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PICTURE OF THE VAGINA
Human Anatomy
Written by Matthew Hoffman, MD
Medically Reviewed by Carol DerSarkissian, MD on June 28, 2020
© 2015 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.
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The vagina is an elastic, muscular canal with a soft, flexible lining that
provides lubrication and sensation. The vagina connects the uterus to the
outside world. The vulva and labia form the entrance, and the cervix of the
uterus protrudes into the vagina, forming the interior end.
The vagina receives the penis during sexual intercourse and also serves as a
conduit for menstrual flow from the uterus. During childbirth, the baby passes
through the vagina (birth canal).
The hymen is a thin membrane of tissue that surrounds and narrows the vaginal
opening. It may be torn or ruptured by sexual activity or by exercise.
VAGINA CONDITIONS
* Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina, commonly from a yeast infection or
bacterial overgrowth. Itching, discharge, and change of odor are typical
symptoms. Vaginitis is treated with antibiotics or antifungal medication.
* Vaginismus: Involuntary spasm of the vaginal muscles during sexual
intercourse. Emotional distress about sex, or medical conditions, can be
responsible. Depending on the cause, it can be treated with medicine,
counseling or some other types of therapy.
* Genital warts: Genital warts may affect the vulva,vagina, and cervix.
Treatments can remove vaginal warts, which are caused by human papillomavirus
(HPV).
* Trichomoniasis: Infection of the vagina by a microscopic parasite called
trichomonas. Trichomoniasis is transmitted by sex and is easily curable.
* Bacterial vaginosis (BV): A disruption in the balance of healthy bacteria in
the vagina, often causing odor and discharge. Douching, or sex with a new
partner can cause BV. BV is treated with antibiotics.
* Herpes simplex virus (HSV): The herpes virus can infect the vulva, vagina,
and cervix, causing small, painful, recurring blisters and ulcers. Having no
noticeable symptoms is also common. The virus is transmitted sexually. It can
be treated, but not cured.
* Gonorrhea: This sexually transmitted bacterial infection most often infects
the cervix. Half the time, there are no symptoms, but vaginal discharge and
itching may occur. It can cause pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility.
It is treated with antibiotics.
* Chlamydia: The bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis causes this sexually
transmitted infection. Only half of women will have symptoms, which may
include vaginal discharge or pain in the vagina or abdomen. It can cause
pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. Chlamydia is treated with
antibiotics.
* Vaginal cancer: Cancer of the vagina is extremely rare. Abnormal vaginal
bleeding or discharge are symptoms.
* Vaginal prolapse: Due to weakened pelvic muscles (usually from childbirth),
the rectum, uterus, or bladder pushes on the vagina. In severe cases, the
vagina protrudes out of the body.
VAGINA TESTS
* Pelvic examination: Using a speculum, a doctor can examine the vulva, vagina,
and cervix. The strength of the pelvic muscles can also be tested.
* Papanicolaou smear (Pap smear): During a pelvic exam, the examiner swabs the
cervix and vagina. Pap smears screen for cervical or vaginal cancer.
* Bacterial culture: A swab of the cervix and vagina during a pelvic exam may
be cultured in a lab. This can identify bacterial infections.
* Colposcopy: A microscope is used during a pelvic exam to examine closely the
vulva, vagina, and cervix. Colposcopy can help identify cancer or other
problems.
* Vaginal biopsy: In the rare case of a suspicious growth in the vagina, a
small piece of tissue (biopsy) may be sent to check for cancer.
VAGINA TREATMENTS
* Antimicrobials: Antifungal medications can treat yeast infections, and
antibiotic drugs can treat bacterial infections. Antiviral medicines treat
infections from the herpes virus.
* Wart treatments: A variety of methods can be used to remove vaginal warts,
including freezing, chemicals, burning with a laser, or cautery.
* Vaginal pessary: A small plastic or rubber device is placed inside the vagina
to keep in place prolapsing pelvic organs.
* Kegel exercises: Exercising the pelvic muscles (as when stopping your urine
stream) may improve or prevent vaginal prolapse and urinary incontinence.
* Estrogen: The genital organs of women both inside and out respond to
estrogen. Estrogen treatment may be useful to revitalize these structures in
postmenopausal women.
* Surgery: In rare cases of vaginal or cervical cancer, surgery is required to
remove the tumor. Surgery may also treat vaginal prolapse.
SHOW SOURCES
SOURCES
CDC: "Trichomoniasis - CDC Fact Sheet" and "Bacterial Vaginosis - CDC Fact
Sheet."
WebMD Medical Reference: "What's Normal, the First Time?"
WebMD Blog: "Can a Vagina Be Too Big?"
WebMD Medical Reference from eMedicineHealth: "Vaginal Prolapse."
UpToDate.
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