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Below, you will find a list of vendors processing your data and the purposes or
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ConsentLegitimate interest
IAB TCF Vendors
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vendor also uses other methods like "local storage" to store and access
information on your device.
Privacy policyLegitimate interest disclosure
PurposesRetentionStore and/or access information on a device400 day(s)Create
profiles for personalised advertising400 day(s)Use profiles to select
personalised advertising400 day(s)Use limited data to select advertising400
day(s)Measure advertising performance400 day(s)Develop and improve services400
day(s)
Special purposesRetentionEnsure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix
errors 400 day(s)Deliver and present advertising and content400 day(s)
FeaturesMatch and combine data from other data sourcesLink different
devicesIdentify devices based on information transmitted automatically
Data categoriesIP addressesProbabilistic identifiersBrowsing and interaction
dataNon-precise location dataUsers’ profiles
A.MobIAB TCFOff
A.Mob stores cookies with a maximum duration of about this many days: 395. This
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PurposesRetentionStore and/or access information on a device395 day(s)Use
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FeaturesMatch and combine data from other data sourcesLink different
devicesIdentify devices based on information transmitted automatically
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for identification
Data categoriesIP addressesDevice characteristicsDevice identifiersProbabilistic
identifiersAuthentication-derived identifiersBrowsing and interaction
dataUser-provided dataNon-precise location dataPrecise location dataUsers’
profilesPrivacy choices
ADventoriIAB TCFOff
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Privacy policyLegitimate interest disclosure
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advertising90 day(s)Measure advertising performance400 day(s)
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errors 400 day(s)Deliver and present advertising and content400 day(s)
Data categoriesIP addressesDevice identifiersProbabilistic identifiersBrowsing
and interaction dataUser-provided dataNon-precise location data
AarkiIAB TCFOff
uses methods like "local storage" to store and access information on your
device.
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PurposesRetentionStore and/or access information on a device365 day(s)Use
limited data to select advertising365 day(s)Create profiles for personalised
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day(s)
Special purposesRetentionEnsure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix
errors 365 day(s)Deliver and present advertising and content365 day(s)
FeaturesIdentify devices based on information transmitted automatically
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dataNon-precise location data
AcuityAdsIAB TCFOff
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personalised advertising180 day(s)Use limited data to select advertising180
day(s)Measure advertising performance180 day(s)Develop and improve services180
day(s)
Special purposesRetentionEnsure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix
errors 180 day(s)Deliver and present advertising and content180 day(s)
FeaturesLink different devices
Data categoriesIP addressesDevice characteristicsDevice
identifiersAuthentication-derived identifiersBrowsing and interaction
dataNon-precise location dataUsers’ profilesPrivacy choices
AdElement Media SolutionsIAB TCFOff
AdElement Media Solutions stores cookies with a maximum duration of about this
many days: 365. These cookies may be refreshed.
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limited data to select advertising180 day(s)Create profiles for personalised
advertising90 day(s)Use profiles to select personalised advertising90
day(s)Measure advertising performance180 day(s)Understand audiences through
statistics or combinations of data from different sources90 day(s)Develop and
improve services180 day(s)
Special purposesRetentionEnsure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix
errors 180 day(s)Deliver and present advertising and content180 day(s)
FeaturesLink different devicesIdentify devices based on information transmitted
automatically
Special featuresUse precise geolocation data
Data categoriesIP addressesDevice characteristicsDevice identifiersBrowsing and
interaction dataUser-provided dataNon-precise location dataPrecise location
dataUsers’ profilesPrivacy choices
AdGearIAB TCFOff
AdGear stores cookies with a maximum duration of about this many days: 395. This
vendor also uses other methods like "local storage" to store and access
information on your device.
Privacy policyLegitimate interest disclosure
PurposesRetentionStore and/or access information on a device395 day(s)Create
profiles for personalised advertising395 day(s)Use profiles to select
personalised advertising395 day(s)Use limited data to select advertising395
day(s)Measure advertising performance395 day(s)Understand audiences through
statistics or combinations of data from different sources395 day(s)Develop and
improve services395 day(s)
Special purposesRetentionEnsure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix
errors 395 day(s)Deliver and present advertising and content395 day(s)
FeaturesMatch and combine data from other data sourcesLink different
devicesIdentify devices based on information transmitted automatically
Special featuresUse precise geolocation data
Data categoriesIP addressesDevice characteristicsDevice identifiersProbabilistic
identifiersAuthentication-derived identifiersBrowsing and interaction
dataUser-provided dataNon-precise location dataUsers’ profilesPrivacy choices
AdKernelIAB TCFOff
AdKernel stores cookies with a maximum duration of about this many days: 18.
These cookies may be refreshed.
Privacy policyLegitimate interest disclosure
PurposesRetentionStore and/or access information on a device180 day(s)Create
profiles for personalised advertising180 day(s)Use profiles to select
personalised advertising180 day(s)Understand audiences through statistics or
combinations of data from different sources180 day(s)Develop and improve
services180 day(s)Use limited data to select advertising180 day(s)Measure
advertising performance180 day(s)
Special purposesRetentionEnsure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix
errors 180 day(s)Deliver and present advertising and content180 day(s)
FeaturesIdentify devices based on information transmitted automatically
Special featuresUse precise geolocation dataActively scan device characteristics
for identification
Data categoriesIP addressesDevice identifiersNon-precise location dataPrecise
location dataUsers’ profiles
AdSpirit AdServerIAB TCFOff
AdSpirit AdServer stores cookies with a maximum duration of about this many
days: 30. These cookies may be refreshed.
Privacy policyLegitimate interest disclosure
PurposesRetentionStore and/or access information on a device60 day(s)Use limited
data to select advertising14 day(s)Create profiles for personalised
advertising60 day(s)Use profiles to select personalised advertising60
day(s)Measure advertising performance14 day(s)Understand audiences through
statistics or combinations of data from different sources60 day(s)
Special purposesRetentionEnsure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix
errors 60 day(s)Deliver and present advertising and content60 day(s)
FeaturesIdentify devices based on information transmitted automatically
Data categoriesIP addressesDevice characteristicsDevice identifiersProbabilistic
identifiersBrowsing and interaction dataNon-precise location dataUsers’
profilesPrivacy choices
AdTheorentIAB TCFOff
AdTheorent stores cookies with a maximum duration of about this many days: 730.
These cookies may be refreshed.
Privacy policyLegitimate interest disclosure
PurposesRetentionStore and/or access information on a device365 day(s)Use
limited data to select advertising365 day(s)Create profiles for personalised
advertising365 day(s)Use profiles to select personalised advertising365
day(s)Measure advertising performance365 day(s)Understand audiences through
statistics or combinations of data from different sources365 day(s)Develop and
improve services365 day(s)
FeaturesMatch and combine data from other data sourcesLink different
devicesIdentify devices based on information transmitted automatically
Special featuresUse precise geolocation dataActively scan device characteristics
for identification
Data categoriesIP addressesDevice characteristicsDevice identifiersProbabilistic
identifiersNon-precise location dataPrecise location dataPrivacy choices
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A Conversation With
BETH LINKER IS TURNING GOOD POSTURE ON ITS HEAD
A historian and sociologist of science re-examines the “posture panic” of the
last century. You’ll want to sit down for this.
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In her new book, Beth Linker, a historian of science at the University of
Pennsylvania, confronts conventional wisdom about good posture. “It’s fake
news,” she said.Credit...Hannah Beier for The New York Times
By Matt Richtel
April 26, 2024
For decades, the idea of standing properly upright carried considerable
political and social baggage. Slouching was considered a sign of decay.
In the early 20th century, posture exams became mainstays in the military, the
workplace and schools, thanks in part to the American Posture League, a group of
physicians, educators and health officials that formed in 1914. In 1917, a study
found that roughly 80 percent of Harvard’s freshman class had poor posture.
Industrialists piled on with posture-enhancing chairs, products and gadgets.
But the actual science doesn’t support the conventional wisdom about proper
posture, Beth Linker argues in her new book, “Slouch: Posture Panic in Modern
America.” Dr. Linker, a historian and sociologist of science at the University
of Pennsylvania, recently sat for an interview with The New York Times; the
conversation has been condensed and edited for clarity.
Nice to meet you.
Your posture looks pretty good. And it doesn’t matter — that’s the whole point
of my book. It’s fake news.
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Our obsession with great posture is fake news? I’m off the hook!
Concern for posture, as a matter of etiquette, has been around since the
Enlightenment, if not earlier, but poor posture did not become a scientific and
medical obsession until after the publication of Darwin’s “On the Origin of
Species” in 1859. He posited that humans evolved through natural selection, and
that the first thing to develop was bipedalism; in other words, standing upright
preceded brain development.
This idea was controversial because convention taught that higher intellect
distinguished humans from nonhuman animals, and now it appeared that only a mere
physical difference, located in the spine and feet, separated humankind from the
apes.
In other words, bad posture was primitive.
Actually, quite the opposite. Bad posture was assumed to primarily affect
“civilized” individuals — people who no longer engaged in physical labor but
instead enjoyed the fruits of mechanized transportation, industrialization and
leisure.
With the rise of eugenics in the early 20th century, certain scientists began to
worry that slouching among “civilized” peoples could lead to degeneration, a
backward slide in human progress. Posture correction became part of “race
betterment” projects, especially for white Anglo-Saxon men but also for
middle-class women and Black people who were trying to gain political rights and
equity. Poor posture became stigmatized and defined as a disability. As I show
in my book, people with postural “defects” were regularly discriminated against
in the American workplace, educational settings and immigration offices. People
with disabilities had no legal protection at the time.
Also, this was an era when physicians and public health officials began to focus
more on disease prevention to control the spread of infectious contagions like
tuberculosis. Good posture was understood to be an effective way to stave off
deadly diseases, leading to campaigns that taught Americans how to stand up
straight.
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When tuberculosis rates declined in the 1940s — partly as a result of the
discovery of antibiotics — scientists and physicians began to draw a causal link
between poor posture and back pain. President John F. Kennedy, who had chronic
back pain and his own posture guru, reinvigorated the President’s Council on
Physical Fitness in order to promote uprightness and strength among the nation’s
citizens.
For much of the 20th century, posture awareness campaigns were seen as an
inexpensive way to improve national health, especially compared to costlier
health investments such as improvements in housing, infrastructure and
nationalized health insurance coverage. Posture crusaders also tended to hold
individuals accountable for their own failing health, rather than looking to
structural problems. For example, they would blame a back pain sufferer for
having caused the problem, for failing to sit and stand properly, for being a
slouch.
And you contend that was unfair.
There was really no proof of causality, then or now.
But the belief gained traction because it legitimized age-old assumptions about
the importance of upright posture to human ability. Posture assessments became a
quick and efficient way to size up another person’s character, intelligence and
health — all in one fairly simple exam.
I’m not a posture denier. I think posture therapy can be a powerful tool when
used to alleviate existing back pain. I myself frequent a physical therapist for
my own back pain, and I use standing desks, ergonomic chairs and yoga to
contribute to my sense of well-being. But these devices and remedies offer much
more than a fixed notion of good posture.
What I question is how much posture correction can do for a healthy, pain-free
person in terms of preventing future ills and the inevitability of aging. The
posture panic created over 100 years ago, and the simplistic message behind it,
was good for self-discipline and for business. In a certain respect,
manufacturers of ergonomic chairs, back braces, bras and shoes, even today, want
to keep the panic alive.
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Do we even have a good definition of what is good or bad posture? We don’t. No
one can agree on what the standards are. Also, the human body is incredibly
dynamic, and each of our anatomies are, to some extent, distinct. To say that
there’s, like, some kind of static norm is not in keeping with the reality.
It’s not just standing as erect as possible with your chin tucked back?
Plumb-line verticality is what it’s called; that’s one way to assess posture.
You have certain anatomical markers in line with each other. But we’re never
static. How long can you really hold a posture that is “good”?
Until we get off this Zoom call and I can relax.
The scientific study of the effectiveness of posture correction has been
hindered by a scandal that was covered by The New York Times Magazine in the
1990s. The article reported that for several decades until the 1970s, Ivy League
schools took nude pictures of undergraduates to check their posture, and that
these pictures still existed in the Smithsonian Archives. My own research has
shown that posture photography happened not just at elite universities but at
colleges, hospitals and prisons across the country. The practice of taking nude
posture pictures largely came to an end in the early 1970s because of concerns
about propriety and personal privacy.
After the Times exposé, entire archival holdings containing a century’s worth of
posture science data were burned or shredded.
The scandal did not question the presumed benefits of posture correction;
rather, it took issue with the conventions of measuring posture. So the health
belief that posture is an indicator of future health — that it can be a
predictor of back pain and neck pain — remained in place. Not until recently
have certain studies shown that you can adopt all kinds of posture, even the
occasional slouching, and be just fine.
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In sum, you argue that there’s no connection between a person’s posture and
morality, and that there may be no connection to long-term health.
In some ways, it’s the phrenology of the 20th century. We use posture to judge
character, intelligence and physical ability. Like, if you’re a slouch, that
also means that you’re somehow lazy.
It’s shallow and ableist to estimate what another person can or cannot do based
on their posture. In terms of long-term health, I think the jury is still out on
that.
Matt Richtel is a health and science reporter for The Times, based in Boulder,
Colo. More about Matt Richtel
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