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CANADA-UNITED STATES RELATIONS
ON THIS PAGE
* Bilateral relations
* Partnerships and organizations
* Canada-U.S. fact sheet
BILATERAL RELATIONS
Canada and the United States (U.S.) enjoy a unique relationship. The Canada-U.S.
partnership is forged by shared geography, similar values, common interests,
strong personal connections and powerful, multi-layered economic ties. Our two
countries share a deep and longstanding defence and national security
partnership, providing both countries with greater security than could be
achieved individually. Trade and investment between Canada and the U.S. supports
millions of jobs and helps ensure the secure and flow of goods and people across
the border that is vital to both countries’ economic competitiveness and
prosperity. The Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA)Footnote 1, serves
to reinforce Canada’s strong economic ties with the U.S., as well as Mexico, and
brings significant economic benefit to all three countries.
Canada has an embassy in Washington, D.C., consulates general in Atlanta,
Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New
York, San Francisco, and Seattle, 3 trade offices, and 14 Honorary Consuls. The
United States maintains an embassy in Ottawa and consulates general across
Canada.
ROADMAP, JOINT STATEMENTS, AND OTHER LEADER-LEVEL COMMITMENTS
Released in February 2021, one month after President Biden’s inauguration, the
Roadmap for a Renewed Canada-U.S. Partnership outlines a set of commitments to
generate and formalize bilateral collaboration.
In March 2023, Prime Minister Trudeau welcomed U.S. President Joe Biden to
Canada for Mr. Biden’s first in-person visit since his inauguration. The two
Leaders issued a Joint Statement recommitting to the Roadmap, and outlining
plans for Canada and the U.S. to work together to accelerate the clean energy
transition, strengthen North American critical minerals and semiconductor supply
chains, protect shared waters and the Arctic, advance diversity and inclusion,
and bolster global alliances against threats to the international order.
Altogether, there are a hundred-plus Leader-level commitments that chart a path
forward on achieving the new green economy, including through the work of a new
Energy Transformation Task Force (led by the Deputy Prime Minister), and
strengthening Canada-U.S. collaboration across a range of mutual interests and
shared domestic, bilateral and multilateral priorities.
BORDER COOPERATION
Canada and the United States share a land border close to 9,000 km long, which
is the longest land border in the world. The two countries cooperate closely to
manage the secure and efficient flow of goods and people across the border,
which is vital to both countries' economic competitiveness and prosperity.
It is estimated that around 400,000 people crossed the Canada-United States
border every day and that there are about 800,000 Canadian citizens living in
the United States. There are many Canadian Indigenous people and U.S. Native
American Tribes whose communities and cultures span the border.
To help address irregular migration, as of March 25, 2023, Canada and the
U.S. extended the application of the Safe Third Country Agreement (STCA) to the
entire border, including internal waterways, ensuring fairness and more orderly
migration between our two countries. The STCA is based on the premise that
asylum seekers should seek protection in the first safe country in which they
arrive. Canada will also welcome 15,000 migrants on a humanitarian basis from
the Western Hemisphere over the course of the year, to continue expanding safe,
regular pathways offered throughout the hemisphere as an alternative to
irregular migration. In 2022, around 40,000 people crossed irregularly from the
U.S. into Canada, the majority of whom came from countries outside North
America.
SECURITY AND DEFENCE COOPERATION
Canada and the United States are key allies and defence partners, and we
collaborate closely to address international crises and to defend shared values
abroad. Our mutual objectives of strengthening continental defence and
safeguarding global peace and security have led to the close cooperation of our
respective defence and national security agencies.
Our bilateral defence and national security relationship spans the full spectrum
of cooperation, from shared defence of the continent; commitments to collective
objectives through the North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD), the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the Five Eyes; intelligence
sharing; defence materiel cooperation, and strong relationships between law
enforcement agencies. Canada and the U.S. recently committed to accelerate NORAD
modernization. In addition to announced investments in NORAD and the Canadian
Armed Forces that support continental defence more broadly (including F-35
fighter jets and related infrastructure), Canada is collaborating with the U.S.
to reduce violent extremism, child sex exploitation, cross-border smuggling, and
firearms violence on both sides of the border; as well as deepen cybersecurity
cooperation to improve the resiliency and protection of our critical
infrastructure.
Canada and the U.S. cooperate closely on global security issues, including in
Europe through NATO and by enhancing the capabilities of the Ukrainian security
forces; and through the Global Coalition against Daesh in the Middle East.
Canada and the U.S. also maintain a maritime presence and uphold sanctions in
the Indo-Pacific region; as well as conduct illicit trafficking operations in
the Caribbean Sea and eastern Pacific Ocean.
TRADE
Canada and the U.S. share one of the largest trading relationships in the world,
with more than $3.4 billion worth of goods and services crossing the border each
day in 2022. That year, Canada-U.S. trade in goods and services was over
$1.2 trillion and represented about two thirds of Canada’s total global trade.
In 2022, Canada was the United States’ largest trading partner in goods and
services. Canada-U.S. trade is built on long-standing binational supply chains,
whereby roughly 80% of Canadian goods exports to the U.S. ‘feed’ American supply
chains for final goods. Effective management of the bilateral commercial
relationship is crucial to supporting investor confidence and enhancing North
American competitiveness.
In the trade relationship, Canada’s efforts are currently focused on ensuring
the effective implementation of the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement
(CUSMA), strengthening supply chain resiliency through the creation of a
Northeast semiconductor corridor (i.e., from Quebec to New York State
primarily), and resolving bilateral irritants. Canada is also seeking to
establish enhanced collaboration with the U.S. to address global trade
challenges, including with respect to China and the World Trade Organization.
RELATED LINKS
* Trade and investment agreements
* Import / Export controls
* Doing business in the United States
* U.S.-Canada/Canada-U.S. Supply Chains Progress Report
ENVIRONMENT, WATER, AND CLIMATE CHANGE
The Canada-U.S. border includes four of the five Great Lakes, many other lakes
and rivers, major airsheds in which atmospheric loads of chemicals travel to
reach water, and migratory routes for wildlife species. The two countries have a
long history of close cooperation and negotiation on environmental issues due to
their integrated economy and common ecosystems. For example, Canada and the U.S.
have agreed to intensify efforts to modernize the Columbia River Treaty in a
manner that creates equitable benefits for both countries with a focus on flood
risk management, power generation and environmental benefits.
Canada and the U.S. have also committed to achieving ambitious greenhouse gas
emissions reductions. Through the Canada-U.S. High-Level Ministerial Dialogue on
Climate Ambition, launched in February 2021, the two countries are working on
cooperative action to achieve our common objective of net-zero emissions by
2050, aligning policy solutions and regulatory approaches, and building
resilience to climate impacts. During President Biden’s visit, Canada and the
U.S. also agreed to renew our joint commitment to preserving and restoring the
Great Lakes (Canada announced investments of $420 million over 10 years);
strengthen collaboration in the Arctic to reduce localized emissions and prevent
and mitigate environmental disasters; and undertake a joint technical review and
assessment of the 1991 Canada-U.S. Air Quality Agreement.
ENERGY SECURITY
The volume and value of the Canada-U.S. energy relationship is fundamental to
North America’s energy transition, security and supply. Canada and the U.S. are
each other’s principal source of imported energy (oil, natural gas, clean
electricity, uranium). Our two-way energy trade reached $236.9 billion in 2022,
with Canada enjoying a large surplus ($166.7 billion). Canada’s energy exports
comprise more than one-third of all merchandise exports to the United States.
Transboundary infrastructure plays a critical role, with over 100 oil and
natural gas pipelines, and electricity transmission lines, moving massive
amounts of energy back and forth, supporting investment, industry, jobs and
consumers. The Joint Statement from the President’s March 2023 visit identified
as a priority the resilience of critical infrastructure, in particular
cross-border pipelines and electricity transmission lines. On May 2, 2023,
Canada and the U.S. convened the first meeting of the Energy Transformation Task
Force, which aims to accelerate bilateral cooperation on both clean energy and
supply chains.
PROMOTING FAIR AND JUST SOCIETIES
Canada and the U.S. share a commitment to recognizing and addressing systemic
racism, unconscious bias, gender-based discrimination, barriers for persons with
disabilities, and all other forms of discrimination and exclusion. Through the
federal Anti-Racism Secretariat, Canada has been working with the White House to
advance information-sharing, best practice exchanges, and advice as the Biden
administration works to deliver on presidential executive orders related to
racial justice, diversity and inclusion, equity and accessibility, particularly
within the federal public service. Canadian officials delivered two training
sessions on Gender Based Analysis+ to U.S. public servants, including senior
officials and White House Gender Policy Council staff, in support of the
first-ever ‘U.S. National Strategy on Gender Equity and Equality.’ Canada and
the U.S. also collaborate and have made meaningful joint progress towards
Indigenous reconciliation. Canada, the U.S., and Mexico work together on the
Trilateral Working Group (TWG) on Violence Against Indigenous Women and Girls to
exchange knowledge, enhance cooperation, and align responses to Indigenous
issues in all three countries. During President Biden’s visit to Canada, the
leaders reinforced their commitment to promote equality and combat all forms of
discrimination through child benefits, early learning and childcare, pay equity,
and women’s entrepreneurship.
PARTNERSHIPS AND ORGANIZATIONS
Global challenges require global solutions, and Canada-U.S. cooperation has
never been more important to ensure that multilateral institutions address
today’s realities.
Together, we are advocating for reform and modernization in important
international institutions such as the United Nations, North Atlantic Treaty
Organization, and the World Trade Organization.
Canada and the United States work closely in multilateral fora, such as:
* America’s Partnership for Economic Prosperity (APEP)
* Arctic Council
* Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
* G20
* G7
* North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
* Organization of American States (OAS)
* Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
* Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
* United Nations (UN)
* World Trade Organization (WTO)
FOOTNOTES
Footnote 1
CUSMA is referred to as USMCA in the U.S.
Return to footnote 1 referrer
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Date Modified: 2023-06-27
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