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Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management
Volume 20, Issue 5 p. 1611-1624
Health & Ecological Risk Assessment

SOIL-SPECIFIC OUTCOMES IN THE OECD 216 NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION TEST

Christopher J. Sweeney,

Corresponding Author

Christopher J. Sweeney

* christopher.sweeney@syngenta.com

* orcid.org/0000-0002-3170-8728

Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK

Address correspondence to christopher.sweeney@syngenta.com

Contribution: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing -
original draft

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Melanie Bottoms,

Melanie Bottoms

Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK

Contribution: Conceptualization, Writing - review & editing

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Lennart Schulz,

Lennart Schulz

BioChem agrar GmbH, Machern OT Gerichshain, Germany

Contribution: Investigation, Resources, Writing - review & editing

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Christopher J. Sweeney,

Corresponding Author

Christopher J. Sweeney

* christopher.sweeney@syngenta.com

* orcid.org/0000-0002-3170-8728

Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK

Address correspondence to christopher.sweeney@syngenta.com

Contribution: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing -
original draft

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Melanie Bottoms,

Melanie Bottoms

Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK

Contribution: Conceptualization, Writing - review & editing

Search for more papers by this author
Lennart Schulz,

Lennart Schulz

BioChem agrar GmbH, Machern OT Gerichshain, Germany

Contribution: Investigation, Resources, Writing - review & editing

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First published: 14 March 2024
https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4913
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ABSTRACT

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 216 test
guideline investigates the impact of agrochemicals on soil nitrogen
transformation. After an evaluation of 465 OECD 216 studies, we describe two
distinct yet contrasting outcomes in control nontreated samples that are
possible in this testing framework, which we term the “rise” (consistent
increases in nitrate concentrations throughout the test period) and “dip”
(initial decline in nitrate concentration between Days 0–7, followed by a
net-generation of nitrate across Days 7–28) responses. We raise significant
concerns that control data from standardized, internationally recognized test
guidelines can demonstrate such dissimilar patterns. We propose that, when
present, the dip response undermines the intended functioning of the test system
and removes the ability to draw appropriate ecotoxicological inferences from the
data. In this work, we hypothesize the dip response is a product of conducting
the study in low nitrogen content soils. Our results indicate that the dip
response can be alleviated by using ammonium sulfate as an immediately available
inorganic nitrogen source in place of the guideline-mandated complex, organic
lucerne meal, demonstrating the influence of nitrogen availability and
accessibility. However, not all low nitrogen soils exhibited the dip response,
indicating the involvement of additional unidentified factors. Using our data
and real-world regulatory examples, we advocate that datasets displaying the dip
response should not be considered valid OECD 216 studies due to the influence of
soil properties precluding an assessment of whether any impacts observed are
driven solely by the test compound in question or are instead a product of the
soil used. We propose methods to account for these soil-specific responses that
could be integrated into the conduct and interpretation of OECD 216 studies.
Such amendments will improve the reliability and robustness of the study system
and enhance confidence in ecotoxicological conclusions derived from OECD 216
datasets. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1611–1624. © 2024 SETAC

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

Christopher J. Sweeney and Melanie Bottoms are employed by a company that
researches and manufactures plant protection products.

OPEN RESEARCH

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Raw data from the legacy study review are available in the Supporting
Information. All data required to support the findings of this article are
available in the article and the Supporting Information. Complete raw data can
be requested from corresponding author Christopher Sweeney
(christopher.sweeney@syngenta.com).

SUPPORTING INFORMATION

This article contains online-only Supporting Information.

Filename Description ieam4913-sup-0001-Supplementary_data.docx226.6 KB 1.
Additional calculations and data on nitrate formation rates across various
periods from the OECD 216 studies conducted.
ieam4913-sup-0002-Control_OECD_216_legacy_data.xlsx32.9 KB 2. Raw data from the
465 OECD 216 studies we reviewed to showcase the prevalence of the dip response
we report on in this article.

Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality
of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than
missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

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Volume20, Issue5

September 2024

Pages 1611-1624

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* Mechanistic population models for ecological risk assessment and decision
support: The importance of good conceptual model diagrams

Valery E. Forbes, Chiara Accolla, Thomas Banitz, Kristin Crouse, Nika
Galic, Volker Grimm, Sandy Raimondo, Amelie Schmolke, Maxime Vaugeois,
Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management

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KEYWORDS

* OECD 216
* Plant protection products
* Risk assessment
* Soil microbial ecotoxicology
* Soil microbiome

PUBLICATION HISTORY

* Issue Online: 12 August 2024
* Version of Record online: 14 March 2024
* Manuscript accepted: 21 February 2024
* Manuscript revised: 19 February 2024
* Manuscript received: 11 October 2023

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