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5 forms found in the DOM

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---

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---

Text Content

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 * [#IABV2SETTINGS#]
 * About


THIS WEBSITE USES COOKIES

The World Economic Forum uses necessary cookies to make our site work. We would
also like to set optional "marketing" cookies to personalise content and ads and
“performance” cookies to improve the website.
Consent Selection
Necessary

Preferences

Performance

Marketing

Show details
Necessary 43

Necessary cookies help make a website usable by enabling basic functions like
page navigation and access to secure areas of the website. The website cannot
function properly without these cookies.
Acast
1
Learn more about this provider
AcastLangThis cookie is used to determine the preferred language of the visitor
and sets the language accordingly on the website, if possible.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
Bloomberg
2
Learn more about this provider
consentUUID [x2]Determines whether the user has accepted the cookie consent box.
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP
Cookiebot
1
Learn more about this provider
CookieConsentStores the user's cookie consent state for the current domain
Expiry: 6 monthsType: HTTP
Google
4
Learn more about this provider
_GRECAPTCHAThis cookie is used to distinguish between humans and bots. This is
beneficial for the website, in order to make valid reports on the use of their
website.
Expiry: 179 daysType: HTTP
rc::aThis cookie is used to distinguish between humans and bots. This is
beneficial for the website, in order to make valid reports on the use of their
website.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
rc::bThis cookie is used to distinguish between humans and bots.
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
rc::cThis cookie is used to distinguish between humans and bots.
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
OmnyStudio
1
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__VASTUtil__Necessary for the implementation of video-content on the website.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
Parse.ly
1
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cookies.js_dtestThis cookie determines whether the browser accepts cookies.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
Powr
1
Learn more about this provider
__cflbRegisters which server-cluster is serving the visitor. This is used in
context with load balancing, in order to optimize user experience.
Expiry: 6 daysType: HTTP
VWO
10
Learn more about this provider
analyzeThis cookie is used by the website’s operator in context with
multi-variate testing. This is a tool used to combine or change content on the
website. This allows the website to find the best variation/edition of the site.
Expiry: SessionType: Pixel
s.gifRegisters user behaviour and navigation on the website, and any interaction
with active campaigns. This is used for optimizing advertisement and for
efficient retargeting.
Expiry: SessionType: Pixel
v.gifThis cookie is set to make split-tests on the website, which optimizes the
website's relevance towards the visitor – the cookie can also be set to improve
the visitor's experience on a website.
Expiry: SessionType: Pixel
_vis_opt_sUsed by Visual Website Optimizer to determine if the visitor is
participating in a design experiment.
Expiry: 99 daysType: HTTP
_vis_opt_test_cookieUsed to check if the user's browser supports cookies.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
_vwo_dsCollects data on the user's visits to the website, such as the number of
visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded with
the purpose of generating reports for optimising the website content.
Expiry: 2 monthsType: HTTP
_vwo_snCollects statistics on the visitor's visits to the website, such as the
number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been
read.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
_vwo_uuidUsed by Visual Website Optimizer to ensure that the same user interface
variant is displayed for each visit, if the user is participating in a design
experiment.
Expiry: 10 yearsType: HTTP
_vwo_uuid_v2This cookie is set to make split-tests on the website, which
optimizes the website's relevance towards the visitor – the cookie can also be
set to improve the visitor's experience on a website.
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP
vwoSnThis cookie is set to make split-tests on the website, which optimizes the
website's relevance towards the visitor – the cookie can also be set to improve
the visitor's experience on a website.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
World Economic Forum
4
Learn more about this provider
_web_sessionPending
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
fdisIdentifies the logged in user. A unique session ID is linked to the user so
that they are identified while navigating the website. The user is logged out
when the session expires.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
followTopicUsed to set topic preferences for unauthenticated visitors prior to
authentication
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
redirect_pathUserd to handle internal page redirects
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
bam.nr-data.net
linkedin.com

2
JSESSIONID [x2]Preserves users states across page requests.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
fonts.net
livestream.com
vimeo.com

3
__cf_bm [x3]This cookie is used to distinguish between humans and bots. This is
beneficial for the website, in order to make valid reports on the use of their
website.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
resourcewatch.org
4
__Host-next-auth.csrf-tokenEnsures visitor browsing-security by preventing
cross-site request forgery. This cookie is essential for the security of the
website and visitor.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
__Secure-next-auth.callback-urlUsed in order to detect spam and improve the
website's security.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
connect.sidThe cookie is necessary for secure log-in and the detection of any
spam or abuse of the website.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
nextauth.messagePreserves users states across page requests.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
showtime-chat.touchcast.com
2
AWSALBCORSRegisters which server-cluster is serving the visitor. This is used in
context with load balancing, in order to optimize user experience.
Expiry: 6 daysType: HTTP
AWSALBTGCORSRegisters which server-cluster is serving the visitor. This is used
in context with load balancing, in order to optimize user experience.
Expiry: 6 daysType: HTTP
static.chartbeat.com
1
_cbtvalidate whether we can set cookies on a domain, however we do not set any
other cookies if the site has set noCookies = true, and the "_cbt" cookie is set
and immediately removed in that case. It also stores no data about the user,
session, page, etc.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
weforum.touchcast.com
4
SESS#Preserves users states across page requests.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
aws.cognito.identity-id.#-#-#:#-#-#-#-#Identifies the logged in user. A unique
session ID is linked to the user so that he/she is identified while navigating
the website. The user is logged out when the cookie expires.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
pusherTransportTLSTechnical cookie that synchronizes the website and the CMS.
This is used to update the website.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
XSRF-TOKENEnsures visitor browsing-security by preventing cross-site request
forgery. This cookie is essential for the security of the website and visitor.
Expiry: 7 daysType: HTTP
youtube.com
play.google.com

2
CONSENT [x2]Used to detect if the visitor has accepted the marketing category in
the cookie banner. This cookie is necessary for GDPR-compliance of the website.
Expiry: 2 yearsType: HTTP
Preferences 29

Preference cookies enable a website to remember information that changes the way
the website behaves or looks, like your preferred language or the region that
you are in.
Instagram
1
Learn more about this provider
midThis cookie is used to identify the visitor through an application. This
allows the visitor to login to a website through their Instagram application for
example.
Expiry: 2 yearsType: HTTP
JW Player
1
Learn more about this provider
jwplayerLocalIdUsed to determine the optimal video quality based on the
visitor's device and network settings.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
LinkedIn
2
Learn more about this provider
lang [x2]Remembers the user's selected language version of a website
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
Sli.do
6
Learn more about this provider
app.lastEventUuidCaptures state of last user event on the app too ensure user
flow states are maintained
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
app.redux.localFeatureFlagsSets locale as per user preference on the browser
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
app.redux.rememberedUserMaintains user state while using Sli.do app on the
website
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
app.redux.uiApp.isLightnessAutomaticBased on user device, loads light or
complete app automatically
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
app.redux.uiApp.lightnessBased on user device, loads light or complete app
automatically
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
app.redux.uiNewQuestions.readQuestionsIdsEnables capture of new questions from
users
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
Spotify
1
Learn more about this provider
loglevelMaintains settings and outputs when using the Developer Tools Console on
current session.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
Tableau
2
Learn more about this provider
tableau_localeThe cookie determines the preferred language and country-setting
of the visitor - This allows the website to show content most relevant to that
region and language.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
tableau_public_negotiated_localeUsed in context with the language setting on the
website. Facilitates the translation into the preferred language of the visitor.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
World Economic Forum
2
Learn more about this provider
dismissedCtaBannerUsed to determine whether a visitor has dismissed a call to
action
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
dismissedNavPromoUsed to determine whether a visitor has dismissed a call to
action
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
YouTube
9
Learn more about this provider
VISITOR_INFO1_LIVETries to estimate the users' bandwidth on pages with
integrated YouTube videos.
Expiry: 179 daysType: HTTP
ytidb::LAST_RESULT_ENTRY_KEYStores the user's video player preferences using
embedded YouTube video
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
yt-remote-cast-availableStores the user's video player preferences using
embedded YouTube video
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
yt-remote-cast-installedStores the user's video player preferences using
embedded YouTube video
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
yt-remote-connected-devicesStores the user's video player preferences using
embedded YouTube video
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
yt-remote-device-idStores the user's video player preferences using embedded
YouTube video
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
yt-remote-fast-check-periodStores the user's video player preferences using
embedded YouTube video
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
yt-remote-session-appStores the user's video player preferences using embedded
YouTube video
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
yt-remote-session-nameStores the user's video player preferences using embedded
YouTube video
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
resourcewatch.org
1
_usrp_#Used by UserReport to register whether the visitor has been invited to
participate in a certain survey.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
swisscomstream.ch
1
jwplayer.bandwidthEstimateRegisters the website's speed and performance. This
function can be used in context with statistics and load-balancing.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
touchcast.com
1
LEXUCapture information to Email attendees on smart toy awards list
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP
weforum.touchcast.com
2
cdn_session_idMaintain session information on smart toy awards
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
showtime_sessionMaintain session on smart toy awards
Expiry: 7 daysType: HTTP
Performance 72

Performance cookies help website owners to understand how visitors interact with
websites by collecting and reporting information anonymously.
Bloomberg
6
Learn more about this provider
_sp_v1_dataPart of third-party consent management platform (CMP) – The cookies
gather data on the user’s interaction with the website’s consent tool, in order
to present the best version of the consent-tool.
Expiry: 29 daysType: HTTP
_sp_v1_ssPart of third-party consent management platform (CMP) – The cookies
gather data on the user’s interaction with the website’s consent tool, in order
to present the best version of the consent-tool.
Expiry: 29 daysType: HTTP
_sp_v1_uidPart of third-party consent management platform (CMP) – The cookies
gather data on the user’s interaction with the website’s consent tool, in order
to present the best version of the consent-tool.
Expiry: 29 daysType: HTTP
IXWRAPPERLiveRampIpCollects anonymous data on the user's visits to the website,
such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages
have been loaded with the purpose of generating reports for optimising the
website content.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
IXWRAPPERMerkleIpCollects anonymous data on the user's visits to the website,
such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages
have been loaded with the purpose of generating reports for optimising the
website content.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
my_ipPending
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
Chartbeat
1
Learn more about this provider
pingCaptures referal path from the public website
Expiry: SessionType: Pixel
Google
6
Learn more about this provider
SSets a unique ID for the session. This allows the website to obtain data on
visitor behaviour for statistical purposes.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
__utm.gifGoogle Analytics Tracking Code that logs details about the visitor's
browser and computer.
Expiry: SessionType: Pixel
collectUsed to send data to Google Analytics about the visitor's device and
behavior. Tracks the visitor across devices and marketing channels.
Expiry: SessionType: Pixel
__gsasUsed by Google AdSense for experimenting with advertisement efficiency
across websites using their services.
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP
_ga_#Used by Google Analytics to collect data on the number of times a user has
visited the website as well as dates for the first and most recent visit.
Expiry: 2 yearsType: HTTP
_gatUsed by Google Analytics to throttle request rate
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
LinkedIn
5
Learn more about this provider
AnalyticsSyncHistoryUsed in connection with data-synchronization with
third-party analysis service.
Expiry: 29 daysType: HTTP
bcookieUsed by the social networking service, LinkedIn, for tracking the use of
embedded services.
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP
bscookieUsed by the social networking service, LinkedIn, for tracking the use of
embedded services.
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP
li_gcStores the user's cookie consent state for the current domain
Expiry: 179 daysType: HTTP
lidcUsed by the social networking service, LinkedIn, for tracking the use of
embedded services.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
New Relic
2
Learn more about this provider
events/1/#Used to monitor website performance for statistical purposes.
Expiry: SessionType: Pixel
jserrors/1/#Pending
Expiry: SessionType: Pixel
OECD
2
Learn more about this provider
context_historyPending
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
qcSesCollects data on the user's visits to the website, such as the number of
visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been loaded with
the purpose of generating reports for optimising the website content.
Expiry: SessionType: HTML
Parse.ly
2
Learn more about this provider
_parsely_sessionThis cookie is used to collect data on visitor behavior on the
website.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
_parsely_visitorThis cookie is used to determine if the visitor has visited the
website before, or if it is a new visitor on the website.
Expiry: 13 monthsType: HTTP
Powr
3
Learn more about this provider
ahoy_unique_#Registers statistical data on users' behaviour on the website. Used
for internal analytics by the website operator.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
ahoy_visitRegisters statistical data on users' behaviour on the website. Used
for internal analytics by the website operator.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
ahoy_visitorRegisters statistical data on users' behaviour on the website. Used
for internal analytics by the website operator.
Expiry: 2 yearsType: HTTP
Scribd
1
Learn more about this provider
_scribd_sessionImplements audio-files on the website, and determines how many
and who have listened to these files.
Expiry: 3 yearsType: HTTP
Sli.do
2
Learn more about this provider
_persistenceTestPending
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP
Slido.EventAuthTokensPending
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP
Soundcloud
1
Learn more about this provider
WIDGET::local::assignmentsUsed by audio-platform SoundCloud to implement,
measure and improve their embedded content/service on the website - The
collection of data also includes visitors’ interaction with embedded
content/service. This can be used for statistics or marketing purposes.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
Twitter Inc.
1
Learn more about this provider
personalization_idThis cookie is set by Twitter - The cookie allows the visitor
to share content from the website onto their Twitter profile.
Expiry: 2 yearsType: HTTP
UserReport
1
Learn more about this provider
__ur_dcCollects information of the user's movement and demographical data via
the UserReports questionnaire tool.
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP
VWO
3
Learn more about this provider
l.gifThis cookie is used by the website’s operator in context with multi-variate
testing. This is a tool used to combine or change content on the website. This
allows the website to find the best variation/edition of the site.
Expiry: SessionType: Pixel
_vis_opt_exp_#_combiUsed by Visual Website Optimizer to ensure that the same
user interface variant is displayed for each visit, if the user is participating
in a design experiment.
Expiry: 99 daysType: HTTP
_vwo_nls_q_#VWO cookie to capture test results
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
World Economic Forum
18
Learn more about this provider
__utma [x2]Collects data on the number of times a user has visited the website
as well as dates for the first and most recent visit. Used by Google Analytics.
Expiry: 2 yearsType: HTTP
__utmb [x2]Registers a timestamp with the exact time of when the user accessed
the website. Used by Google Analytics to calculate the duration of a website
visit.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
__utmc [x2]Registers a timestamp with the exact time of when the user leaves the
website. Used by Google Analytics to calculate the duration of a website visit.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
__utmt [x2]Used to throttle the speed of requests to the server.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
__utmz [x2]Collects data on where the user came from, what search engine was
used, what link was clicked and what search term was used. Used by Google
Analytics.
Expiry: 6 monthsType: HTTP
_v__cb_cpCollects data such as visitors' IP address, geographical location and
website navigation - This information is used for internal optimization and
statistics for the website's operator.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTML
_v__cb_cp_expiresContains the expiry-date for the cookie with corresponding
name.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
_v__chartbeat3Contains data on user navigation, interaction and time spent on
the website and its sub-pages - This data is used to optimise the relevance of
advertisements and for statistical purposes.
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTML
_v__chartbeat3_expiresContains data on user navigation, interaction and time
spent on the website and its sub-pages - This data is used to optimise the
relevance of advertisements and for statistical purposes.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
_vis_opt_exp_#_goal_#Used by Visual Website Optimizer to designate if a goal of
a design experiment has been reached.
Expiry: 99 daysType: HTTP
client_idRegisters statistical data on users' behaviour on the website. Used for
internal analytics by the website operator.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
client_session_idCaptures sessions for users
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
mp_#_mixpanelPending
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTTP
YouTube
3
Learn more about this provider
YSCRegisters a unique ID to keep statistics of what videos from YouTube the user
has seen.
Expiry: SessionType: HTTP
yt.innertube::nextIdRegisters a unique ID to keep statistics of what videos from
YouTube the user has seen.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
yt.innertube::requestsRegisters a unique ID to keep statistics of what videos
from YouTube the user has seen.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
livestream.com
player.vimeo.com

2
vuid [x2]Collects data on visitor interaction with the website's video-content -
This data is used to make the website's video-content more relevant towards the
visitor.
Expiry: 2 yearsType: HTTP
powr.io
www.google-analytics.com

2
_gid [x2]Registers a unique ID that is used to generate statistical data on how
the visitor uses the website.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
powr.io
www.googletagmanager.com

2
_ga [x2]Registers a unique ID that is used to generate statistical data on how
the visitor uses the website.
Expiry: 2 yearsType: HTTP
static.chartbeat.com
8
_cbCollects data such as visitors' IP address, geographical location and website
navigation - This information is used for internal optimization and statistics
for the website's operator.
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTML
_cb_expiresThis cookie is used in context with HTML local storage, this sets an
expiry date/time for the _cb tracker, which makes it function like a cookie.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
_cb_svrefCollects data such as visitors' IP address, geographical location and
website navigation - This information is used for internal optimization and
statistics for the website's operator.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTML
_cb_svref_expiresThis cookie is used in context with HTML local storage, this
sets an expiry date/time for the _cb_sverf, which makes it function like a
cookie.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
_chartbeat2Used by the web analytics company Chartbeat to register whether the
user has visited the website before.
Expiry: 1 yearType: HTML
_chartbeat2_expiresUsed by the web analytics company Chartbeat to register
whether the user has visited the website before.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
_chartbeat4Used by the web analytics company Chartbeat to register whether the
user has visited the website before.
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTML
_chartbeat4_expiresUsed by the web analytics company Chartbeat to register
whether the user has visited the website before.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
weforum.touchcast.com
1
aws.cognito.identity-providers.us-east-1:407e96f5-7e2d-4ee2-8d51-1bb7fe9484bcStats
information on smart toy awards
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
Marketing 40

Marketing cookies are used to track visitors across websites. The intention is
to display ads that are relevant and engaging for the individual user and
thereby more valuable for publishers and third party advertisers.
Adform
2
Learn more about this provider
CUsed to check if the user's browser supports cookies.
Expiry: 30 daysType: HTTP
uidRegisters a unique user ID that recognises the user's browser when visiting
websites that use the same ad network. The purpose is to optimise display of ads
based on the user's movements and various ad providers' bids for displaying user
ads.
Expiry: 2 monthsType: HTTP
Bloomberg
6
Learn more about this provider
youbora.accCodePresents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The
service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate
real-time bidding for advertisers.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
youbora.dataPresents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The
service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate
real-time bidding for advertisers.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
youbora.dataTimePresents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The
service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate
real-time bidding for advertisers.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
youbora.sessionPresents the user with relevant content and advertisement. The
service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate
real-time bidding for advertisers.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
youbora.sessionExpirePresents the user with relevant content and advertisement.
The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate
real-time bidding for advertisers.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
youboraOffline.viewsPresents the user with relevant content and advertisement.
The service is provided by third-party advertisement hubs, which facilitate
real-time bidding for advertisers.
Expiry: PersistentType: HTML
Google
9
Learn more about this provider
COMPASSPending
Expiry: 1 dayType: HTTP
IDEUsed by Google DoubleClick to register and report the website user's actions
after viewing or clicking one of the advertiser's ads with the purpose of
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Cybersecurity


GLOBAL ENCRYPTION DAY: CYBER-SECURING YOUR DATA WITH QUANTUM-SAFE CRYPTOGRAPHY
AND CONFIDENTIAL COMPUTING

OCT 21, 2022

Global Encryption Day: Cyber threats are increasingly spilling from digital to
the physical worlds. Researchers are also making breakthroughs with fully
homomorphic encryption, which promises end-to-end security and privacy.

Image: Unsplash/Adi Goldstein

ALESSANDRO CURIONI

Vice President Europe and Africa and Director, IBM Research Europe

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This article is part of: Centre for Cybersecurity

Listen to the article


11 min listen
 * Every year on October 21, the world marks Global Encryption Day. This year,
   with cyber attacks on the rise, we are reminded that protecting sensitive
   data has never been more vital.
 * We need to keep adapting to cyber threats with the latest technologies such
   as quantum-safe cryptography and confidential computing.
 * Researchers are also making breakthroughs with fully homomorphic encryption,
   which promises end-to-end security and privacy.

Cyberattacks are on the rise, with cybercriminals getting ever smarter. But so
are security researchers, always striving to be a step ahead of the most
sophisticated hacker – to keep you, your data and your business safe.

With companies more and more under pressure from data protection regulations and
the risk of fines if data is not properly protected, researchers are coming up
with innovative ways to enhance data privacy.

October is Cybersecurity Awareness Month in Europe and the US, a month to remind
us to be aware of the constantly evolving cyber threats and be prepared for
them. With the latest milestones in artificial intelligence (AI) and
cryptography, security researchers are pushing the limits of cyber defences.




They are on the front line of fighting cybercrime, along with the first incident
responders – and must keep adapting to threats that spill more and more into our
physical world from the digital one.

Today’s tech giants, among them IBM, are harnessing the power of AI to protect
businesses, organizations and individuals against cyber criminals – even those
that may want to use future quantum computers to crack modern encryption. That’s
where quantum-safe cryptography comes in.


THE RISE OF QUANTUM COMPUTING

While even the ancient Greeks, Romans and Egyptians used symbol-replacement
encryption, modern computer technology has brought cryptography to totally new
heights. Data is routinely encrypted when deemed sensitive. The problem is, as
cryptography keeps maturing, so is an emerging but incredibly promising type of
computation – quantum computing.

First talked about in the early 1980s as a possible practical application of
quantum mechanics, quantum computers are now a reality. They rely on nature's
weird and wonderful properties when atoms and subatomic particles can be
entangled and in multiple states simultaneously.

These properties enable quantum computers to perform many more computations than
a traditional computer ever could. As they become more powerful, quantum
computers soon should be able to crack modern encryption.

Discover

What is the World Economic Forum doing on cybersecurity?

Show more


The World Economic Forum’s Centre for Cybersecurity drives global action to
address systemic cybersecurity challenges and improve digital trust. It is an
independent and impartial platform fostering collaboration on cybersecurity in
the public and private sectors.

 * Salesforce, Fortinet and the Global Cyber Alliance, in partnership with the
   Forum, are delivering free and globally accessible training to a new
   generation of cybersecurity experts.
 * The Forum, in collaboration with the University of Oxford – Oxford Martin
   School, Palo Alto Networks, Mastercard, KPMG, Europol, European Network and
   Information Security Agency, and the US National Institute of Standards and
   Technology, is identifying future global risks from next-generation
   technology.
 * The Forum has improved cyber resilience in aviation while working with
   Deloitte and more than 50 other companies and international organizations.
 * The Forum is bringing together leaders from more than 50 businesses,
   governments, civil society and academia to develop a clear and coherent
   cybersecurity vision for the electricity industry.
 * The Council on the Connected World agreed on IoT security requirements for
   consumer-facing devices to protect them from cybers threats, calling on the
   world’s biggest manufacturers and vendors to take action for better IoT
   security.
 * The Forum is also a signatory of the Paris Call for Trust and Security in
   Cyberspace, which aims to ensure global digital peace and security.



Contact us for more information on how to get involved.



That’s why cryptographers have recently been busy developing a type of
encryption based on the mathematical property of lattices that would keep data
safe from a future quantum computer.

In July, the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) announced
four schemes primed to pave the way to new quantum-safe crypto standards for the
world to adopt.


MOVE TO QUANTUM-SAFE CRYPTOGRAPHY

IBM’s Security and Quantum research teams contributed to developing these
schemes. But the journey to quantum-proof your data security doesn’t stop here;
it’s just the beginning. Companies should be thinking about migrating their
systems to quantum-safe cryptography already today.

That’s also the view of the US National Security Agency. It recently announced
that its networks with classified data will switch to quantum-safe standards by
2025. And it doesn’t matter that quantum computers are not powerful enough to
break modern encryption just yet. They will be sooner than you might think.

At this year’s Mobile World Congress, the GSM Association (GSMA), a body
representing the interests of mobile network operators, announced the formation
of the GSMA Post-Quantum Telco Network Taskforce, with IBM and Vodafone as
initial members. The taskforce aims to help define policy, regulation and
operator business processes to better protect telecoms from future quantum
computers.

There are already offerings with quantum-safe encryption, such as IBM’s recently
released z16 and LinuxONE Emperor 4 systems that protect against software and
physical attacks. And we are not stopping there.

The recently-chosen standards cover only encryption and authentication, but all
signs indicate that we will need much more advanced cryptography in the near
future. With users and companies becoming more sensitive to protecting private
data, bleeding-edge technologies like distributed ledgers and zero-knowledge
proofs are being pushed into the real world.

The most efficient protocols underpinning the privacy of these constructs is
currently not quantum-safe, and we are in the process of developing ones that
are efficient and will remain secure in the quantum future.


THE CYBER SECURE REALM OF CONFIDENTIAL COMPUTING

Moving to quantum-safe standards will take the world a few years at least. And
this will not be enough to make your sensitive data safe today, especially in
the cloud. Enter confidential computing.

This technology aims to ensure that your data in rented cloud infrastructure
stays encrypted not only in storage or in transit but also when it’s in active
use – during, say, training machine learning models, indexing the data, or
manipulating it in some other way.

Confidential computing isolates data within a protected central processing unit
(CPU), ensuring the confidentiality of a workload thanks to hardware mechanisms
giving protection to entire virtual machines (VMs), often called ‘secure’ VMs,
and containers.

These secure virtual computer systems sport their own CPU, memory, storage and
network interface, giving customers access to their own ‘computers’ in the cloud
rather than through dedicated physical hardware.


HAVE YOU READ?

 * FOR THE PUBLIC SECTOR, CYBER RESILIENCE HAS NEVER BEEN MORE IMPORTANT

 * IOT SECURITY: HOW WE ARE KEEPING CONSUMERS SAFE FROM CYBER THREATS

 * DELIVERING FREE AND GLOBALLY ACCESSIBLE CYBERSECURITY TRAINING

A secure virtual machine is akin to a highly protected hotel room. Only the
customer can use their key to enter the room, while the hotel staff can’t.
Similarly, a secure virtual machine protects a user's workload from the cloud
provider's personnel and software, and from other (potentially malicious)
clients that may be running on the same infrastructure.

Recent years have seen huge leaps in confidential computing, with many tech
giants betting on it, including Intel, Google, ARM, Microsoft and others. IBM Z,
widely used in the financial industry, is a secure, reliable and scalable
platform for confidential computing.

While confidential computing protects a program from external attacks,
preventing an adversary from directly accessing information inside it, we’ve
also recently developed ‘memory-safety protection’ to defend systems from
internal threats.

Currently still a research project, this technology protects a program from
internal attacks. It’s aimed at preventing an adversary from exploiting memory
safety vulnerabilities within a program to steal information, as was the case in
the HeartBleed attack, or from taking control of a program, as happened in
Return Oriented Programming attacks.


FULLY HOMOMORPHIC ENCRYPTION IS THE HOLY GRAIL

While confidential computing relies on dedicated hardware and the robustness of
the software stack running in the secure enclave to keep your data safe,
researchers are also pursuing what’s known as fully homomorphic encryption
(FHE).

Traditional encryption schemes secure data at rest and in transit but require it
to be decrypted before any computations occur. However, with FHE, one can
achieve complete end-to-end data security and privacy, with data never being
decrypted at all.

This way, the technology provides cryptographical security at the data level
regardless of the underlying infrastructure or environment where the processing
is performed. It means that with fully homomorphic encryption, one can safely
outsource computations to the cloud or to a third party, and even have multiple
parties share and gain insights from data – all while preserving privacy.



Researchers have been tinkering with this mathematical concept since the 1970s.
A major breakthrough came in 2009 when Craig Gentry, back then an IBMer,
published his seminal work – A Fully Homomorphic Encryption Scheme. His paper
provided the mathematical underpinning for the emergence of technologies
enabling complex industry workloads to be run over encrypted data.

While the promise of FHE was transformational until recently, the computational
overhead and the complexity of usage made it not very practical for the industry
to apply. But researchers keep pushing the limits to develop more efficient,
fully homomorphic encryption schemes – and we are getting there.


CYBERSECURITY RESEARCHERS ALWAYS A STEP AHEAD

At IBM, we now offer a downloadable package, free for non-commercial use, to
experiment and develop applications and machine learning models over encrypted
data.

We are also busy working on a cloud-native infrastructure to give customers
access to different services over encrypted data, with an initial focus on
serving machine learning models.

Cyber criminals may be getting more sophisticated – but cybersecurity
researchers will always be a step ahead.


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The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the
World Economic Forum.

Related topics:

CybersecurityCybercrimeEmerging Technologies

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