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Yibo Wu
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 * Abstract
 * 1. Introduction
 * 2. Healthcare Management Problems and Challenges:
 * 3. Healthcare Management Opportunities:
 * 4. Conclusions and recommendations
 * References

Brief Review | Open Access | 10.31586/crph.2023.666


HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES DURING COVID PANDEMIC

Mahmoud Abdel Hameed Shahin1,* and Hanadi Husni Alabed2
1
Medical-Surgical and Critical Care Nursing, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical
Sciences, Dammam, KSA
2
Swiss Business School, Head of Education department, Gama Hospital, Khobar, KSA
Received February 1, 2023
Revised March 13, 2023
Accepted April 10, 2023
Published April 11, 2023


ABSTRACT

This review aimed to analyze some problems and challenges that emerged from the
COVID-19 pandemic since it has affected all global business sectors. During the
pandemic, remote work was increased in response to social distance requirements
to decrease the transmission of disease. In addition, increased delegation,
teamwork, supply chains, sales activities, and business operations have all been
disrupted. Many challenges have emerged in the management of organizations due
to the pandemic including the lack of direct contact as the lockdown made many
people work from home and placed restrictions on movement and travel and
uncertainty about the future. The healthcare system was also affected by the
COVID-19 pandemic and faced several difficulties including increased demand for
medical supplies and personal protective equipment, a greater need for nurses
and other skilled healthcare professionals, and increased pressure on healthcare
facilities, emergency services, and critical care departments. These challenges
have created some opportunities in the management systems of healthcare
organizations and other sectors. It is recommended for leaders prepare and
continuously work proactively to be ready for unexpected future crises. Risk
management and planning for any unexpected situation are among the very
important aspects of organizational management.


1. INTRODUCTION

On March 11, 2020, the COVID-19 outbreak was deemed a global pandemic [1]
resulting in a catastrophe that is exceptional in scope and its effects on
society, the economy, and the environment. Concerns about employee hazards,
organizational best practices, stakeholder pressure, the government shutdown,
and recovery strategies have all been complicated and unclear during the
pandemic [2]. Global business sectors, including the economy, industry,
education, and healthcare institutions have been facing enormous challenges and
problems as a result of the economic and social crises brought on by the
pandemic [3, 4].

Despite all those consequences and the probable issues brought on by the
pandemic, there are opportunities for improvement through the utilization of the
challenges of the pandemic in improving and finding solutions. The new
strategies will be taken into consideration to sustain institution management
[5]. The current paper aimed to identify and describe the most common management
problems, challenges, and opportunities in healthcare systems, business
industries, and economies that have emerged due to the COVID pandemic.


2. HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES:

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented challenges and healthcare
management problems globally. Healthcare management professionals have been
grappling with numerous challenges in their efforts to provide quality
healthcare services to the public while ensuring the safety of healthcare
providers. In this part, we will discuss some of the significant healthcare
management problems and challenges faced during the COVID-19 pandemic [6].

Many problems emerged from the widespread effects of the pandemic on business
across industries and its complicated effects on organizational design led to
some issues. In general, the pandemic is likely to result in increased remote
work, increased delegation, fewer teams, and increased employment of employees
who are less closely attached to the firm. The use of remote work may also
weaken organizational loyalty. Due to this, there will likely be a tendency to
use freelancing, and part-time labour more frequently than full-time, permanent
employment, which will lead to a reduction in company limits [7].

Supply chains, sales activities, and business operations have all been hampered.
In response to this demand shock, businesses have slashed wages for a
significant portion of their workers, plan further salary reductions by the end
of 2020, and expect to lower selling prices soon, reduced their predictions for
inflation in the upcoming year as well [8].

Numerous challenges faced the management organization due to COVID-19's
emergence, which included: a lack of direct contact because the lockdown made
many people work from home and placed restrictions on movement and travel which
negatively impacted certain workers, particularly those who used to travel
occasionally and caused boredom and monotony to them [9]. As has been seen, the
onset of the pandemic was for many people a drastic change in lifestyle, an
absence of activities, and subsequent slowness. It was frequently linked to
feelings of drowsiness, monotony, and even boredom, as well as uncertainty over
what might happen next [10].

On the other perspective, the COVID-19 pandemic had also a substantial influence
on the healthcare system in a different way that called for management
adjustments, especially in the management of infection control standards [11].

The COVID-19 pandemic had presented healthcare delivery companies with a variety
of significant management issues. Every fresh influx of patients put an
additional burden on already overworked and stressed-out staff, depleted the
resources, lowered the hospital's revenue, and had a detrimental impact on many
other aspects of healthcare operations [2].

One of the most significant healthcare management problems during the COVID-19
pandemic is the shortage of essential medical supplies such as personal
protective equipment (PPE), ventilators, and testing kits. The surge in demand
for these medical supplies has outpaced the supply chain's capacity, leaving
healthcare providers at risk of infection and unable to adequately test and
treat patients. The shortage of these supplies has led to a rise in counterfeit
and substandard medical supplies in the market, creating further challenges in
the fight against the pandemic [12].

The inability to handle the soaring patient volume due to inadequate capacity is
the first major issue. In many locations, the demand for intensive care unit
(ICU) beds, ventilators, and staff considerably exceeded the available supply.
The financial loss caused by the cancellation of elective surgeries and the
disruption of normal care during this pandemic constituted a real financial
problem and was trouble for both hospitals and clinics as well, especially for
hospitals that were already having financial problems [13].

Along with the rising need for medical supplies and personal protective
equipment, dealing with infectious diseases also placed a greater demand on
qualified nurses and medical professionals which put more strain on hospitals'
emergency rooms and critical care units as well as their financial resources
[14].

The development of COVID-19, which influenced all aspects of global health care,
was one of the current health transition issues. The spread of this pandemic
around the world presented many difficulties, including increased demand for
medical supplies and personal protective equipment, a greater need for nurses
and other skilled healthcare professionals, increased pressure on healthcare
facilities, emergency services, and critical care departments, and increased
financial constraints on the part of healthcare organizations [14].

The surge in demand for healthcare services, coupled with the high risk of
infection among healthcare workers, has led to many healthcare professionals
falling ill or refusing to work, leading to a shortage of healthcare workers.
This shortage has strained healthcare facilities' capacity to provide adequate
care, leading to rationing of healthcare services and long waiting times for
patients [15].

The COVID-19 pandemic has also brought about a significant shift in the delivery
of healthcare services, with a massive increase in telehealth services to
minimize the risk of infection. This shift has brought with it numerous
challenges, such as inadequate infrastructure and technology, limited access to
virtual health services in underserved communities, and regulatory barriers that
have hindered the adoption of telehealth services in some areas [16].

Another challenge that healthcare management professionals have had to deal with
is managing the surge in demand for healthcare services while simultaneously
maintaining quality care. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in the
number of patients seeking healthcare services, leading to overcrowding in
healthcare facilities, overwhelmed healthcare providers, and a decrease in the
quality of care [17]. Healthcare management professionals have had to develop
innovative strategies such as the establishment of field hospitals and
repurposing of non-healthcare facilities to handle the surge in demand for
healthcare services [18].

All these challenges called for immediate collaboration and engagement because
they pose a risk to an organization's legal, financial, and reputational status.
It has also resulted in increased formalization, planning, and usage of
individual-level rewards in most of the world's organizations [7].

In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought significant healthcare
management problems and challenges globally. These challenges include shortages
of essential medical supplies, healthcare workers, and managing the surge in
demand for healthcare services while maintaining quality care. Healthcare
management professionals have had to develop innovative strategies to overcome
these challenges, including the use of telehealth services and the establishment
of field hospitals [19]. While the COVID-19 pandemic has brought about numerous
challenges in healthcare management, it has also highlighted the need for the
development of more robust and sustainable healthcare systems to handle future
pandemics and healthcare crises.


3. HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITIES:

While the COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented challenges to the
healthcare sector, it has also presented numerous opportunities for healthcare
management professionals to innovate and improve healthcare systems. In this
part, we will discuss some of the significant healthcare management
opportunities presented during the COVID-19 pandemic [19].

One of the significant opportunities presented during the pandemic is the rapid
adoption of telehealth services. The pandemic has highlighted the need for
alternative healthcare delivery systems, and telehealth services have emerged as
a viable alternative to traditional in-person healthcare services [20].
Telehealth services have enabled healthcare providers to deliver healthcare
services remotely, minimizing the risk of infection, reducing healthcare costs,
and increasing access to healthcare services, especially for patients in remote
and underserved communities [21].

Another opportunity presented during the pandemic is the use of digital health
technologies. Digital health technologies such as mobile health apps, wearable
devices, and remote monitoring systems have emerged as essential tools in the
fight against the pandemic [22]. These technologies have enabled healthcare
providers to monitor patients remotely, track the spread of the virus, and
provide accurate and up-to-date information to patients and the public [23].

The COVID-19 pandemic has also presented an opportunity for healthcare
management professionals to collaborate and share best practices. The pandemic
has highlighted the need for global cooperation in healthcare management, and
healthcare providers have been sharing best practices, treatment protocols, and
research findings across borders to improve healthcare services and outcomes
[24].

The pandemic has also presented an opportunity for healthcare management
professionals to focus on population health management. The pandemic has
highlighted the need for healthcare systems to prioritize preventive healthcare
services and population health management. Healthcare providers have been
working to identify high-risk populations, implement screening and testing
programs, and promote public health initiatives such as vaccination campaigns
and community health education programs [25].

The challenges that accompanied the emergence of COVID-19 have created some
opportunities to improve the management systems of healthcare organizations and
other sectors as leaders and managers of the organization had to manage
uncertainty, use insights based on daily updates from the public health
authority, and try to adapt to the organization's context under the limitations
as a result of the need to think creatively and adapt to uncertain circumstances
during the pandemic [26].

The COVID-19 pandemic has created some opportunities for improvement in the
management systems of organizations, especially the healthcare systems. Due to
the emergence of this pandemic, the health sector had the chance to constantly
prepare for unforeseen events, create risk management plans, and create backup
plans to deal with any pandemic [27]. Moreover, the pandemic helped managers to
enhance their leadership techniques to better manage the use of medical
resources and supplies efficiently. Also, managers and leaders started to
increase the training and education of their medical and nursing staff to ensure
that they are oriented and knowledgeable about the most recent information and
techniques to serve on the front line against the spread of the pandemic [28].
Managers additionally used strategies for staff retention like professional
development, incentives, and salary adjustments, as well as reorganizing the
hospital [29].

Finally, the pandemic has presented an opportunity for healthcare management
professionals to focus on healthcare system resilience. The COVID-19 pandemic
has exposed the vulnerability of healthcare systems, and healthcare management
professionals have been working to develop more robust and sustainable
healthcare systems to handle future pandemics and healthcare crises. This
includes improving supply chain management, developing emergency response plans,
and investing in healthcare infrastructure [30].

In conclusion, while the COVID-19 pandemic has brought significant challenges to
the healthcare sector, it has also presented numerous opportunities for
healthcare management professionals to innovate and improve healthcare systems.
These opportunities include the rapid adoption of telehealth services, the use
of digital health technologies, collaboration and sharing of best practices,
population health management, and healthcare system resilience [31]. The
healthcare sector must continue to seize these opportunities to develop more
robust and sustainable healthcare systems to handle future healthcare crises.


4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought about significant healthcare
management issues and obstacles around the world. This included shortages of
essential medical supplies, healthcare personnel, and the ability to manage the
increase in demand for healthcare services while maintaining quality care. These
obstacles have necessitated the use of telehealth services and the establishment
of field hospitals, as well as the development of innovative strategies by
professionals in healthcare administration. While the COVID-19 pandemic has
presented numerous challenges to healthcare management, it has also underscored
the need for more robust and sustainable healthcare systems to address future
pandemics and healthcare crises.

On the other hand, while the COVID-19 pandemic has presented the healthcare
industry with significant challenges, it has also presented numerous
opportunities for healthcare management professionals to innovate and enhance
healthcare systems. These included the accelerated adoption of telehealth
services, the use of digital health technologies, collaboration and the sharing
of best practices, population health management, and the resilience of the
healthcare system. To address future healthcare crises, the healthcare industry
must continue to embrace these opportunities to develop more robust and
sustainable healthcare systems.

Organizations and healthcare institutions must be flexible enough to respond to
changing needs and expectations in their environment, and healthcare leaders
must prepare and continuously work proactively to be prepared for unexpected
crises. In the same vein, risk management and planning for any unexpected
situation are important aspects of the management of healthcare organizations.
Working on strengthening collaborative teamwork and the sense of togetherness
can ease and prepare the organization to deal with and overcome any external
negative consequences or unavoidable future catastrophes.

To sum up, despite the challenges faced by the global economy during the Corona
pandemic, these problems were a reason for improving performance in the public
and private sectors, healthcare systems, and the management system in
institutions around the world. These challenges are a source and a real
opportunity to improve the organizational performance and the administrative
system to ensure the continuity of management systems and to prevent
discontinuity of the services to the public if the world faces similar major
challenges in future generations.

Supplementary Materials: Not applicable.

Author Contributions: MAS is the corresponding author of the review, conceived
and designed the study, performed resources gathering, and performed editing and
submission of the manuscript. HHA drafted the paper, reviewed the manuscript.
Both authors provided input regarding the manuscript and approved the final
version.

Funding: This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.

Acknowledgments: Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest in this
review study.


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Shahin, M., & Alabed, H. (2022). Healthcare Management Challenges and
Opportunities during COVID Pandemic: Management Challenges and Opportunities
During COVID Pandemic. Current Research in Public Health, 3(1), 53–59. Retrieved
from https://www.scipublications.com/journal/index.php/crph/article/view/666
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 * References

 1.  World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (‏COVID-19)‏, 21 September
     2020 2020 [September 3, 2022]. Available from:
     https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/334383.
 2.  Boiral O, Brotherton M-C, Rivaud L, Guillaumie L. Organizations’ Management
     of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review of Business Articles.
     Sustainability. 2021; 13(7):3993 DOI:
     https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073993.[CrossRef]
 3.  Panneer S, Kantamaneni K, Palaniswamy U, Bhat L, Pushparaj RRB, Nayar KR,
     et al., editors. Health, Economic and Social Development Challenges of the
     COVID-19 Pandemic: Strategies for Multiple and Interconnected Issues.
     Healthcare; 2022: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing
     Institute.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
 4.  Aini Q, Budiarto M, Putra POH, Rahardja U. Exploring e-learning challenges
     during the global COVID-19 pandemic: A review. Jurnal Sistem Informasi.
     2020;16(2):57-65 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21609/jsi.v16i2.1011.[CrossRef]
 5.  Craven M, Liu L, Mysore M, Wilson M. COVID-19: Implications for business.
     USA: McKinsey & Company, 2020.
 6.  Kuhlmann E, Dussault G, Correia T. Global health and health workforce
     development: what to learn from COVID-19 on health workforce preparedness
     and resilience. International Journal of Health Planning and
     Management2021.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
 7.  Foss NJ. The Impact of the Covid‐19 Pandemic on Firms’ Organizational
     Designs. Journal of Management Studies. 2021;58(1):270 DOI:
     https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12643.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
 8.  Meyer BH, Prescott B, Sheng XS. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on
     business expectations. International Journal of Forecasting.
     2022;38(2):529-44 DOI:
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2021.02.009.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
 9.  Kulkarni BN, Anantharama V. Repercussions of COVID-19 pandemic on municipal
     solid waste management: Challenges and opportunities. Science of the Total
     Environment. 2020;743:140693 DOI:
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140693.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
 10. Maison D, Jaworska D, Adamczyk D, Affeltowicz D. The challenges arising
     from the COVID-19 pandemic and the way people deal with them. A qualitative
     longitudinal study. PloS one. 2021;16(10):e0258133 DOI:
     https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258133.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
 11. UNFPA. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Family Planning and Ending
     Gender-based Violence, Female Genital Mutilation and Child Marriage. 2020.
 12. Pamučar D, Žižović M, Marinković D, Doljanica D, Jovanović SV, Brzaković P.
     Development of a multi-criteria model for sustainable reorganization of a
     healthcare system in an emergency situation caused by the COVID-19
     pandemic. Sustainability (Switzerland). 2020;12(18) DOI:
     https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187504.[CrossRef]
 13. Begun JW, Jiang HJ. Health care management during Covid-19: Insights from
     complexity science. NEJM Catalyst Innovations in Care Delivery.
     2020;1(5):11-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/CAT.20.0541.
 14. Peiffer-Smadja N, Lucet J-C, Bendjelloul G, Bouadma L, Gerard S, Choquet C,
     et al. Challenges and issues about organizing a hospital to respond to the
     COVID-19 outbreak: experience from a French reference centre. Clinical
     Microbiology and Infection. 2020;26(6):669-72 DOI:
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.002.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
 15. Chakma T, Thomas B, Kohli S, Moral R, Menon G, Periyasamy M, et al.
     Psychosocial impact of COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers in India &
     their perceptions on the way forward - A qualitative study. Indian Journal
     of Medical Research. 2021;153(5) DOI:
     https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2204_21.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
 16. Nuvvula S, Mallineni SK. Remote management of dental problems in children
     during and post the covid-19 pandemic outbreak: A teledentistry approach.
     Dental and Medical Problems2021.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
 17. Javaid M, Khan IH. Internet of Things (IoT) enabled healthcare helps to
     take the challenges of COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Oral Biology and
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