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THE STATE OF CLOUD RANSOMWARE IN 2024

November 14, 2024
by Alex Delamotte
PDF


OVERVIEW

Ransom attacks in the cloud are a perennially popular topic of discussion in the
cloud security realm. Cloud services inherently provide an advantage over
endpoint and web server-based services due to the minimal nature of a cloud
service’s attack surface. With the exception of Compute services, which run a
virtual operating system in the cloud, cloud services do not provide an entire
operating system, which means that the ransomware binaries prevalent on Windows
and Linux are unable to attack them effectively.

We have identified several tools designed to target web servers with ransomware
or to leverage cloud services to upload files before encrypting local files on
an endpoint. There are also far fewer references to scripts designed to perform
ransom attacks directly on cloud services, with the exception of several red
teaming tools hosted on GitHub.

Note: The scope of this report does not include attacks against on-premises
hosted cloud infrastructure, such as VMWare ESXi. Ransomware actors have long
targeted ESXi which was the first Linux operating system widely attacked by
organized ransomware groups.




CLOUD RANSOM ATTACK MECHANICS

Cloud ransom attacks typically target cloud-based storage services, such as
Amazon’s Simple Storage Service (S3) or Azure Blob Storage. While each
implementation varies, a ransom attack requires the attacker to find an
accessible storage service, copy the file contents to a destination controlled
by the attacker, and then encrypt or delete the files from the victim’s
instance.

Cloud service providers (CSPs) have implemented robust security mechanisms that
minimize the risk of data being lost permanently. For example, AWS’ Key
Management Service (KMS) defines a 7-day window between a key delete request and
its permanent deletion, providing users with ample time to detect and rectify a
cryptographic ransom attack against S3 instances.

One of the most commonly referenced cloud ransom techniques, outlined by Rhino
Security here, targets S3 buckets. The attacker takes advantage of an overly
permissive S3 bucket where they have write-level access, which is often the
result of misconfiguration or accessed in the targeted environment through other
means, such as valid credentials. This technique utilizes a new KMS key, meaning
the attacker would schedule the key for deletion and be subject to the 7-day
window before the key is permanently deleted in the victim’s environment.

Another technique targets Amazon’s Elastic Block Store (EBS) volumes through
similar means: the attacker creates a new KMS key, creates a snapshot of the EBS
volumes, encrypts the volumes, then deletes the original, unencrypted volume.
This technique is still subject to the 7-day key deletion policy, which provides
a window of opportunity for the customer to remediate before the key is deleted
forever.

Despite increasingly thorough security measures, researchers continue to find
new ways to circumvent CSP controls. In October 2024, security researcher Harsh
Varagiya published a potential technique to encrypt files on AWS using
customer-managed keys (CMK), also known as Bring Your Own Key (BYOK), and
external key stores (XKS). This technique allows an attacker to encrypt files in
such a way that the decryption key is controlled by the victim, which prevents
the CSP from recovering the key. While this attack is relatively niche and
targets only environments where the victim uses custom-managed key features, for
those customers it makes data recovery difficult, if not impossible, without
obtaining the key generated by the attacker. Organizations can prevent this type
of attack by implementing Service Control Policies (SCP) that block calls to
risky APIs, including the kms:CreateCustomKeyStore API.


RANSOMWARE USING CLOUD SERVICES FOR DATA EXFILTRATION

Aside from ransomware targeting cloud services, threat actors are increasingly
using cloud services to exfiltrate the data they intend to ransom. In September
2024, modePUSH reported that the BianLian and Rhysida ransomware groups are now
using Azure Storage Explorer to exfiltrate data from victim environments in lieu
of historically popular tools like MEGAsync and rclone. In October 2024, Trend
Micro reported that a ransomware actor mimicking the notorious Lockbit
ransomware group used samples that leverage Amazon’s S3 storage to exfiltrate
data stolen from the targeted Windows or macOS systems.

SentinelLabs has identified a Python script on VirusTotal that we call RansomES
due to the Spanish language comments in the code. RansomES is designed to run on
a Windows system and search for files with the extensions .doc, .xls, .jpg,
.png, or .txt. The script then provides the actor with methods to exfiltrate the
files to S3 or FTP, and then encrypt the local versions.

Exfiltration functions from RansomES

RansomES is a simple script and we do not believe it has been used in the wild.
The author included an internet connectivity check to the WannaCry killswitch
domain, which may suggest the script was developed by a researcher or someone
with an interest in threat intelligence.

RansomES connectivity check to WannaCry killswitch domain


WEB APPLICATION RANSOM ATTACKS

Web applications are often run via cloud services. Their more minimal nature
makes cloud environments a natural hosting point where the applications are
easier to manage and require less configuration and upkeep than running on a
full operating system. However, web applications themselves are vulnerable to
extortion attacks.

SentinelLabs has identified several ransom scripts that target PHP applications.
We identified a Python script called Pandora, a muti-tool targeting a variety of
web services. This tool is unrelated to the Pandora ransomware group, which
leverages binaries to target Windows systems. The Pandora script uses AES
encryption to target several types of systems, including PHP servers, Android,
and Linux. The PHP ransom functions encrypt files using AES via the OpenSSL
library. The Pandora Python script runs on the webserver, writing the PHP code
output to the path pandora/Ransomware with a file name provided as an argument
at runtime and appended with the .php extension.

Pandora’s ransomware1 PHP ransom function Pandora’s ransomware1 PHP ransom
function

We identified another PHP ransom script attributed to the IndoSec group, an
Indonesia-based threat actor. This script is a PHP backdoor that the attacker
can use to manage and delete files, and perform ransom attacks. The script
traverses directories recursively while it reads and base64-encodes file
contents. The encoded data is sent to
hxxp://encrypt[.]indsc[.]me/api[.]php?type=encrypt, where the file contents are
likely encrypted using a web service’s API. This is an interesting approach
because the encryption is provided through a remote service rather than using
native functionality like many other tools.

IndoSec’s PHP ransom script’s encryption routine

A notable example of a hybrid webserver and cloud ransomware combination is the
Cl0p ransomware group’s 2023 campaign that exploited CVE-2023-34362, a SQL
injection vulnerability in Progress Software’s MoveIT managed file transfer
application. The actors targeted files hosted in Azure blob storage when present
in the environment.


CONCLUSION

Cloud ransom attacks are an emerging threat that organizations are better
equipped to defend against now than in previous years given the continuous
dedication to CSP security measures in addition to a wealth of cloud security
products designed to minimize risk.

We recommend that all customers use a Cloud Security Posture Management (CSPM)
solution to discover and assess cloud environments and alert of issues such as
misconfiguration and overly permissive storage buckets, as these are the primary
flaws that facilitate the cloud ransom attack techniques we described in this
post. Additionally, always enforce good identity management practices such as
requiring MFA on all admin accounts, and deploy runtime protection against all
cloud workloads and resources.


INDICATORS OF COMPROMISE

RansomES

7bcffb6828915ae194e04739ebd12f57723a703b

Pandora

2139d0e1e618b61b017d62cb8806929560ded9a7

371ffe7849f9354e62919c203ed8f2e80b741622

57566050459d210263f3184d72c48a6b298c187b

785beb4b83c906dba3d336c4cbd0f442b0cbaf90

bb37e7565afae3f90258ec2664f4da49f5eec213

IndoSec

hxxp://encrypt[.]indsc[.]me/api[.]php?type=encrypt

9065e945947c939f55fbdf102a834f4ac5d87457

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Table of Contents
Overview
 * Overview
 * Cloud Ransom Attack Mechanics
 * Ransomware Using Cloud Services For Data Exfiltration
 * Web Application Ransom Attacks
 * Conclusion
 * Indicators of Compromise


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