www.itgovernance.co.uk
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51.145.31.180
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URL:
https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/data-protection-dpa-and-eu-data-protection-regulation
Submission: On March 14 via api from SE — Scanned from GB
Submission: On March 14 via api from SE — Scanned from GB
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<a href="/shop/account">Your account</a>
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<a href="/shop/recurringorder ">Your subscriptions</a>
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<a href="/shop/downloads">Your downloads</a>
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<a href="/shop/account#OrderHistory">Your orders</a>
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<a href="/shop/account#CourseWebOrderHistory">Training course bookings</a>
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<a href="/shop/account#DLMSArea">Self-paced training bookings</a>
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<a href="/shop/account#LMSArea">E-learning course bookings</a>
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<li>
<a href="https://www.cybercomply.co.uk/account/login" target="_blank">CyberComply portal</a>
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<li>
<a href="https://users.grcelearning.com/login/index.php" target="_blank">GRC e-learning platform</a>
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<li>
<a href="https://www.documentkits.com/login" target="_blank">DocumentKits platform</a>
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<span>United Kingdom</span>
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<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.itgovernanceusa.com/">USA</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.itgovernance.eu/">EU</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.itgovernance.asia/">Asia Pacific</a></li>
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<div class="item currency hidden-xs"><span>£ GBP</span></div>
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<a class="telephone" href="tel:+443338007000" title="IT Governance phone number">
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<li><a href="/shop/category/vulnerability-scanning?promo_name=megamenu-shop&promo_id=shop-vulnerabilityscanning">Vulnerability scanning</a></li>
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<div class="hidden-xs col-sm-3 dropdown-spotlight">
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<li><a href="/shop/category/data-security-and-protection-dsp-toolkit?promo_name=megamenu-dataprivacy&promo_id=shop-dsptoolkit">DSP Toolkit</a></li>
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<li><a href="/shop/category/gdpr-compliance-solutions?promo_name=megamenu-dataprivacy&promo_id=shop-gdprcompliancesolutions">GDPR compliance solutions</a></li>
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<li><a href="/shop/category/iso-27701?promo_name=megamenu-dataprivacy&promo_id=shop-iso27701">ISO 27701</a></li>
<li><a href="/shop/category/eu-gdpr-contract-and-legal?promo_name=megamenu-dataprivacy&promo_id=shop-legalservices">Legal services</a></li>
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<strong><strong>
</strong></strong>
</div>
<strong><strong>
</strong></strong>
<div class="col-sm-6 dropdown-information-wrapper">
<span class="dropdown-heading">Data privacy information pages</span>
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<li><a href="/eu-gdpr-uk-dpa-2018-uk-gdpr?promo_name=megamenu-dataprivacy&promo_id=info-brexitdataprotection">Brexit and data protection </a></li>
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<li><a href="/dpa-2018?promo_name=megamenu-dataprivacy&promo_id=info-dpa2018">DPA (Data Protection Act) 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/data-protection-officer-dpo-under-the-gdpr?promo_name=megamenu-dataprivacy&promo_id=info-dporoleundergdpr">DPO role under the GDPR</a></li>
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<li><a href="/infosec?promo_name=megamenu-dataprivacy&promo_id=info-infosec">Information security</a></li>
<li><a href="/iso-27701?promo_name=megamenu-dataprivacy&promo_id=info-iso27701">ISO 27701</a></li>
<li><a href="/the-pecr-and-eu-eprivacy-directive?promo_name=megamenu-dataprivacy&promo_id=info-pecr">PECR</a></li>
<li><a href="/privacy-as-a-service?promo_name=megamenu-dataprivacy&promo_id=info-paas">Privacy as a Service</a></li>
<li><a href="/data-protection?promo_name=megamenu-dataprivacy&promo_id=info-ukdataprotectionlaw">UK data protection law</a></li>
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<span class="dropdown-heading" style="margin-top: 0px;">Useful links</span>
<ul class="dropdown-information2">
<li><a href="/set-your-organisation-up-for-success?promo_name=megamenu-dataprivacy&promo_id=useful-success2022">Set your organisation
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<h1><span class="container flex flex-valign-center"><span class="text-center"><span class="info-banner-header">The GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) – Overview</span></span></span></h1>
<h3><span class="container flex flex-valign-center"><span class="text-center"><span class="home-banner-text">Everything you need to know about processing personal data under the UK Data Protection Act 2018 and UK General Data Protection
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<h2>What does ‘GDPR’ stand for?</h2>
<p>The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a law that governs how organisations process personal data</p>
<p>Following Brexit, there are now two GDPRs: the EU GDPR and the UK GDPR.</p>
<p>The EU GDPR supersedes the EU Data Protection Directive 1995 and all member state law based on it. It applies to organisations that process or control the processing of EU residents’ personal data, wherever the organisations are based.
</p>
<p>The UK’s post-Brexit version of the EU GDPR is the <a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/dpa-2018" target="<_blank"">UK GDPR.</a> It is substantially similar to the EU regulation and places similar obligations on data controllers
and processors.</p>
<p>These are summarised below.</p>
<p><em>For the sake of clarity, we refer to “the GDPR” to mean those requirements common to both the UK and EU versions of the Regulation. Where the two laws differ, we use the regional prefixes.</em></p>
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<h3>Download our free compliance guide</h3>
<p>Download this free green paper to understand the fundamental principles and rights of the GDPR, and what UK organisations must do to comply.</p>
<p><a class="cta-banner-btn" href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/resources/green-papers/guidance-for-achieving-compliance-with-the-eu-gdpr" target="_blank">Download now</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="box-shadow infopage" style="margin: 2rem 0;">
<h2>What is the purpose of the GDPR?</h2>
<p>The GDPR gives data subjects more control over how their personal data is processed and places a range of obligations on organisations that process and control the processing of personal data. These are outlined below.</p>
<p><i aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-arrow-circle-right"> </i><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Assdm6fIHlE&feature=emb_logo" target="_blank">Watch our seven-minute video for a comprehensive overview of the GDPR</a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="box-shadow infopage" style="margin: 2rem 0;">
<h2>What is the relationship between the EU GDPR and the DPA 2018 and UK GDPR?</h2>
<p>The UK GDPR is supplemented by the DPA (Data Protection Act) 2018. Among other things, the DPA 2018 applies the GDPR’s provisions to certain types of processing that are outside the Regulation’s scope, including processing by public
authorities. It sets out data processing regimes for law enforcement processing and intelligence processes.</p>
<p>The UK GDPR and DPA 2018 should, therefore, be read together.</p>
<p><i aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-arrow-circle-right"> </i><a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/dpa-2018" target="_blank">Find out more about the DPA 2018 and UK GDPR</a></p>
</div>
<div class="box-shadow infopage" style="margin: 2rem 0;">
<h2>When did the EU GDPR come into force?</h2>
<p>The Regulation came into force on 24 May 2016 and took effect on 25 May 2018.</p>
</div>
<div class="box-shadow infopage" style="margin: 2rem 0;">
<h2>How does Brexit affect the GDPR?</h2>
<p>The UK enacted its own version of the EU GDPR under the <a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2020/1/enacted/data.htm" target="2_blank"">European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020</a>. This is known as the ‘UK GDPR’.</p>
</div>
<div class="box-shadow infopage" style="margin: 2rem 0;">
<h2>When did the UK GDPR come into force?</h2>
<p>At the end of the Brexit transition period: 1 January 2021.</p>
</div>
<div class="box-shadow infopage" style="margin: 2rem 0;">
<h2>Who does the GDPR apply to?</h2>
<p>The UK GDPR applies both to UK organisations that collect, store or otherwise process the personal data of individuals residing in the UK, and to non-UK organisations that offer goods or services to, or monitor the behaviour of, UK
residents.</p>
<p>The EU GDPR applies both to EU organisations that collect, store or otherwise process the personal data of individuals residing in the EU, and to non-EU organisations that offer goods or services to, or monitor the behaviour of, EU
residents.</p>
<p>UK organisations therefore have at least two data protection laws to adhere to:</p>
<ul class="ul-clean">
<li>The DPA 2018 and UK GDPR if they process only domestic personal data.</li>
<li>The DPA 2018 and UK GDPR, and the EU GDPR if they offer goods and services to, or monitor the behaviour of, EU residents.</li>
</ul>
<p>If you are a UK organisation bound by the EU GDPR, you may need to:</p>
<ul>
<li>Appoint an EU representative;</li>
<li>Identify a lead supervisory authority in the EU; and/or</li>
<li>Update your policies, procedures and other documentation in light of the changes you make.</li>
</ul>
<p><i aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-arrow-circle-right"> </i><a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/eu-gdpr-uk-dpa-2018-uk-gdpr" target="_blank">Learn more about UK data protection law after Brexit</a></p>
</div>
<div class="box-shadow infopage" style="margin: 2rem 0;">
<h2>What are data controllers and processors?</h2>
<ul>
<li>A data controller is the natural or legal person, public authority, agency or any other body that determines how and why personal data is processed.</li>
<li>A data processor is the natural or legal person, public authority, agency or any other body that processes personal data on behalf of the data controller.</li>
</ul>
<p>Your compliance requirements differ depending on whether you are a controller or processor – or both.</p>
<p><i aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-bookmark"> </i>Read our blog
<a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/blog/data-controller-vs-data-processor-whats-the-difference" target="_blank">Data controller vs data processor: what’s the difference?</a></p>
</div>
<div class="box-shadow infopage" style="margin: 2rem 0;">
<h2>What are the GDPR requirements?</h2>
<p>Click to expand some of the key requirements introduced by the Regulation:</p>
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<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-lg-6" id="desc-toggles" style="display:block;">
<h3 class="padd-bottom-15 desc-box-toggle active-desc-toggle">Accountability and governance<i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-angle-double-right"> </i></h3>
<h3 class="padd-bottom-15 desc-box-toggle" style="display:block;">The six data processing principles<i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-angle-double-right"> </i></h3>
<h3 class="padd-bottom-15 desc-box-toggle" style="display:block;">Lawful processing<i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-angle-double-right"> </i></h3>
<h3 class="padd-bottom-15 desc-box-toggle" style="display:block;">Data subjects’ rights<i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-angle-double-right"> </i></h3>
<h3 class="padd-bottom-15 desc-box-toggle" style="display:block;">Valid consent<i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-angle-double-right"> </i></h3>
<h3 class="padd-bottom-15 desc-box-toggle" style="display:block;">Data protection by design and by default<i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-angle-double-right"> </i></h3>
<h3 class="padd-bottom-15 desc-box-toggle" style="display:block;">Transparency and privacy notices<i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-angle-double-right"> </i></h3>
<h3 class="padd-bottom-15 desc-box-toggle" style="display:block;">International data transfers<i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-angle-double-right"> </i></h3>
<h3 class="padd-bottom-15 desc-box-toggle" style="display:block;">Mandatory data breach notification<i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-angle-double-right"> </i></h3>
<h3 class="padd-bottom-15 desc-box-toggle" style="display:block;">DPOs (data protection officers)<i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-angle-double-right"> </i></h3>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-lg-6">
<div class="desc-box" style="display:block;">
<h3 class="desc-box-fallback desc-box-fallback-js">Accountability and governance</h3>
<p>Data controllers must be able to demonstrate their compliance with the law by:</p>
<ul>
<li>Establishing a governance structure with roles and responsibilities;</li>
<li>Keeping a detailed record of all data processing operations;</li>
<li>Documenting data protection policies and procedures;</li>
<li>Carrying out <a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/data-protection-impact-assessment-dpia" target="_blank">DPIAs (data protection impact assessments)</a> for high-risk processing operations;</li>
<li>Implementing appropriate <a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/iso-27701" target="_blank">technical and organisational measures</a> to secure personal data;</li>
<li>Conducting <a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/shop/category/data-protection-eu-gdpr-staff-awareness" target="_blank">GDPR staff awareness training</a>; and</li>
<li>Where necessary, appointing a DPO (data protection officer).</li>
</ul>
<p><i aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-bookmark"> </i>Read our
blog,<em><a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/blog/why-every-organisation-needs-data-protection-impact-assessments" target="_blank"> </a></em><a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/blog/why-every-organisation-needs-data-protection-impact-assessments" target="_blank">Why every organisation needs data protection impact assessments</a>
</p>
<p><i aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-bookmark"> </i>Read our
blog, <a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/blog/how-to-write-a-gdpr-data-protection-policy" target="_blank">How to write a GDPR data protection policy</a>.</p>
<p><i aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-arrow-circle-right"> </i><a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/gdpr-compliance-checklist" target="_blank">Download our EU GDPR compliance checklist</a></p>
</div>
<div class="desc-box" style="display:none;">
<h3 class="desc-box-fallback desc-box-fallback-js">The six data processing principles</h3>
<p>Data controllers must comply with six data processing principles. Personal data must be:</p>
<ol>
<li>Processed lawfully, fairly and transparently.</li>
<li>Collected only for specific legitimate purposes.</li>
<li>Adequate, relevant and limited to what is necessary.</li>
<li>Accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date.</li>
<li>Stored only as long as is necessary.</li>
<li>Processed in a manner that ensures appropriate security.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="desc-box" style="display:none;">
<h3 class="desc-box-fallback desc-box-fallback-js">Lawful processing</h3>
<p>Except for special categories of personal data, which cannot be processed except under certain circumstances, personal data can only be processed:</p>
<ul>
<li>If the data subject has given their consent;</li>
<li>To meet contractual obligations;</li>
<li>To comply with legal obligations;</li>
<li>To protect the data subject’s vital interests;</li>
<li>For tasks in the public interest; and</li>
<li>For the legitimate interests of the organisation.</li>
</ul>
<p><i aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-bookmark"> </i>Read our blog,
<a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/blog/gdpr-lawful-bases-for-processing-with-examples" target="_blank">GDPR: lawful bases for processing, with examples</a></p>
</div>
<div class="desc-box" style="display:none;">
<h3 class="desc-box-fallback desc-box-fallback-js">Data subjects’ rights</h3>
<p>Data subjects have:</p>
<ul>
<li>The right to be informed;</li>
<li>The right of <a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/data-subject-access-requests" target="_blank">access;</a></li>
<li>The right to rectification;</li>
<li>The right to erasure;</li>
<li>The right to restrict processing;</li>
<li>The right to data portability;</li>
<li>The right to object; and</li>
<li>Rights concerning automated decision-making and profiling.</li>
</ul>
<p><i aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-bookmark"> </i>Read our
blog, <a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/blog/what-are-the-data-subject-rights-under-the-gdpr" target="_blank">What are the data subject rights under the GDPR?</a></p>
</div>
<div class="desc-box" style="display:none;">
<h3 class="desc-box-fallback desc-box-fallback-js">Valid consent</h3>
<p>There are strict rules regarding consent:</p>
<ul>
<li>Consent must be freely given, specific, informed and unambiguous.</li>
<li>A request for consent must be intelligible and in clear, plain language.</li>
<li>Silence, pre-ticked boxes and inactivity will no longer suffice as consent.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/blog/gdpr-managing-the-right-to-withdraw-consent" target="_blank">Consent can be withdrawn</a> at any time.</li>
<li>Consent for online services from a child is only valid with parental authorisation.</li>
<li>Organisations must be able to evidence consent.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="desc-box" style="display:none;">
<h3 class="desc-box-fallback desc-box-fallback-js">Data protection by design and by default</h3>
<p>Data controllers and processors must implement <a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/gdpr-compliance-with-iso-27001" target="_blank">technical and organisational measures</a> that are designed to implement the data processing
principles effectively.</p>
<ul>
<li>Appropriate safeguards should be integrated into the processing.</li>
<li>Data protection must be considered at the design stage of any new process, system or technology.</li>
<li>A <a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/privacy-impact-assessment-pia" target="_blank">DPIA</a> is an integral part of privacy by design.</li>
</ul>
<p><i aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-bookmark"> </i> Read our blog, <a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/blog/the-gdpr-requirements-for-encryption" target="_blank">The GDPR’s requirements for encryption</a></p>
</div>
<div class="desc-box" style="display:none;">
<h3 class="desc-box-fallback desc-box-fallback-js">Transparency and privacy notices</h3>
<p>Organisations must be clear about how, why and by whom personal data will be processed.</p>
<ul>
<li>When personal data is collected directly from data subjects, data controllers must provide a privacy notice at the time of collection.</li>
<li>When personal data is not obtained directly from data subjects, data controllers must provide a privacy notice without undue delay, and within a month. This must be done the first time they communicate with the data subject.
</li>
<li>For all processing activities, data controllers must decide how the data subjects will be informed, and design privacy notices accordingly. Notices can be issued in stages.</li>
<li>Privacy notices must be provided to data subjects in a concise, transparent and easily accessible form, using clear and plain language.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="desc-box" style="display:none;">
<h3 class="desc-box-fallback desc-box-fallback-js">International data transfers</h3>
<p>The GDPR permits international transfers of personal data under certain circumstances:</p>
<ul>
<li>Where the destination country has an adequacy decision, demonstrating that it provides an adequate level of data protection;</li>
<li>Through SCCs (standard contractual clauses) or binding corporate rules; or</li>
<li>By complying with an approved certification mechanism.</li>
</ul>
<p>On 28 June 2021, the European Commission announced that it had adopted an adequacy decision in respect of the UK’s post-Brexit data protection regime.</p>
<p>This means personal data can continue to flow from the EEA to the UK, without the need for organisations to use SCCs or other means of ensuring that appropriate safeguards apply.</p>
<p>The UK’s data protection regime will be deemed adequate for four years, after which the adequacy findings will be renewed only if the UK continues to afford EU residents’ personal data an adequate level of protection, in line with
the EU GDPR. If UK data protection law deviates from the EU GDPR to a significant extent, the Commission could withdraw the decision.</p>
<p>See our <a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/eu-gdpr-uk-dpa-2018-uk-gdpr" target="_blank">UK data protection law and Brexit page</a> for more information.</p>
<p>Many UK-based organisations that process EU residents’ personal data also need to <a href="https://www.grcilaw.com/product/eu-gdpr-representative-service " target="_blank">appoint an EU representative.</a></p>
</div>
<div class="desc-box" style="display:none;">
<h3 class="desc-box-fallback desc-box-fallback-js">Mandatory data breach notification</h3>
<p>The GDPR defines a personal data breach as “a breach of security leading to the accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorised disclosure of, or access to, personal data transmitted, stored or otherwise
processed”.</p>
<ul>
<li>Data processors are required to report all breaches of personal data to data controllers.</li>
<li>Data controllers are required to report breaches to the supervisory authority (the ICO (Information Commissioner’s Office) in the UK) within 72 hours of becoming aware of them if there is a risk to data subjects’ rights and
freedoms.</li>
<li>Data subjects themselves must be notified without undue delay if there is a high risk to their rights and freedoms.</li>
</ul>
<p><i aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-bookmark"> </i>Read our blog, <a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/blog/gdpr-data-breach-notification-a-quick-guide" target="_blank">GDPR data breach notification: A quick guide</a></p>
</div>
<div class="desc-box" style="display:none;">
<h3 class="desc-box-fallback desc-box-fallback-js">DPOs (data protection officers)</h3>
<p>Appointing a DPO is mandatory for:</p>
<ul>
<li>Public authorities;</li>
<li>Organisations involved in high-risk processing; and</li>
<li>Organisations processing special categories of data.</li>
</ul>
<p>A DPO has set tasks:</p>
<ul>
<li>Inform and advise the organisation of its obligations.</li>
<li>Monitor compliance, including awareness-raising, staff training and audits.</li>
<li>Cooperate with data protection authorities and act as a contact point.</li>
</ul>
<p><i aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-arrow-circle-right"> </i><a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/data-protection-officer-dpo-under-the-gdpr">Find out more about the DPO role under the GDPR</a></p>
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<p class="text-center;">
<a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/resources/green-papers/guidance-for-achieving-compliance-with-the-eu-gdpr"><img alt="EU General Data Protection Regulation – A compliance guide." class="img-responsive product-img lazyload" data-original="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/images/brexit_data_protection-nov-20.png" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNgYAAAAAMAASsJTYQAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></a>
</p>
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<h3>Free green paper: Brexit and Data Protection</h3>
<p>Download our free green paper “Brexit and Data Protection - A quick overview of the UK GDPR” to learn more about the UK GDPR, how it differs from the EU GDPR, and what you need to do to ensure your data processing remains in
compliance with the law after Brexit.</p>
<p><a class="cta-banner-btn" href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/brexit-and-data-protection-a-quick-overview-of-the-uk-gdpr" target="_blank">Download now</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="box-shadow infopage" style="margin: 2rem 0;">
<h2>What is personal data and special category data?</h2>
<p>Personal data is any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (data subject). The GDPR places much stronger controls on the processing of special categories of sensitive data than the DPA 1998 did.</p>
<div style="padding: 10px;">
<div class="row" style="box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.1);">
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-lg-6" style="padding: 10px; background: #fff;">
<h4 style="padding: 15px; background-color: #fff; border-bottom: 1px solid #eee; margin: -10px -10px 10px -10px;">Personal data</h4>
<ul class="ul-clean" style="margin-bottom: 0px;">
<li>Name</li>
<li>Address</li>
<li>Email address</li>
<li>Photo</li>
<li>IP address</li>
<li>Location data</li>
<li>Online behaviour (cookies)</li>
<li>Profiling and analytics data</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-6 col-lg-6" style="padding: 10px; background: #fff;">
<h4 style="padding: 15px; background-color: #fff; border-bottom: 1px solid #eee; margin: -10px -10px 10px -10px;">Special categories of personal data</h4>
<ul class="ul-clean" style="margin-bottom: 0px;">
<li>Race</li>
<li>Religion</li>
<li>Political opinions</li>
<li>Trade union membership</li>
<li>Sexual orientation</li>
<li>Health information</li>
<li>Biometric data</li>
<li>Genetic data</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<p style="margin-top:20px"><i aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-bookmark"> </i>Read our blog,
<a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/blog/the-gdpr-do-you-know-the-difference-between-personal-data-and-sensitive-data" target="_blank">Personal data vs. sensitive data: what’s the difference?</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="box-shadow infopage" style="margin: 2rem 0;">
<h2>GDPR fines and penalties</h2>
<p>Infringements of the EU GDPR can result in fines of up to €20 million (about £18 million) or 4% of annual global turnover – whichever is greater.</p>
<p>Infringements of the UK GDPR can result in administrative fines of up to £17.5 million or 4% of annual turnover – whichever is greater.</p>
<p><i aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-arrow-circle-right"> </i> <a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/dpa-and-gdpr-penalties" target="_blank"> Learn more about GDPR fines and penalties</a></p>
</div>
<div class="box-shadow infopage" style="margin: 2rem 0;">
<h2>The benefits of GDPR compliance</h2>
<p>There are significant advantages to GDPR compliance.</p>
<p>The business benefits of GDPR compliance include:</p>
<ul>
<li>Building customer trust;</li>
<li>Improving brand image and reputation;</li>
<li>Reducing the risk of data breaches;</li>
<li>Increasing information security; and</li>
<li>Gaining competitive advantage.</li>
</ul>
<p><i aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-arrow-circle-right"> </i>
<a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/gdpr-compliance-checklist" target="_blank">Read our GDPR compliance checklist to find out how your organisation can become GDPR compliant</a></p>
</div>
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<h2>How IT Governance can help you comply with the GDPR</h2>
<p>As a leading global provider of IT governance, risk management and compliance solutions, we are at the forefront of helping organisations address the challenges of GDPR compliance.</p>
<p>Whatever your needs, from <a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/gdpr-data-mapping">data flow mapping </a>to <a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/gdpr-training">staff training</a>, to providing an
<a href="https://www.grcilaw.com/product/eu-gdpr-representative-service">EU representative</a>, to carrying out a <a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/gdpr-compliance-audit" target="_blank">GDPR compliance audit</a>, or an
<a href="https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/shop/product/uk-gdpr-and-dpa-2018-data-protection-assessment-service?promo_name=Brexit&promo_id=Brexit_LP&promo_creative=Button&promo_position=5651">assessment of your data protection practices post-Brexit</a>,
we have a wide range of products that can help you meet your GDPR objectives.</p>
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Data privacy solutions GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation)
THE GDPR (GENERAL DATA PROTECTION REGULATION) – OVERVIEW
EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT PROCESSING PERSONAL DATA UNDER THE UK DATA
PROTECTION ACT 2018 AND UK GENERAL DATA PROTECTION REGULATION, AND REGULATION
(EU) 2016/679
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SPEAK TO A GDPR EXPERT
If you’re looking for help with your EU GDPR project, get in touch with our
experts, who can advise you on which of our products and services are best
suited to your needs.
SHARE ON SOCIAL
WHAT DOES ‘GDPR’ STAND FOR?
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a law that governs how
organisations process personal data
Following Brexit, there are now two GDPRs: the EU GDPR and the UK GDPR.
The EU GDPR supersedes the EU Data Protection Directive 1995 and all member
state law based on it. It applies to organisations that process or control the
processing of EU residents’ personal data, wherever the organisations are based.
The UK’s post-Brexit version of the EU GDPR is the UK GDPR. It is substantially
similar to the EU regulation and places similar obligations on data controllers
and processors.
These are summarised below.
For the sake of clarity, we refer to “the GDPR” to mean those requirements
common to both the UK and EU versions of the Regulation. Where the two laws
differ, we use the regional prefixes.
DOWNLOAD OUR FREE COMPLIANCE GUIDE
Download this free green paper to understand the fundamental principles and
rights of the GDPR, and what UK organisations must do to comply.
Download now
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE GDPR?
The GDPR gives data subjects more control over how their personal data is
processed and places a range of obligations on organisations that process and
control the processing of personal data. These are outlined below.
Watch our seven-minute video for a comprehensive overview of the GDPR
WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EU GDPR AND THE DPA 2018 AND UK GDPR?
The UK GDPR is supplemented by the DPA (Data Protection Act) 2018. Among other
things, the DPA 2018 applies the GDPR’s provisions to certain types of
processing that are outside the Regulation’s scope, including processing by
public authorities. It sets out data processing regimes for law enforcement
processing and intelligence processes.
The UK GDPR and DPA 2018 should, therefore, be read together.
Find out more about the DPA 2018 and UK GDPR
WHEN DID THE EU GDPR COME INTO FORCE?
The Regulation came into force on 24 May 2016 and took effect on 25 May 2018.
HOW DOES BREXIT AFFECT THE GDPR?
The UK enacted its own version of the EU GDPR under the European Union
(Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020. This is known as the ‘UK GDPR’.
WHEN DID THE UK GDPR COME INTO FORCE?
At the end of the Brexit transition period: 1 January 2021.
WHO DOES THE GDPR APPLY TO?
The UK GDPR applies both to UK organisations that collect, store or otherwise
process the personal data of individuals residing in the UK, and to non-UK
organisations that offer goods or services to, or monitor the behaviour of, UK
residents.
The EU GDPR applies both to EU organisations that collect, store or otherwise
process the personal data of individuals residing in the EU, and to non-EU
organisations that offer goods or services to, or monitor the behaviour of, EU
residents.
UK organisations therefore have at least two data protection laws to adhere to:
* The DPA 2018 and UK GDPR if they process only domestic personal data.
* The DPA 2018 and UK GDPR, and the EU GDPR if they offer goods and services
to, or monitor the behaviour of, EU residents.
If you are a UK organisation bound by the EU GDPR, you may need to:
* Appoint an EU representative;
* Identify a lead supervisory authority in the EU; and/or
* Update your policies, procedures and other documentation in light of the
changes you make.
Learn more about UK data protection law after Brexit
WHAT ARE DATA CONTROLLERS AND PROCESSORS?
* A data controller is the natural or legal person, public authority, agency or
any other body that determines how and why personal data is processed.
* A data processor is the natural or legal person, public authority, agency or
any other body that processes personal data on behalf of the data controller.
Your compliance requirements differ depending on whether you are a controller or
processor – or both.
Read our blog Data controller vs data processor: what’s the difference?
WHAT ARE THE GDPR REQUIREMENTS?
Click to expand some of the key requirements introduced by the Regulation:
ACCOUNTABILITY AND GOVERNANCE
THE SIX DATA PROCESSING PRINCIPLES
LAWFUL PROCESSING
DATA SUBJECTS’ RIGHTS
VALID CONSENT
DATA PROTECTION BY DESIGN AND BY DEFAULT
TRANSPARENCY AND PRIVACY NOTICES
INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS
MANDATORY DATA BREACH NOTIFICATION
DPOS (DATA PROTECTION OFFICERS)
ACCOUNTABILITY AND GOVERNANCE
Data controllers must be able to demonstrate their compliance with the law by:
* Establishing a governance structure with roles and responsibilities;
* Keeping a detailed record of all data processing operations;
* Documenting data protection policies and procedures;
* Carrying out DPIAs (data protection impact assessments) for high-risk
processing operations;
* Implementing appropriate technical and organisational measures to secure
personal data;
* Conducting GDPR staff awareness training; and
* Where necessary, appointing a DPO (data protection officer).
Read our blog, Why every organisation needs data protection impact assessments
Read our blog, How to write a GDPR data protection policy.
Download our EU GDPR compliance checklist
THE SIX DATA PROCESSING PRINCIPLES
Data controllers must comply with six data processing principles. Personal data
must be:
1. Processed lawfully, fairly and transparently.
2. Collected only for specific legitimate purposes.
3. Adequate, relevant and limited to what is necessary.
4. Accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date.
5. Stored only as long as is necessary.
6. Processed in a manner that ensures appropriate security.
LAWFUL PROCESSING
Except for special categories of personal data, which cannot be processed except
under certain circumstances, personal data can only be processed:
* If the data subject has given their consent;
* To meet contractual obligations;
* To comply with legal obligations;
* To protect the data subject’s vital interests;
* For tasks in the public interest; and
* For the legitimate interests of the organisation.
Read our blog, GDPR: lawful bases for processing, with examples
DATA SUBJECTS’ RIGHTS
Data subjects have:
* The right to be informed;
* The right of access;
* The right to rectification;
* The right to erasure;
* The right to restrict processing;
* The right to data portability;
* The right to object; and
* Rights concerning automated decision-making and profiling.
Read our blog, What are the data subject rights under the GDPR?
VALID CONSENT
There are strict rules regarding consent:
* Consent must be freely given, specific, informed and unambiguous.
* A request for consent must be intelligible and in clear, plain language.
* Silence, pre-ticked boxes and inactivity will no longer suffice as consent.
* Consent can be withdrawn at any time.
* Consent for online services from a child is only valid with parental
authorisation.
* Organisations must be able to evidence consent.
DATA PROTECTION BY DESIGN AND BY DEFAULT
Data controllers and processors must implement technical and organisational
measures that are designed to implement the data processing principles
effectively.
* Appropriate safeguards should be integrated into the processing.
* Data protection must be considered at the design stage of any new process,
system or technology.
* A DPIA is an integral part of privacy by design.
Read our blog, The GDPR’s requirements for encryption
TRANSPARENCY AND PRIVACY NOTICES
Organisations must be clear about how, why and by whom personal data will be
processed.
* When personal data is collected directly from data subjects, data controllers
must provide a privacy notice at the time of collection.
* When personal data is not obtained directly from data subjects, data
controllers must provide a privacy notice without undue delay, and within a
month. This must be done the first time they communicate with the data
subject.
* For all processing activities, data controllers must decide how the data
subjects will be informed, and design privacy notices accordingly. Notices
can be issued in stages.
* Privacy notices must be provided to data subjects in a concise, transparent
and easily accessible form, using clear and plain language.
INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS
The GDPR permits international transfers of personal data under certain
circumstances:
* Where the destination country has an adequacy decision, demonstrating that it
provides an adequate level of data protection;
* Through SCCs (standard contractual clauses) or binding corporate rules; or
* By complying with an approved certification mechanism.
On 28 June 2021, the European Commission announced that it had adopted an
adequacy decision in respect of the UK’s post-Brexit data protection regime.
This means personal data can continue to flow from the EEA to the UK, without
the need for organisations to use SCCs or other means of ensuring that
appropriate safeguards apply.
The UK’s data protection regime will be deemed adequate for four years, after
which the adequacy findings will be renewed only if the UK continues to afford
EU residents’ personal data an adequate level of protection, in line with the EU
GDPR. If UK data protection law deviates from the EU GDPR to a significant
extent, the Commission could withdraw the decision.
See our UK data protection law and Brexit page for more information.
Many UK-based organisations that process EU residents’ personal data also need
to appoint an EU representative.
MANDATORY DATA BREACH NOTIFICATION
The GDPR defines a personal data breach as “a breach of security leading to the
accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorised disclosure
of, or access to, personal data transmitted, stored or otherwise processed”.
* Data processors are required to report all breaches of personal data to data
controllers.
* Data controllers are required to report breaches to the supervisory authority
(the ICO (Information Commissioner’s Office) in the UK) within 72 hours of
becoming aware of them if there is a risk to data subjects’ rights and
freedoms.
* Data subjects themselves must be notified without undue delay if there is a
high risk to their rights and freedoms.
Read our blog, GDPR data breach notification: A quick guide
DPOS (DATA PROTECTION OFFICERS)
Appointing a DPO is mandatory for:
* Public authorities;
* Organisations involved in high-risk processing; and
* Organisations processing special categories of data.
A DPO has set tasks:
* Inform and advise the organisation of its obligations.
* Monitor compliance, including awareness-raising, staff training and audits.
* Cooperate with data protection authorities and act as a contact point.
Find out more about the DPO role under the GDPR
FREE GREEN PAPER: BREXIT AND DATA PROTECTION
Download our free green paper “Brexit and Data Protection - A quick overview of
the UK GDPR” to learn more about the UK GDPR, how it differs from the EU GDPR,
and what you need to do to ensure your data processing remains in compliance
with the law after Brexit.
Download now
WHAT IS PERSONAL DATA AND SPECIAL CATEGORY DATA?
Personal data is any information relating to an identified or identifiable
natural person (data subject). The GDPR places much stronger controls on the
processing of special categories of sensitive data than the DPA 1998 did.
PERSONAL DATA
* Name
* Address
* Email address
* Photo
* IP address
* Location data
* Online behaviour (cookies)
* Profiling and analytics data
SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF PERSONAL DATA
* Race
* Religion
* Political opinions
* Trade union membership
* Sexual orientation
* Health information
* Biometric data
* Genetic data
Read our blog, Personal data vs. sensitive data: what’s the difference?
GDPR FINES AND PENALTIES
Infringements of the EU GDPR can result in fines of up to €20 million (about £18
million) or 4% of annual global turnover – whichever is greater.
Infringements of the UK GDPR can result in administrative fines of up to £17.5
million or 4% of annual turnover – whichever is greater.
Learn more about GDPR fines and penalties
THE BENEFITS OF GDPR COMPLIANCE
There are significant advantages to GDPR compliance.
The business benefits of GDPR compliance include:
* Building customer trust;
* Improving brand image and reputation;
* Reducing the risk of data breaches;
* Increasing information security; and
* Gaining competitive advantage.
Read our GDPR compliance checklist to find out how your organisation can
become GDPR compliant
HOW IT GOVERNANCE CAN HELP YOU COMPLY WITH THE GDPR
As a leading global provider of IT governance, risk management and compliance
solutions, we are at the forefront of helping organisations address the
challenges of GDPR compliance.
Whatever your needs, from data flow mapping to staff training, to providing an
EU representative, to carrying out a GDPR compliance audit, or an assessment of
your data protection practices post-Brexit, we have a wide range of products
that can help you meet your GDPR objectives.
Previous
EU GDPR - An Implementation and Compliance Guide
EU GDPR, A Pocket Guide, Second Edition
EU GDPR Expertise Bundle
GDPR.co.uk
Certified GDPR Foundation Training Course
Certified GDPR Practitioner Training Course
GDPR Toolkit
GDPR Staff Awareness E-learning Course
UK GDPR and DPA 2018 after Brexit Training Course
UK GDPR and DPA 2018 Data Protection Assessment Service
GDPR EU Representative
EU–US GDPR Data Transfer Assessment and Action Plan
GDPR Privacy Notice Template
EU GDPR - An Implementation and Compliance Guide
EU GDPR, A Pocket Guide, Second Edition
EU GDPR Expertise Bundle
GDPR.co.uk
Certified GDPR Foundation Training Course
Certified GDPR Practitioner Training Course
GDPR Toolkit
GDPR Staff Awareness E-learning Course
Next
SPEAK TO A GDPR EXPERT
If you’re looking for help with your EU GDPR project, get in touch with our
experts, who can advise you on which of our products and services are best
suited to your needs.
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