public health measures. Similarly, it is recommended for protesters
to get tested if possible after taking part in protests. In the US, some states
are offering free testing for protesters. Finally, make sure to carry hand
sanitizer to disinfect your hands as much as needed and carry water to keep
hydrated.

WHAT ARE MEDICAL REASONS PEOPLE CAN'T WEAR MASKS?

by
Dr. Jessica Huang
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 20, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 27, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
According to the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), which enforces the Americans
with Disabilities Act (ADA), there is no "blanket exemption to people with
disabilities from complying with legitimate safety requirements necessary for
safe operations,” including mask policies set by businesses and local
governments. The ADA does require that people with disabilities are “reasonably
accommodated,” such as by finding alternative public health measures for people
who cannot safely wear and breathe through a mask. Wearing masks or other face
coverings can help slow the spread of COVID-19. The U.S. Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (U.S. CDC) recommends wearing surgical masks over cloth
masks, except for children under 2 years old, and anyone who has trouble
breathing, anyone who is unconscious or incapacitated, and anyone who is unable
to remove a mask without help.

HOW EFFECTIVE IS SPRAYING DISINFECTANTS IN PUBLIC PLACES IN CURBING THE SPREAD
OF INFECTION?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 27, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 27, 2020
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
Transmission of COVID-19 from surfaces contaminated with the virus has not been
documented, but it is possible that the reason for this is due to gaps in
research and contact tracing.\_ \_There is limited research about the
effectiveness of disinfecting public spaces, but researchers are working to
determine whether or not spraying disinfectant will impact the amount of virus
transmissions that occurs from people coming into contact with objects like
water fountains, playground equipment, and hand rails. The United States Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention still states that thoroughly cleaning and
disinfecting indoor surfaces in public places is a best practice for preventing
the spread of COVID-19. As it is possible to spread the virus through
contaminated surfaces, thoroughly cleaning and disinfecting all surfaces - not
just spraying disinfectant - that humans touch in both public and private
settings.

WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR ABOUT "COVID TOES"?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Jul 24, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
"COVID toes" typically refers to purple or pink discoloration, often with small,
raised bumps on the skin on the tips of the toes and, in some instances, on the
hands. Current research on the symptom is still evolving, and the exact cause of
the symptom remains unclear. It is also important to note that multiple of the
reports published about "COVID toes" are not based on patients having positive
laboratory test results for COVID-19. The association with COVID-19 in these
reports is based on the patients self-reporting COVID-19 symptoms or reporting
having been in close proximity with someone diagnosed with COVID-19. The
appearance of "COVID toes" and other symptoms can vary from patient to patient,
and a dermatologist or clinician should be consulted for better clarity and
safety in diagnosis. As of now, it is not clear what makes some people infected
with COVID-19 have this reaction to the virus. It is not clear when in the
course of illness the discoloration and rashes are most likely to be observed,
and some reports suggest that these symptoms may occur more commonly in people
without other typical symptoms of COVID-19.

ARE CHILDREN LESS SUSCEPTIBLE TO CONTRACTING THE NOVEL CORONAVIRUS?

by
Fallback
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 20, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 22, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
According to the Mayo Clinic in the U.S., children of all ages can catch the
virus that causes COVID-19, but they do not become physically sick as often as
adults. They are also less susceptible to experiencing severe side effects from
the virus in comparison to older adults. However, some children do develop
complications from COVID-19, such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C),
which is characterized by inflammation in different body parts, including the
heart, lungs, kidneys, brain, skin, eyes, or gastrointestinal organs. While
MIS-C is rare, it can be deadly and remains poorly understood based on current
research. Some evidence suggests that children may be less likely to contract
the novel coronavirus, but it is still unclear whether this effect is due to
limited interactions between children and hence fewer opportunities for
transmission, or whether they are truly less susceptible to contracting the
virus. The World Health Organization (WHO) does not see a clear trend in the
data yet, but large scale serological studies (studies that look at antibody
presence in the blood) are currently underway and are likely to provide more
clarity. Previous studies from Wuhan, China indicated that the virus was milder
in children and transmission was fairly limited: a study of more than 72,000
cases by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention indicated that
children under the age of 10 represented less than 1% of all cases. However,
studies are ongoing to assess the level of susceptibility among children, and
the evidence is still evolving.

WHAT IS THE BEST MEASURE (CASES, HOSPITALIZATIONS OR DEATHS) FOR MEASURING THE
LEVEL OF INFECTION IN A COMMUNITY?

by
Fallback
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 20, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 22, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Ultimately, no single statistic or measurement can accurately indicate the state
of a disease within a population. To best understand the level of infection in a
community, all these numbers need to be looked at together. Until there is more
routine testing to identify all infected patients (with or without symptoms),
the risk of infection is likely to remain unclear. In order to attempt to
measure the level of infection in a community, we can look at the number of
hospitalizations, the proportion of the population who has the disease at any
given moment (period prevalence), or the number of new cases of disease over a
given time interval (incidence rate). The number of COVID-19 deaths during a
given period can provide an important snapshot to understand the impact of the
virus, but it is not a very good measure of a population's risk of contracting
the virus. Tracking incidence rate is a more useful measure, because it helps us
understand what proportion of an initially disease-free population develops the
disease over a specified time period. This is a far more accurate measure of how
likely a person in a population is to get infected compared to the number of
deaths within a population. Additionally, in trying to understand how the number
of deaths vary between populations, it's best to compare the mortality rate
(number of deaths in relation to the overall population), because simply looking
at the number of deaths does not account for differences in the size of
populations.

IF THERE IS NO CURE FOR COVID-19, WHAT ARE PEOPLE GETTING TREATED FOR IN
HOSPITALS?

by
Dr. Saskia Popescu
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 20, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 22, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
People with severe COVID-19 illness often require medical care due to the
symptoms they experience, like trouble breathing, chest pressure, fatigue, etc.
While there is no specific treatment or cure for COVID-19, as it is a new viral
infection, people are receiving supportive treatment to help them recover,
though some people eventually die as a result of the virus. Supportive treatment
is treatment that helps to alleviate the symptoms caused by an illness but can't
actually cure the illness itself. Supportive care gives symptoms relief while
the infection naturally subsides over time, at which point the symptoms diminish
greatly and patients can go back home. Examples of this include giving oxygen to
a patient, injecting steroids to reduce inflammation, giving ventilation to help
them breathe, and other necessary medical interventions that do not stop the
virus but do treat the more severe symptoms.

HOW EASILY DOES COVID-19 SPREAD FROM CONTAMINATED SURFACES OR ANIMALS?

by
Fallback
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 6, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 21, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19
doesn't easily spread from contaminated surfaces to humans. While it is not
likely, it is still possible for the virus to spread through contaminated
surfaces. Recent studies suggest that the more humid a region may be, the longer
the virus may survive on surfaces. Another study found that the virus can remain
on surfaces like plastic and steel for 48-72 hours, and for up to 24 hours on
cardboard. If a person touches a contaminated surface with traces of the virus
and then proceeds to touch their eyes, nose, or mouth, they could still become
infected if the surface contains large amounts of the virus. Washing your hands
for 20 seconds, avoiding touching your face, and cleaning surfaces often is an
important step in stopping the potential spread of the virus. The virus that
causes COVID-19 primarily spreads through close, person-to-person contact, not
through surface contamination, so continuing to maintain six feet (two meters)
of distance, wearing a cloth mask over a surgical mask, and staying home as much
as possible are the key steps in combatting the virus. The risk of contracting
the virus from the surfaces of animals and pets is also considered to be low.
The U.S. CDC noted in June 2020 that there is currently no evidence that animals
have a significant role in spreading COVID-19 and the risk of animals spreading
it to humans is low. However, more studies are needed to determine if and how a
variety of animals might be impacted by the virus.

ARE THERE AYURVEDA CURES FOR COVID-19?

by
Fallback
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 15, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 20, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Ayurveda is ancient Indian medical system that focuses on natural, holistic
approaches to physical and mental health. Currently, there is no evidence to
indicate that Ayurvedic medicine cures or prevents COVID-19. Similar claims for
Ayurvedic cures have been made in the past for other infectious diseases with no
known cure, such as HIV/AIDS, without any reliable evidence. Such bold claims
should always be treated with caution. In this particular case, the CEO of a
major manufacturer of herbal products has claimed to have produced an Ayurvedic
cure without providing any independent data to support these claims. While the
company claims to have tested hundreds of patients in a "clinical case study"
which showed a 100% recovery rate, it is unclear whether any control group was
included or whether the design of the study was strong enough to substantiate
such claims. In addition, the company stated that all patients tested negative
for the virus within 5-14 days after receiving the Ayurvedic medicine, but it is
unclear how long each patient had the virus or were symptomatic. The study also
falsely claimed that Ayurvedic medicine is a cure for COVID-19 without
disclosing how many patients were included in their research and how they can be
sure that patients would not have tested negative naturally once the immune
system fought off the infection over time. Ayurvedic medicine may be a helpful
complement to Western medicine, and may not actively cause harm in some cases,
but it should not be consumed as a cure for COVID-19. Instead, traditional
prevention measures such as wearing masks and social distancing, should be
followed to prevent infections.

HOW DOES PROJECTION MODELING WORK AND HOW SERIOUSLY SHOULD WE TAKE IT AS
COUNTRIES REOPEN?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 17, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 17, 2020
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
Projection modeling is a mathematical way to use data to help predict a range of
important COVID-19 outcomes, such as hospitalizations, infections and deaths.
Modeling can also help determine how vaccinations or school closures, and the
timing of these factors, may impact the disease outcomes. Modeling researchers
use datasets, mathematical approaches, and other parameters to predict the
spread and dynamic of infectious diseases. Models can to help predict the number
of future virus cases and the peaks and curves that are part of the course of
the outbreak. Modeling is a great tool to help support decision-making but
models are not able to predict the future, and they can fluctuate based on
interventions like the use of social distancing and wearing face masks, in the
case of COVID-19. It is a helpful resource but should not be the sole source of
information for guiding policy or interventions.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME IMPACTING CHILDREN WITH
COVID-19?

by
Fallback
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 13, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 17, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
The majority of young people infected have had relatively mild cases of
COVID-19. However, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (U.S. CDC) recently
identified the more severe multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)
as a new syndrome associated with the virus that causes COVID-19. This
inflammatory syndrome was first identified in April 2020 and is characterized by
inflammation in different body parts, including the heart, lungs, kidneys,
brain, skin, eyes, or gastrointestinal organs. While MIS-C is rare, it can be
deadly. Symptoms in children include fever, abdominal (gut) pain, vomiting,
diarrhea, neck pain, rash, bloodshot eyes, or fatigue. This is a newly
identified condition that requires more research, but doctors have observed that
symptoms can develop within four weeks of exposure to the novel coronavirus. The
inflammation can be managed with medicines that can prevent damage to vital
organs. MIS-C occurs in young people under 21, according to its case definition,
although it is thought to mostly affect children between the ages of 2 to 15 and
is not commonly reported in babies. The U.S. CDC recommends immediately
contacting a doctor if your child exhibits any of the symptoms of the
inflammatory syndrome. We still do not know why some children experience
symptoms, while others do not, and it is unclear if children with particular
health conditions are more likely to get MIS-C. At this point, the best
prevention measures include taking all precautions to avoid contracting the
novel coronavirus, including hand washing, social distancing, avoiding public
gatherings, and wearing masks.

CAN DISINFECTING WIPES BE REUSED?

Health Desk
|
Published on
May 22, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 15, 2020
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
Disinfectant wipes should never be reused. Reusing wipes will move germs from
one surface to another, which is potentially harmful in the current pandemic. In
order for any surface to be properly disinfected, the U.S. CDC recommends
following the instructions on each product carefully and leaving the
disinfectant on the surface for 3-5 minutes. This means the surface needs to be
wet for this period of time, and you may need to use more than one disinfectant
wipe depending on the size of the surface. However, you should never reuse the
same disinfectant wipe.

IS THERE A SPECIFIC PROCESS THROUGH WHICH COVID-19 ENTERS THE BODY? DOES
COVID-19 FIRST ENTER THROUGH THE THROAT BEFORE IT "DESTROYS" THE LUNGS?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Jul 14, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
COVID-19 enters the body through the nose, mouth, and eyes. This happens
primarily when someone infected with the virus releases small droplets of liquid
that contain part of the virus through actions like coughing, sneezing,
speaking, or singing. These small bits of virus range in size, from the wet,
teardrop-sized types of droplets you might see when you sneeze, to microscopic
ones that are so light and dry, they might remain in the air for hours. When a
person is in close contact with these droplets, the virus enters the body
through these three areas. Then, the virus lands at the back of the throat, also
called the top of the upper respiratory tract, in roughly 80% of people who have
mild cases of infection. For other more severe cases, the virus can then move
down to the lungs, potentially causing pneumonia, which happens in 15-20% of
cases, although most recover. When COVID-19 spreads to the lungs, it does not
mean that they will be "destroyed." It means that there is an infection
involving fluid within tiny branches of air tubes or sacs in the lungs called
'alveoli.' These air sacs may fill up with so much liquid or pus that they
become swollen, and their walls can thicken, so it is hard for oxygen to be
processed and delivered through the lungs, making it harder to breathe. Every
virus has a different way of infecting humans, though many viruses gain entry
into the body through the nose, mouth, and eyes and often cause upper
respiratory infections like COVID-19.

IF COVID-19 IS TRANSMITTED VIA AIRBORNE PARTICLES, HOW MIGHT TESTING CHANGE?

by
Dr. Saskia Popescu
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 6, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 13, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Though the potential for airborne transmission likely wouldn't change testing
methods outside of a push for more extensive testing in general, it might
influence policy regarding mandating mask wearing, air purification and
ventilation systems, and other methods of prevention related to airborne viral
spread. SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) is not airborne in the
traditional sense. COVID-19 spreads primarily through relatively large
respiratory droplets that fall to the ground and into faces and bodies of
others. These larger droplets, 'respiratory droplets,’ are wet from saliva and
mucus and fall quickly to the ground. Scientists think this type of infectious
droplet is how the majority of COVID-19 infections spread. On the other hand,
examples of airborne diseases are tuberculosis and measles, and the way these
diseases spread is primarily through the air in smaller particles called
'microdroplets' or 'droplet nuclei.' Smaller droplets can stay in the air for
longer periods of time because they are so small and light. Exhalation, talking,
coughing, and singing can cause these small droplets to linger in the air for
hours after a person leaves a room. SARS-CoV-2 viral particles may be part of
these tiny droplets, and can travel beyond 6 feet (2m) in certain situations,
but the disease is still not understood to be transmitted primarily through
lingering infectious particles in the air. The aerosol or airborne transmission
of COVID-19 occurs more indoors in close contact. This might mean that people
who don't fall into the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-defined
category of "exposed" to the virus (within 6 feet or 2m of an infected person
for more than 15 minutes), but were in the same room as an infected person for
an extended period of time, may now be considered ‘exposed’ and require testing.
There is currently some controversy around this topic, as 239 scientists
recently sent a letter to the World Health Organization (WHO) urging them to
recognize the potential of people catching the virus from droplet nuclei via
airborne transmission. These scientists believe that the evidence supporting the
concept of airborne transmission mean current procedures like social distancing
and vigorous hand-washing do not provide enough protection from virus-carrying
microdroplets that can stay suspended in the air for hours. Thus, the potential
for people inhaling these droplet nuclei into their noses and mouths means
additional prevention steps are needed. The WHO previously maintained that the
novel coronavirus is mainly spread by respiratory droplet transmission, but has
since acknowledged the emerging evidence for airborne transmission in "crowded,
closed, poorly ventilated settings," while cautioning that the evidence is
preliminary and should be assessed further.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT PRE-SYMPTOMATIC AND ASYMPTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONS?

Health Desk
|
Published on
May 22, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 12, 2020
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
People who have been infected with COVID-19 but don't have symptoms are
considered "asymptomatic." People infected with COVID-19 whose symptoms have not
yet developed are called "pre-symptomatic." Even as people who are asymptomatic
and pre-symptomatic don't display symptoms, they are still infected with the
virus, and have the potential to shed the virus. This means that people without
symptoms can still spread the virus to others, even if they don't feel sick.

IS BEING VACCINATED WITH BCG PROTECTIVE FOR COVID-19?

Health Desk
|
Published on
May 12, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 11, 2020
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
Multiple studies are exploring the link between BCG vaccination policies in
various countries, and the relatively lower number of COVID-19 cases and deaths
in those countries. Recent studies published do not support the idea that BCG
vaccination in childhood is a cause of protection against COVID-19 in adulthood.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has published a note on this topic that
stated that in the absence of evidence, WHO does not recommend BCG vaccination
for the prevention of COVID-19. A study published in the Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) noted that after they accounted for
differences in variables like income, age distribution, and access to health
services, countries with higher BCG vaccination rates had lower peak mortality
rates from COVID-19. However, though there is an association between BCG
vaccination and reduced severity of COVID-19 observed in this epidemiological
study, it does not mean that there is enough evidence to consider BCG
vaccination a cause of protection from severe COVID-19. More studies are
underway. _This entry was updated with new information on July 11, 2020_

WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR ABOUT DEXAMETHASONE AS A POTENTIAL TREATMENT FOR
COVID-19?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 17, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 10, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Dexamethasone is a low-cost, anti-inflammatory medication that is part of the
corticosteroid family. Corticosteroids function similarly to the cortisol
produced in the body's adrenal glands yet they are synthetically made.
Corticosteroids are commonly prescribed to suppress the immune system and reduce
swelling and itching common to allergic reactions. Dexamethasone has been widely
used since the 1960s, but it has recently been part of several studies exploring
potential therapies for COVID-19. In the RECOVERY (Randomised Evaluation of
Covid-19 Therapy) Trial at Oxford University (UK), the largest COVID-19 drug
trial to date, researchers studied the impact of dexamethasone by comparing the
roughly 2,000 patients who received the medication with the 4,000 patients who
did not receive the medication. They found that the mortality risk was lowered
for patients with severe cases of COVID-19 who were on ventilators or receiving
oxygen. For patients with mild cases of COVID-19, beneficial effects were not
observed. Dexamethasone has not been approved as an official treatment for
COVID-19 outside the United Kingdom thus far, and the World Health Organization
(WHO) has urged caution since these results are preliminary, have yet to be
evaluated through the peer-review process, and represent findings from only one
trial. Despite this, the medication is currently being used in several countries
as a part of various treatment strategies for COVID-19. The WHO has also
recently added dexamethasone and other steroids into its treatment guidelines
for COVID-19. In two other recent studies using corticosteroidal medications
(including dexamethasone) as potential treatments for COVID-19, one found a
reduction in the number of days patients required ventilator support, and the
other found that the corticosteroid medications were associated with an
increased duration of illness (among other adverse impacts). Corticosteroids,
including dexamethasone, are still an unproven treatment for COVID-19.

DO DIGITAL THERMOMETERS KILL NEURONS OR DAMAGE THE BRAIN WHEN A PERSON'S
TEMPERATURE IS GETTING CHECKED?

by
Fallback
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 29, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 10, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Digital thermometers do not damage your brain in any way. Digital thermometers
are universally used with children and adults and can come in a wide variety of
forms including oral, rectal, temporal artery (forehead), tympanic (ear), and
axillary (armpit) versions. These thermometers require a sensor, which typically
produces either a voltage, current, or resistance change when there is a change
of temperature. These are all widely used and safe. There is no evidence to
suggest that neurons or brain cells can be damaged in the process. Older
thermometers were glass tubes with mercury inside them. The mercury expanded and
contracted based on the temperature of the subject. Now, digital thermometers
are far more common and easier to read than traditional mercury-based
thermometers, and digital thermometers are considered safer than mercury-based
thermometers because mercury is toxic, and there is a possibility for exposure
if the glass tube containing the mercury were to break.

WHY ARE BRAZIL'S CASES SURGING RIGHT NOW?

by
Fallback
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 22, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 10, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Brazil has reported over 1.2 million cases and 54,000 deaths as of June 26,
2020. The recent surge in cases is mainly stemming from the country's densely
populated regions, such as Sao Paolo and Rio de Janeiro. Studies estimate that
25% of the Brazilian population in Sao Paolo did not adequately adhere to
quarantine guidelines, and the presence of densely packed low-income
neighborhoods known as favelas has exacerbated the spread of the virus. In a new
study, researchers conducted over 3,000 rapid tests in six of the city's most
densely populated neighborhoods and found that infection rates were far higher
than the official estimates: some studies had previously estimated that 9.5% of
people in Sao Paolo were infected, but the most recent estimates from the
largest favela in Sao Paola indicated almost 25% of people who were tested were
positive. Medical experts attribute the surge in cases in major cities to
relaxed quarantine and isolation measures. Major cities in the country have
lifted lockdown measures, and reopened restaurants, shops and businesses.
Another research study found that more than 75% of the confirmed cases are from
the relatively densely populated southern and southeastern regions of Brazil,
and the exponential growth in COVID-19 cases has stemmed from difficulties in
effective social distancing. The study reports that many informal workers are
continuing to work and information regarding minimum infection prevention and
control measures, including hand washing and social distancing, has not been
effectively communicated and followed.

WHY ARE SCIENTISTS WARNING ABOUT AN INCREASE IN ZOONOTIC DISEASES IMPACTING
HUMANS?

by
Dr. Saskia Popescu
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 15, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 10, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases that can spread from animals to
humans. "Spillover events" (when a disease jumps from an animal to a human) have
been known to cause outbreaks, like ebola virus disease. Since some infectious
diseases can live within an animal without causing any illness to it, certain
interactions with an infected animal can result in transmission to humans.
Roughly 6 out of 10 known infectious diseases in people are zoonotic. Of all the
emerging infectious diseases (a disease that has newly appeared in a population
or has increased incidence in recent years), 3 out of 4 come from animals.
Scientists are increasingly worried about zoonotic diseases as they are growing
in frequency. In some cases which animal transferred infection to humans is
unknown, like SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. As humans expand in
the environment through globalization and infringement on undeveloped natural
environments, like forests or jungles, the risk for exposure to zoonotic disease
increases. Similarly, factors such as the exotic animal trade, the impacts of
climate change, and the expansion of animal markets can cause zoonotic diseases
to spread more rapidly and widely.

WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO HAVE A FEVER?

Health Desk
|
Published on
May 22, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 8, 2020
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
Having a fever means that your body temperature has temporarily increased and it
is a signal that your body may be fighting off an infection. The U.S. Centers
for Disease Control define a fever as a measured temperature of at least 100.4°F
(38°C), slightly higher than the average human temperature of 98.6°F (37°C).
Fevers are one of the immune system's first reactions to a pathogen - such as a
virus or bacteria entering the body. Fevers can also be caused by environmental
factors like heat stroke or biological responses like alcohol withdrawal. Your
body senses these potential threats and forces itself to raise its temperature
(by creating a fever, through chemicals in your blood called 'pyrogens') to make
it difficult for the pathogen to use your body as a host and reproduce viruses
or bacteria. Normal body temperatures change every day and usually vary between
97.6°F (36.4°C) and 99.6 °F (37.5°C) with lower body temperatures generally
occurring in the morning and higher temperatures occurring at night. For most
adults, short-term fevers shouldn't be alarming unless it reaches 103°F (39.4°C)
or higher. For infants younger than 3 months, a rectal temperature of 100.4°F
(38°C) or higher signals a fever and in that case a doctor should be contacted.
For infants between 3 - 24 months, a rectal temperature of 102°F (38.9°C)
signals a fever that should also be discussed with a doctor. For other young
children, even slight fevers can signal infections, so a doctor should be
consulted if a fever appears.

WHAT IS POOL TESTING AND WHY IS IT BEING USED?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jul 5, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 8, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Pool testing, distinct from individual testing, tests a pool (or group) of
people at the same time and is a form of testing that has been used for diseases
like HIV/AIDS before the current COVID-19 pandemic. Normally, when a COVID-19
test is done using a nasal swab on a patient, that sample is then tested
individually to determine if the virus is present, and this can take anywhere
from 15 minutes to several days, depending on the abilities of the lab running
the test. With pool testing, anywhere from roughly 3 - 50 samples are combined
and all of the swabs are tested at once. If the test result from that pool test
is negative, then all patients in that pool do not have the virus. If the result
is positive, then each swab must then be tested one-by-one. Pool testing, also
called "batch testing," is currently being used in order to test many more
people for COVID-19 than individual tests alone. This is because instead of
testing patients and then analyzing their samples individually to determine
whether or not one patient has been infected with COVID-19, pool testing
combines many samples and tests them at the same time. Pool testing has gained
popularity in recent months due to surging numbers of COVID-19 infections around
the world. This method gives laboratories the ability to save time, test greater
numbers of people, and use their resources most efficiently. These tests are
most useful in places with large populations but a lower number of COVID-19
cases within that population, including group settings like schools or
workplaces. In places with with a high rate of infections, this testing strategy
would not be as beneficial since most patients would be tested individually
either way. Another potential hurdle is that pool testing might lead to more
false-negative tests. This is because if a patient does have the virus and it is
present in their individual test sample, that sample will be diluted when it is
combined with the rest of the samples from the larger group, possibly to the
point where the viral load is undetectable.

WHAT ARE THE THREE PHASES OF VACCINE TESTING?

Health Desk
|
Published on
May 18, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 7, 2020
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
Substantial research needs to be completed by scientists before any potential
vaccine undergoes phased testing. Once it gets to that stage, there are three
research phases of trials that take place before the vaccine can be deployed for
use. During the first stage (Phase I), the new vaccine is provided to small
groups of people—the first time the vaccine is tested in humans. The second
stage (Phase II) involves testing the vaccine on people who have similar
characteristics (such as age and physical health) to the target population, or
the group for which the vaccine is intended. The goal of this stage is to
identify the most effective dosages and schedule for Phase III trials. The final
stage (Phase III) provides the vaccine to thousands of people from the target
population to see how safe and effective it is. Once the vaccine clears this
last stage, the manufacturer can apply for a license from regulatory authorities
(like the FDA) to market for human use. Sometimes medications that have already
been approved by the U.S. Food and Drugs Administration in clinical trials will
enter into a Phase IV trial. This phase focuses on potential side effects from
the vaccine or medication that were not seen in the first three phases. This
phase also helps researchers understand how well a vaccine works over a longer
time frame and how safe it is, often with thousands of people over several
years. Phase IV is also called a 'post-marketing surveillance' trial.

WHAT DO WE KNOW SO FAR ABOUT COVID-19 LOSING ITS POTENCY?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 1, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 7, 2020
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
There is no evidence to support the idea that the virus has lost its potency.
This question likely stems from comments made by an Italian doctor claiming that
COVID-19 is losing its potency by mutating into a less harmful version of
itself. However, this has been refuted by the World Health Organization and
other respected health and medical bodies. Viral mutations are a common aspect
of a virus' lifespan and do not necessarily mean that they will become more
deadly, contagious, or inherently different. Mutations that might change how the
virus is transmitted, or how it infects people, does not mean that the mutated
virus will spread more or be more harmful. Nor does it mean it will spread less
or be less harmful. So far, researchers have stated that while the virus is
mutating (like all viruses do) these changes do not translate to significant
adjustments in transmission or harm to patients.

CAN ANIMALS WITH NO SYMPTOMS SPREAD COVID?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Jul 7, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Yes, but mostly to other animals of the same species. Currently, there is no
evidence that animals are a major cause of spreading COVID-19 and the risk of
animals passing COVID-19 to humans is low. According to a recently published
study in the New England Journal of Medicine, transmission of the virus has been
reported between cats, none of which had symptoms. The study found that three
domestic cats infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 were able
to transmit the virus to three other cats with no previous infection. None of
the cats in the experiment showed any symptoms during the course of infection,
but researchers found the continued spreading the virus from their noses for
about six days. However, the research is rapidly evolving. This is just the
first study to document asymptomatic transmission of COVID-19 in cats and as of
now, there is no evidence of transmission of COVID-19 from cats to humans. Cats
aren't the only animals that have been shown to spread the virus with no
symptoms. Based on recent research conducted by the Dutch government, it is
believed that minks infected with COVID-19 spread the virus to two human
employees at regional farms. The minks were having symptoms of a respiratory
illness, while another study about COVID-19 in animals has shown that mink can
be infected with the virus without having any symptoms. Dogs, tigers, lions, and
ferrets have also tested positive for COVID-19, but these animals all showed
symptoms after testing positive for the virus and likely acquired the virus from
humans.

HOW RELIABLE ARE TEMPERATURE CHECKS FOR RE-OPENING BUSINESSES?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 22, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 6, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Checking people for fever before they interact with others has been proposed as
a means to help reduce transmission of disease. Some countries such as China and
South Korea have widespread checks of body temperature to help identify
individuals with fevers in offices, restaurants, airports, or other
popularly-frequented locations. As a standalone measure, checking for fever is
insufficient to prevent disease transmission because of how asymptomatic and
pre-symptomatic people can get others sick. Diagnostic testing for COVID-19 -
not temperature checks - is a much more accurate, effective means of determining
whether or not employees might be infected with the virus. Additionally,
temperature testing may be difficult to implement in some locations due to
limited resources, privacy concerns, and other reasons. Some experts have cited
concerns about workplace surveillance and privacy while using infrared
temperature checks. There are also questions about the effectiveness and
accuracy of these workplace thermometers, especially considering how many
pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic patients might not have any symptoms during the
duration of their illness. Lastly, fevers might be indicative of other factors
or illnesses unrelated to COVID-19; for example, elevated body temperature is
commonly observed in people who are physically exerting energy or under great
stress.

DOES COVID-19 IMPACT MEN WORSE THAN WOMEN?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 15, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 3, 2020
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
Data from around the world has demonstrated the fact that men are impacted more
greatly than women by COVID-19. For example, men are more likely to be
hospitalized with severe symptoms of the virus and have higher mortality rates
than women; and this finding is consistent across age groups and geographies.
Researchers have been trying to understand the causes of this and are developing
hypotheses to explain the differences between the immune systems' response to
COVID-19 in men and women. At this stage, they are exploring these disparities
using biological, social, and behavioral lenses. Based on previous studies with
similar viruses, data has illustrated that sex differences in immunity are
caused by both genetic as well as hormonal differences between women and men.
For example, in females, hormones such as estrogen and progesterone may be
protective against the virus, yet it is possible testosterone does the opposite
for men. In terms of underlying illnesses, the data also illustrates that men
are more likely to suffer from hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes than
women. Since the beginning of the pandemic, we have learned that these types of
underlying conditions have been associated with a higher risk of complications
from COVID-19. Behavioral factors may also explain this difference. For
instance, females may be more likely to be frontline workers than men, which
could create more risks for exposure. In terms of lifestyle, men tend to be more
likely to be smokers, which is a risk factor for COVID-19 since it is a
respiratory illness. From past studies, we also know that men are less likely to
seek out medical care when there's a problem in comparison to women, which means
they may interact with the health system at a later stage in the disease when
symptoms are more severe. Similarly, in the case of COVID-19, men are less
likely to engage in behaviors like mask-wearing and hand-washing, which may
increase their risk of contracting the disease. Source: Dr. Sabra Klein (Johns
Hopkins University)

HOW DOES COVID-19 DIFFER FROM MALARIA?

by
Nour Sharara
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 22, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 3, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
COVID-19 and malaria are two different diseases with different ways of being
spread and caught. Malaria is spread by mosquitoes, and humans become infected
by mosquito bites. COVID-19 is spread by respiratory droplets that we inhale
through our nose or our mouth. COVID-19 and malaria have been incorrectly linked
for several reasons. Firstly, around the world, hydroxychloroquine, a drug used
to treat malaria, received extensive news coverage because there were claims
that the drug was effective against COVID-19. A few clinical trials and studies
investigated hydroxychloroquine and found no evidence that the drug was
effective against COVID-19. In some unfortunate cases, adverse events occurred
in people taking this medication. Secondly, malaria and COVID-19 share some
symptoms, although the list of COVID-19 symptoms currently grows and changes
every day. Malaria symptoms usually appear 10-15 days after the infective
mosquito bite and the first symptoms a patient feels are fever, headache, and
chills. On the other hand, people infected with COVID-19 usually develop
symptoms within 5 days and, in some cases, infected people never develop
symptoms at all. Finally, there is a difference between fevers caused by malaria
and those caused by COVID-19. Often malarial fevers are cyclical, reoccurring at
predictable times based on which strain of malaria was contracted. In
comparison, fevers caused by COVID-19 do not appear to occur in cycles. The most
common COVID-19 symptoms are: fever, dry cough and tiredness. Less common
symptoms include: aches and pains, sore throat, diarrhea, conjunctivitis,
headache, loss of taste or smell, a rash on skin, or discoloration of fingers or
toes.

WHY ARE WE REPURPOSING OLD DRUGS TO FIGHT NEW DISEASES, AND WHAT MIGHT BE THE
IMPLICATIONS FOR COVID-19?

by
Nour Sharara
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 15, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 3, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
There is a whole branch of medical research and pharmaceutical companies
dedicated to drug repurposing. In practice, it has led to some therapeutic
breakthroughs. For example, aspirin which is historically known for treatment of
pain, fever or inflammation, has then be found to be effective against some
cardiovascular diseases and is now being studied for potential anti-tumor growth
in some cancers. Developing new treatments against new diseases often takes
several years, if not decades. With the COVID-19 pandemic death toll increasing
by the day, scientists are racing to find drugs that could prevent, treat or
simply decrease the severity of COVID-19. Scientists have therefore turned their
attention to studying drugs that have been studied for other viruses like the
MERS coronavirus, HIV (the virus that causes AIDS), hepatitis C, ebola,
influenza, etc. to see whether these drugs would also be effective against this
new threat, COVID-19. Since these studies build on existing knowledge, the drug
development timeline is substantially shortened, as is the required financial
investment. Beyond the time-intensive process of developing new drugs, the
advantages of repurposing drugs are numerous. First, existing drugs already have
an existing safety track record, and have obtained regulatory approval or are in
the later stages of clinical trials. Moreover, they have already been produced
and may already be on the market, so plans to increase manufacturing can rapidly
occur since the infrastructure already exists and does not need to be
re-created. Because of this, scientists can focus on studying whether these
drugs are effective against COVID-19, and if so, they can be brought to clinical
use at the bedside of patients rapidly. Drug repurposing is very common in
medical research as science rarely happens in a vacuum, but rather builds on
previous iterations and experience.

WHAT ARE DUAL TREATMENTS AND ARE THERE ANY AVAILABLE FOR COVID-19 RIGHT NOW?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 17, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 3, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
"Combination treatments" are the use of two or more drugs to treat a single
disease. Currently, there are no combination treatments (also known as dual
treatments) that are officially approved for use to treat COVID-19. However, Dr.
Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases, announced on June 23, 2020 while testifying before a House committee
on the U.S. response to the COVID-19 pandemic that Remdesivir is being used in
combination with anti-inflammatory drug baricitinib. An NIH clinical trial has
been underway since May to test the efficacy of the combined treatment, with
results not yet released. Only three standalone drugs have officially received
emergency use authorization (EUA) from the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) in
the US; these include the anti-viral remdesivir (which the WHO has issued a
warning for but which still has an EUA in the US), anti-malaria drugs
chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (which the FDA later issued a warning
for), and a drug used to sedate patients that are on a ventilator. (These EUAs
do not constitute a formal approval of the drug, but rather a possibility given
to American doctors to use chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment
of COVID-19 if the doctor has no other options and after discussing with the
patients the risks involved.) In terms of approval of combination treatments, on
November 19, 2020, the FDA issued an EUA for the drug baricitinib, in
combination with remdesivir, for the treatment of suspected or laboratory
confirmed COVID-19 in hospitalized adults and pediatric patients two years of
age or older requiring supplemental oxygen, invasive mechanical ventilation, or
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). One example of a combination therapy
being tested is the dual use of drugs lopinavir and ritonavir, which are in use
to treat (not cure) HIV. The combination of these two drugs is known under the
brand name Kaletra. Studies are still relatively inconclusive, but most have
shown Kaletra to be ineffective for improving COVID-19 outcomes. One study,
however, found that when taken with two other drugs — ribavirin and interferon
beta-1b — the virus took less time to clear from the patient's body. There are a
number of limitations from this trial that warrant further testing. Other
studies testing combination therapy have focused on pairs with remdesivir. One
study, which led to the combination treatment approved through an EUA by the FDA
mentioned above, tested the impacts of remdesivir and anti-inflammatory drug
known as baricitinib on time to recovery in hospitalized patients and found a
significant reduction. Another tested the combination of remdesivir with the
drug leronlimab, an antiviral that has also has shown to have some
anti-inflammatory benefits. Studies are also exploring more holistic and less
pharmacological approaches as complementary COVID-19 treatment — that is, a
potential additional treatment used in combination with other COVID-19
treatments. For instance, some researchers are exploring Traditional Chinese
Medicine as a complementary therapy to combat COVID‐19 in conjunction with other
therapies being used such as antiviral medications and antibiotics. Virgin
coconut oil (VCO) is also being studied in the Philippines and other countries
as a potential supplementary treatment for COVID-19 such as antiviral
medications and antibiotics. These studies assessing combination treatments will
get us closer to understanding if certain combination therapies might be
effective for treating COVID-19.

CAN DRINKING ALCOHOL PREVENT OR CURE COVID-19?

by
Nour Sharara
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Jul 3, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
No, drinking alcohol does not prevent or cure COVID-19. Alcohol-based hand
sanitizers are recommended to disinfect hands and surfaces, but drinking or
ingesting alcohol is in no way recommended. In fact, alcohol consumption could
worsen COVID-19 symptoms and could weaken your body's ability to fight the
virus, if you have lowered immunity. Excessive consumption of alcohol is a risk
factor for many diseases, and alcohol should only be consumed in moderation, if
at all. The World Health Organization (WHO) warns that drinking alcohol will not
protect against infection or illness from COVID-19. In fact, alcohol consumption
can reduce the immune system's ability to fight infection and increase the
chance of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), one of the most
severe symptoms of COVID-19. Additionally, alcohol consumption has other
negative health consequences (ex. motor and cognitive impairments, mental health
impacts, violence, pregnancy impacts, carcinogenic exposure, associations with
several other diseases). In response to rising rates of alcohol consumption and
alcohol being one of the most widely abused substances in the world, the WHO has
advised that "people should minimize their alcohol consumption at any time, and
particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic."

CAN THE CORONAVIRUS SPREAD WHEN WE FLUSH THE TOILET?

by
Nour Sharara
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 22, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 3, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, feces of some patients who
have been diagnosed with COVID-19 have been shown to carry the virus. This has
caused many to question the safest way to use the toilet so as to prevent any
COVID-19 infection from potentially spreading when the toilet is flushed. The
reason many people are concerned about this topic is that it has been discovered
that the virus leaves the human body through our waste, which is why it has been
found in the feces of infected individuals. When we flush waste down the toilet,
traces of the virus may linger in the air long enough to be inhaled. Studies
have shown that during a toilet flush, particles can be transported more than 3
feet (1m) upward and can float in the air for more than a minute. It is unknown
if the particles that linger in the air are infectious, and how many virus
particles are needed to cause an infection. Since there are many unknowns, by
precaution, public health experts recommend closing the lid before flushing and
wearing masks inside public restrooms.

CAN YOU EXPLAIN HOW THE COVID-19 TEST USING TEARS WORKS?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 29, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 3, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
As of now, there is no consensus about whether or not tears can accurately
detect the virus in an infected person, but early study results have shown a
lower amount of the virus in tears than in other bodily fluids. Some researchers
believe parts of the virus might be able to spread from a person's nasal cavity
into their eyes, and eventually into tears in the inner corner of the eyes.
Whether or not this type of testing will work is still uncertain as scientists
have been testing many bodily fluids like semen, saliva, urine, and tears to
determine whether or not the virus can be detected in them and if it can, how
much. Humans produce tears in the back of their eye sockets, which is close to
the nasal cavity where most COVID-19 tests are being done now. The nasal cavity
is located at the back of the nose and is where the COVID-19 virus starts
reproducing in people exposed to the virus. Nasal swab tests are designed to
collect samples from the nasal cavity that have some genetic material of the
virus (DNA and RNA). Tear tests for COVID-19 would try to focus on this similar
area of the head as there is a small, thin layer of tissue called the
'conjuctiva' that acts as a bridge between the nasal cavity and the eye socket.

WHAT KIND OF IMPACT CAN COVID-19 HAVE ON BLOOD AND CIRCULATION?

by
Dr. Saskia Popescu
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 15, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 3, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
COVID-19 infections can have an impact on blood and circulation through an
increased risk of blood clotting. Blood clots are a clump of blood that has
formed into a semi-solid or even gel-like state. Recent studies have found a
concerning trend in blood clotting of COVID-19 patients. Studies from the
Netherlands and France found that 20-30% of critically ill COVID-19 patients had
blood clots, which can be dangerous. Many of these circulatory issues and the
frequency of clots can lead to rashes, swelling of the legs, challenges in
vascular access for medications, and even death. Severe clotting and circulatory
issues, like COVID-19 associated blood clots, tend to occur more in severely ill
patients rather than those with mild symptoms.

CAN TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE LIKE RHODIOLA OR FORSYTHIA HELP TREAT COVID-19?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 29, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 3, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
While there are historical uses for these herbal treatments, peer-reviewed
studies to support the use of rhodiola, forsythia, or other tradtional Chinese
medicines (TCM) for COVID-19 are limited. However, the limited evidence that
does exist suggests that TCM used as a supplement with other treatments, such as
antiviral medications and antibiotics is promising. One systematic review found
that TCM could potentially help eliminate pathogens in the early stage of the
virus; control inflammation and strengthens body resistance to the virus in the
intermediary stage; and relieve depletion during the late stage of COVID‐19.
However, more research is needed to confirm these results. Rhodiola is often
used for stress, but has not been proven effective in treating COVID-19.
Following the announcement from a Chinese official regarding approval of three
herbal supplements for treatment, there was widespread concern regarding the
lack of rigorous studies to support their use. More empirical research is needed
to understand the role of TCM as a supplementary treatment for COVID-19. While
there have now been a number of approvals of treatments for emergency use for
COVID-19 approved in the U.S. and elsewhere, it is crucial to note that no
COVID-19 treatment has been formally recommended by the World Health
Organization (WHO), and more research is needed on larger samples and long-term
to understand the impacts of TCM and other potential COVID-19 treatments.

HOW ARE LLAMAS BEING USED TO FIGHT COVID-19?

by
Dr. Christin Gilmer
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 22, 2020
|
Updated on
Jul 1, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Llamas are being used in research to produce antibodies that _may_ help develop
therapeutics to treat and prevent COVID-19 in humans. Like humans, llamas
naturally produce antibodies. Antibodies are special proteins that are made from
plasma cells (a type of white blood cell), and they help the body to fight
"antigens" including viruses, bacteria, and other threats that can make people
sick. Llamas are able to produce a special type of antibody called a 'nanobody.'
Nanobodies are about a quarter of the size of the antibodies that humans produce
and, because they are so small, nanobodies are more stable, can live for a long
time, and are able reach tiny, hard-to-reach areas of the body to help treat
infected cells. Using a known process, scientists are looking to create a
treatment for COVID-19 using llama nanobodies. Though animal studies have only
just begun and researchers are not yet ready for human studies, there is hope
that COVID-19 antibody treatments made possible by llamas could become
preventive in the future.

WHAT IS THE CONTEXT BEHIND THE INCORRECT CLAIM ON SOCIAL MEDIA ASSOCIATING A
DECREASE IN SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME WITH A DECREASE IN IMMUNIZATION RATES
OF INFANTS DURING COVID-19?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 26, 2020
|
Updated on
Jun 26, 2020
August 6, 2021
|
Explainer
Linking a decrease in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) to a decrease in the
immunization rate of infants in the U.S. would be factually misleading. Rates of
SIDS and immunization have to be understood to be independent of one another
until proven otherwise. So far, no studies have linked the two rates. There is
also no published data on SIDS during the pandemic so far. One white paper makes
claims that SIDS has decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic based on “anecdotal
evidence”, i.e. hearsay, which is not considered to be scientific evidence. As a
result, scientists do not know what effect COVID-19 has had on SIDS, if any at
all. As for immunization, on May 18th 2020, the US CDC reported that vaccination
rates declined across children age groups, except for newborns receiving the
hepatitis B vaccine at the hospital around the time of birth.

WHY ARE MEAT AND PORK PLANTS HAVING SO MANY OUTBREAKS?

by
Fallback
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 22, 2020
|
Updated on
Jun 26, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Meat processing plants have become major hotspots for coronavirus outbreaks
because employees work in close proximity to one another, which makes social
distancing very difficult. Across the U.S., the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention report that 4,913 COVID-19 cases and 20 deaths have been reported
among approximately 130,000 workers at 115 meat processing facilities in 19
states. Many meat processing plants have failed to provide basic protections
like face masks, plexiglass barriers between workers, or paid sick leave to
frontline employees. The Tyson Fresh Meats Plant in Washington State, the
largest meat-packing plant in the state, was temporarily closed in April after
more than a 100 employees tested positive for COVID-19. The plant has since
resumed operations after testing all employees, but unions and health officials
alike have advocated for greater health protections for workers, including
adequate social distancing measures, even if it slows operations.

WHAT DO GENES HAVE TO DO WITH OUR BODIES' REACTIONS TO COVID-19?

by
Dr. Saskia Popescu
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 8, 2020
|
Updated on
Jun 25, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
We're still learning more about the role of genetics in COVID-19 infection, both
in terms of susceptibility, but also severity of illness. There have been some
studies that have looked at proteins, called "toll-like receptors" or "TLRs"
that help an immune system detect a virus and alert the immune system to begin
defending the body from infection. Those studies have looked at the role of TLRs
in natural immunity to the virus, and how our genes controlling a protein
involved in TLR response, plays into susceptibility. Other studies have assessed
blood types and that those with Type A appear to have a higher risk of
contracting the virus, whereas Type O might be protective. ACE receptors - also
known as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors - might be the way the virus
gets into the cell and may play a large role in the virus's ability to infect
cells. Because of this, there has been increased research into genetic variants
in these receptors. It is likely that some genetics play a role in COVID-19
infection and clinical manifestations, but it will take much more research to
understand these relationships.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT CAMPHORA 1M AND ARSENIC ALBUM 30 — HOMOEOPATHIC IMMUNITY
BOOSTERS — THAT ARE BEING RECOMMENDED AS A TREATMENT IN INDIA?

by
Dr. Saskia Popescu
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Jun 25, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
There has not been widespread, conclusive, or objective data to support the use
of camphora 1m and arsenic album 30 as immunity boosters. The WHO and U.S. CDC
point to supportive care as some therapeutic options are evaluated and studied,
but none of these include homeopathic medications. At this time, it is not
recommended as an effective treatment or prophylaxis for SARS-CoV-2, the virus
that causes COVID-19.

IS FAVIPIRAVIR EFFECTIVE IN TREATING COVID-19?

Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 1, 2020
|
Updated on
Jun 25, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
There is currently not enough evidence to know whether or not favipiravir, also
known as Avigan, can effectively treat COVID-19; however, the preliminary
evidence is promising. Favipiravir is a drug that is used as an influenza
medication in Japan and China, and is currently in studies to treat other viral
infections, including COVID-19, in many other countries. Early studies involving
favipiravir has showed promising results in reducing the duration of symptoms of
COVID-19 and aiding in the recovery of patients. However, there were
shortcomings to these early studies, such as only having a small number of
patients involved and the presence of age differences between study groups.
Additionally, not all studies randomly assigned to their groups (called
randomization) and not all studies "blinded" their study subjects and their
doctors (meaning they both knew which treatments they received and didn't
receive). This helps explain why there is a lack of consensus as to whether or
not favipiravir is an effect treatment for COVID-19 at this time. Main
advantages of favipiravir are that it is administered orally and that it can be
given in patients who are symptomatic but not ill enough to be hospitalized. As
of November 2020, the International Journal of Infectious Diseases published a
set of case studies of COVID-19 treated with favipiravir among patients in
critical or severe condition, and found that all patients showed a clinical and
chest imaging improvement, and all patients recovered without subsequent
hypoxemia. Once again, while these results are promising, they are case studies
and not formal research studies and therefore have signifiant limitations.

CAN WE USE SEWAGE WATER TO DETECT COVID-19 IN A COMMUNITY?

by
Nour Sharara
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 8, 2020
|
Updated on
Jun 24, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that causes COVID-19. It leaves the human body through
our waste, so flushing the toilet with that waste means traces of the virus can
be found in sewage water. This is why COVID-19 has been recently detected in
sewage water in regions that have tested for it. By collecting water from
sewers, scientists in the U.S. and Europe are now testing sewage for the virus,
using it as a collective sample to measure infection levels among thousands of
people. Recent studies have shown that sewage water can be used as an early
diagnostic tool for determining where potential COVID-19 cases might be
occurring in a city. A recent study showed that measuring virus levels in
municipal sewage helped researchers predict where forthcoming COVID-19 cases
would be coming from a week before people began testing positive for the virus
in that area. They did this by comparing the amount of virus found in the sewage
water with the amount of confirmed cases in an area's hospitals. We have
observed that estimating the true number of COVID-19 cases is extremely
challenging; these estimates often lead to underestimating the true scope of the
pandemic in a community because many people are never tested for the virus even
if they are ill. Moreover, asymptomatic patients or those with mild symptoms may
never seek out testing and therefore won't be counted; but they can still
transmit the virus. In this context, measuring overall virus levels in sewage
over time could indicate the scope of the pandemic; indicate whether an outbreak
is growing or shrinking; and can act as a surveillance system that would allow
to detect new waves of an outbreak before patients develop symptoms and go to
hospitals. (Source: [Biobot Analytics](https://www.biobot.io/))

HOW ARE MIGRANT LABORERS IN INDIA BEING IMPACTED BY THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC?

by
Fallback
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 8, 2020
|
Updated on
Jun 23, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
India enacted one of the toughest nationwide lockdown policies in response to
the COVID-19 pandemic, and shut down all travel and movement with barely four
hours notice on March 24, 2020. The lockdown disproportionately impacted the
informal sector of India (the part of any economy that is not regulated by the
government), and left thousands of migrant laborers and daily wage earners
stranded. With buses and trains shuttered, migrant laborers had to walk hundreds
of kilometers back to their villages, and many died along the way. India's
COVID-19 response has been criticized for inadequately accounting for the needs
of the most marginalized and vulnerable residents who lacked resources to cope
with the abrupt lockdown. Now that the lockdown has ended, the Supreme Court of
India has ordered states to identify stranded migrant laborers and facilitate
their return to their hometowns. Several states, including West Bengal, Odisha,
Bihar, and Jharkhand, have reported spikes in infections as more than 10 million
migrant workers return to their homes following the easing of lockdown measures.
The actual impact of migration on COVID-19 cases is difficult to ascertain,
since testing has also improved, but the sudden influx of migrant laborers has
made it even more difficult for the state healthcare institutions to treat and
care for COVID-19 cases.

COULD THE ORAL POLIO VACCINE BE A SOLUTION FOR COVID-19?

by
Jenna Sherman
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 15, 2020
|
Updated on
Jun 22, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
It's too early to know. Successful discovery and safe delivery of a vaccine are
very challenging. In the pandemic context we are in, many scientists are turning
to existing drugs and vaccines to try and see if they can repurpose them to
tackle COVID-19, especially since their safety profiles, side effects, and
effectiveness are already known. Similarly, the safety track record of the oral
polio vaccine is also known, and scientists are now studying its efficacy
against COVID-19. The hypothesis these scientists have suggested is that the
oral polio vaccine – a weakened version of the live polio virus – is assumed to
trigger a general immune response in the body - production of antibodies against
a foreign organism to be protected in the future if infected again with the same
organism. When the body's immune system engages this response to fight off the
unknown virus, scientists believe the body will develop antibodies specific to
the novel coronavirus, the virus that causes COVID-19. However these are early
studies occurring in animal models only at this stage and with no results yet.
Moreover, there is no consensus yet among scientists as to whether choosing the
oral polio vaccine as a candidate was a good idea in the first place. Some note
that there are risks in introducing the oral polio vaccine in some populations
which is why in most of the world, doctors have phased out the oral formulation
in favor of the inactivated polio vaccine, which is more widely used today.

CAN TEAR GAS HELP SPREAD COVID-19?

by
Fallback
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 7, 2020
|
Updated on
Jun 22, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Tear gas and other chemical irritants can cause people to cough, sneeze, and
take off their face masks, which can increase the spread of COVID-19. This is
the case both for people who have symptoms of the virus and those who might not
have any symptoms and don't know they are sick. The virus that causes COVID-19
spreads primarily through droplets that are emitted when people exhale, cough,
or spit. Tear gas can cause people to cough or scream loudly, which could carry
the virus particles much farther than 6 feet (2m) and infect others around them.
In addition to inducing coughing, tear gas has also been linked to increased
susceptibility to infection in the respiratory tract as well as increased pain
and inflammation. A 2014 study found that exposure to tear gas contributed to a
significantly higher risk of acute respiratory illnesses (sudden and serious
respiratory illnesses). More than 1200 infectious disease and public health
professionals have signed a petition opposing the use of tear gas and other
respiratory irritants during this pandemic.

WHY HAS INDIA REPORTED A SIGNIFICANT SURGE IN CASES OF COVID-19?

by
Fallback
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 7, 2020
|
Updated on
Jun 22, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
Public health experts indicate that lockdown measures in India ended too
quickly, just as cases started spiking. The initial lockdown was in effect for
21 days from March 24, 2020, and was extended to May 31, 2020. Following May 31,
2020, the country opened up in phases, and only a few areas continued to place
restrictions on movement. Crowded means of transportation, densely packed
neighborhoods, and inadequate social distancing have contributed to a steep rise
in infections, made worse by a premature end to the lockdown. The end of the
lockdown has also sparked a mass exodus of migrant laborers back to their home
states, which local health authorities worry has driven the rise in new cases.
It's too soon to tell whether the spike in new cases has actually been driven by
migrant laborers—increased testing availability has allowed for more cases to be
detected, which may also contribute to the increased case count. Experts from
the Indian Council of Medical Research noted that India has still not reached
the peak of infections, and that cases are likely to continue to rise in the
future.

WHY ARE HEALTH EXPERTS WORRIED ABOUT OTHER INFECTIOUS DISEASE OUTBREAKS RIGHT
NOW?

by
Fallback
Health Desk
|
Published on
Jun 15, 2020
|
Updated on
Jun 19, 2020
December 2, 2021
|
Explainer
The renewed focus on the COVID-19 pandemic and its heavy toll has worried health
experts about other infectious disease programs in low- and middle-income
countries, such as the distribution of insecticide-treated bednets in
sub-Saharan Africa or routine vaccination programs in India. A new modeling
analysis released by the World Health Organization shows that disruptions to
bednet distribution campaigns could double the number of malaria deaths in 2020
compared to the amount of deaths in 2018 (in the worst case scenario). Health
experts are warning that existing vaccination programs or other vector control
programs (such as indoor spraying or insecticide-treated bednet distribution
campaigns) should be accelerated to prevent other infectious disease outbreaks,
even as resources are focused on the COVID-19 pandemic.

WILL RECENT PROTESTS LEAD TO AN OUTBREAK OR SECOND WAVE OF INFECTIONS?

by
Dr. Saskia Popescu
Health Desk
|
Published on
Apr 21, 2021
|
Updated on
Jun 19, 2020
July 23, 2021
|
Explainer
Large gatherings of people in close contact for a prolonged period of time does
increase risk for transmission of respiratory viruses. Outdoor protests allow
for natural ventilation, and the additional use of masks, eye protection, and
social distancing efforts can help reduce risk. While it is unknown if protests
will lead to a large increase in the number of cases, it is possible there will
be additional cases in the 2 weeks following protests.

DOES WEARING GLOVES PROTECT AGAINST OR STOP THE SPREAD OF COVID-19?

Health Desk
|
Published on
May 12, 2020
|
Updated on
Jun 15, 2020
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
Wearing gloves does not directly protect against spread of the virus. COVID-19
is thought to spread primarily through small drops of moisture (respiratory
droplets) that are released when a person infected with COVID-19 coughs, talks,
or sneezes.

CAN COVID-19 BE TRANSMITTED THROUGH POOL WATER?

Health Desk
|
Published on
May 14, 2020
|
Updated on
Jun 14, 2020
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
The virus that causes COVID-19 is spread through respiratory secretions like a
cough or a sneeze. While it can also be transmitted through contaminated
surfaces and objects (e.g. contaminated door handle), there has been no evidence
that it can be spread through water in pools, hot tubs, spas, or water play
areas. Moreover, the virus has not been detected in drinking water. According to
the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the biggest concern for
COVID-19 transmission around pools is related to crowded areas where social
distancing cannot occur and the importance of hand hygiene and respiratory
etiquette due to many high-touch surfaces and objects. In relation to pools,
exposure prevention is focused more on respiratory droplets from other people
visiting the pool rather than the water itself.

CAN FACE MASKS BE SHARED?

Health Desk
|
Published on
May 18, 2020
|
Updated on
Jun 14, 2020
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
No. Personal protective equipment that cannot be disinfected, like a cloth or
surgical mask, should not be shared between people. Over time, these masks
become dirty and have wear and tear. Since masks come into contact with our
mouth and nose, they easily become contaminated and should not be shared.

WHAT DOES IT MEAN FOR A STUDY TO BE A PRE-PRINT?

Health Desk
|
Published on
May 12, 2020
|
Updated on
Jun 14, 2020
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
Pre-print studies are studies that have been completed but haven't gone through
the peer-review process that most scientific journals require for publishing.
Pre-prints provide new data and information, which is important in a pandemic.
However the details in a pre-print study, such as: how the study was designed
and conducted, what sample sizes were included, what assumptions were made, and
how calculations were done, have not been scrutinized by the journal's reviewers
and editors. The process of scrutinizing a pre-print study is what the
peer-review process consist of. Most websites that publish pre-print articles
suggest that these articles should not be reported in the news as established
information or used to guide clinical practice or health-related behavior. Until
the studies are scrutinized by reviewers, they should not be assumed to be
factually correct or inform any actions.

CAN COVID-19 BE SPREAD THROUGH MONEY?

Health Desk
|
Published on
May 22, 2020
|
Updated on
May 28, 2020
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
The virus that causes COVID-19 can potentially be spread through money. However,
it's unlikely to cause the COVID-19 illness in humans. A recent study has shown
that the virus that causes COVID-19 can survive on solid surfaces like coins for
up to four days and on paper like cash for up to three hours, but the virus was
no longer infectious (viable) after that point. There has been no rigorous
research to conclude or disprove that COVID-19 can be easily spread through
coins and paper money otherwise. Therefore, the risk of catching COVID-19 from
the virus sticking to money is very low. However, it is best practice in general
to wash your hands and avoid touching your face after touching money. The virus
that causes COVID-19 is primarily spread through person-to-person contact,
especially if you are in close contact with another person (within about 6 feet
or 2 meters). Since we do not yet fully understand all the ways the virus could
spread, it would be a good practice to be vigilant with money just as any other
potential contaminated surface, and wash your hands with soap after touching it.

WHAT IS THE LATEST RESEARCH REGARDING SEXUAL TRANSMISSION OF COVID-19?

Health Desk
|
Published on
May 12, 2020
|
Updated on
May 27, 2020
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
There have been no documented cases of sexual transmission. Current evidence
suggests that COVID-19 can not spread from person to person through bodily
fluids that are not respiratory functions like talking, coughing and sneezing.
Some confusion around this could be because traces of the virus that causes
COVID-19 were found in the semen samples of 6 out of 38 men who provided samples
in a research study. According to the study, four of the six men were still
infected, while two were recovering. This does not mean that COVID-19 is
sexually transmitted. Traces of the virus have also been found in other bodily
fluids and stool samples, but studies have shown negative COVID-19 detection in
semen samples in both late-stage COVID-19 patients and recovering COVID-19
patients. However, sexual contact does carry a high risk with regards to
COVID-19 transmission between partners through respiratory secretions, not
semen.

IS THERE ANY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE USE OF ANTIBIOTICS AND TREATMENT OF
COVID-19?

Health Desk
|
Published on
May 12, 2020
|
Updated on
May 26, 2020
August 20, 2021
|
Explainer
Antibiotics are not used to treat or cure COVID-19, but they _can_ treat
bacterial infections that can happen as a result of complications from the
COVID-19 virus. Viruses and bacterial infections cause different types of
illnesses, and antibiotics are only effective in treating bacterial infections,
not viruses like COVID-19. Antibiotics should not be taken as a way to prevent
or treat COVID-19 and they should not be taken unless prescribed by a doctor.
Sometimes, antibiotics might be used in patients with COVID-19 but **only** to
treat secondary bacterial infections.
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