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LATINA HEALTH PROJECT
Ahout Osteoporosis and Bone Health
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ABOUT OSTEOPOROSIS
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A disease of the skeletal system, osteoporosis — known also as "porous bone" —
affects both men and women and all demographic groups. When bones lose mineral
mass and density, they become more susceptible to fractures and breaks.
Osteoporosis is called a silent disease since often it is not detected until a
joint or vertebral fracture of some kind occurs.
Osteoporosis is a condition of very low bone density. Think of it as "thin
bones". Osteoporosis affects 10 million people in the United States, mostly
women. Another 34 million Americans have bone density that is lower than normal.
Every year osteoporosis is associated with 2 million broken bones in the US. It
is estimated that one in three women over the age of 50 will experience a bone
fracture due to low bone density.
Bones are living tissue that have an outer layer of cortical or dense bone, that
wraps itself around trabecular or spongy bone. The spongy, healthy internal part
of bone resembles the image of a porous sponge, and with osteoporosis,
effectively the holes in the sponge increase and become more numerous, thereby
contributing to an overall weakening of the internal structure and not providing
the exterior with the support it needs.
How can I tell if I have osteoporosis?
How is osteoporosis treated?
What is osteopenia?
What groups are most at risk for osteoporosis?
How bad are broken bones from osteoporosis? These breaks can be very painful and
unlike the types of breaks that young people get. They are not clean breaks so
much as fragmentations. They often strike the spine or hip area and can be
debilitating and lead to the patient entering a nursing home. Indeed, surveys of
women past age 75 find most prefer death to a bad hip fracture.
Note that not all bone breaks and fractures in older people are due to
osteoporosis, so the formal definition of the disease includes low bone density
as determined by diagnostic techniques.
The pathogenesis of osteoporosis can be attributed to three sources:
1. A developmental problem – where the bone system fails to grow to a good
overall density and strength.
2. Too much catabolic destruction of bone. As a living tissue, bone is
continuously being created and destroyed even in adults. If the balance
between creation and destruction gets off kilter, the bone minerals are
removed faster than they can be deposited.
3. Not enough deposit of new bone material to maintain the homeostatic balance
when destruction is at normal levels.
The folk understanding of the body's bones as simply an internal structural
scaffolding with no other function is mistaken. Bone is living tissue,
constantly being remodeled.
Genetics determines each person's maximum possible bone density. The actual
realized highest density (generally achieved in early adulthood) depends on both
heredity and environmental/life experience factors such as exercise and
nutrition.
Advanced cases of osteoporosis can disable a person and severely limit mobility.
A main cause of nursing home admittance is people not being able to walk
independently after a bone fracture.
Do I have to take Fosamex or Boniva or Reclast for the rest of my life?
ETYMOLOGY OF THE TERM
The word osteoporosis arose in the nineteenth century in France. It entered
English language medical books in the early 20th Century. The definition of
osteoporosis has evolved with medical knowledge. The current 1990 Consensus
Conference definition focuses on physiological deterioration of the bone as
indicated by bone density measurement.
CAUSES
Osteoclasts are bone cells that remove the bony tissue (mineralized parts of the
bone). They are active mostly on the surface of cancellous bone (aka spongy
tissue) and in cortical bone. Osteoblasts are the cells that create the bony
tissue (lay down the minerals). The resorption/removal process is faster than
the laying down of new bone by osteoblasts, so an increase in bone formation and
remodeling overall results in a loss of bone mass, when it occurs in adults.
Glucocorticoid drug use and physiological conditions such as chronic
inflammatory disorders and thyroid hormone problems can contribute to the risk
of bone fracture.
In the past, people thought a shortage of estrogen caused osteoporosis. The
source for this idea was the observation that most patients were women who came
down with osteoporosis after menopause, and because estrogen does influence the
bone-forming activity of osteoblasts. However, research has found that decline
in estrogen levels is not a major cause of osteoporosis.
A couple decades ago, estrogen supplements were given to post-menopausal women
to reduce the risk of osteoporosis and for other reasons. This practice is
employed much less frequently now because the benefits of estrogen do not seem
to outweigh the risks.
Another old theory was that calcium deficiency caused osteoporosis. Older people
consume less calcium and Vitamin D than younger people, and the aged digestive
system doesn’t absorb those nutrients as well. And the cumulative effect of not
enough calcium and vitamin D over the years leads to osteoporosis.
The body produces parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates serum calcium and
phosphate levels. Hyperparathyroidism happens in many older people and
epidemiological studies have correlated this condition with osteoporosis
incidence.
Tests with giving people supplements of calcium and Vitamin D has resulted in
increases in serum levels of both, and even increase bone mass, but it is not
clear whether these supplements decreased the rate of bone fractures. Synthetic
parathyroid hormone is used as an osteoporosis treatment.
When scientists discovered the natural hormone calcitonin inhibited the action
of osteoclasts (around 1970), people thought natural calcitonin deficiency in
the body might be the cause of osteoporosis and that calcitonin supplements
might cure osteoporosis. Further investigation found that there is no deficiency
of calcitonin in osteoporosis patients, and although supplementation found some
use as a therapy, it was never as effective on a large scale as bisphosphonate
drugs.
In the old days, before the BMD test,, doctors only diagnosed osteoporosis
following bone fractures (sometimes slight fractures seen only in an X-ray.)
While the disease was often strongly suspected in women who lost height, only
fractures could give a definitive diagnosis. The BMD allows doctors to find and
treat osteoporosis and osteopenia before fractures occur. Indeed, the medical
profession’s definition of osteoporosis is now based on bone density, not
fractures. (There is dispute about whether this is the way it should be.)
RISK FACTORS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS
The main risk factors are age (past 50) and being female. People with a small
body frame tend to get osteoporosis at a higher rate. Atrophy, for instance when
a person is immobilized due to a spinal cord injury or stroke, is associated
with osteoporosis, Certain medications, including chemotherapy for cancer,
increase the risk, and there have been cases of osteoporosis tied to celiac
disease, when a patient does not absorb enough nutrients.
Bone fractures are more common in people with diabetes than those without
diabetes, but this appears to be because osteoporosis and diabetes are
co-morbid, rather than one causes the other, at least for Type II diabetes. Type
I possibly contributes to the onset of osteoporosis, but the proof is not
strong.
Lifestyle practices such as cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and lack of
exercise can increase the risk of osteoporosis. Hormone abnormalities (include
hyperthyroidism and low levels of sex hormones) can increase risk. A very rare
hormone problem is hyperparathyroidism, where the parathyroid gland in the brain
produces too much hormone.
Less common causes of osteoporosis include.hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid),
acromegaly (abnormal growth of the hands, feet, and face due to gland
abnormalities), and pregnancy.
More on symptoms of osteoporosis
Treatment
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Spinal Cord Injuries
Traumatic Brain Injuries
Glycomics
Sitemap
The Boneporosis book is now available on Amazon.com.
Click here
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BONE HEALTH FOR ALL
MORE ON BONE HEALTH
* Bone Physiology
* Epidemiology
* Pathogenesis
* Osteopenia
* Spanish Pages
AVAILABLE TREATMENTS
* Bisphosphonates
* Osteoanabolics
* Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty
* New Approaches
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