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REPORTING SCOPE 3 EMISSIONS: KEY FRAMEWORKS AND STANDARDS
Published on
March 22, 2023
—
By
Jessica Boekhoff
Scope 3
Jump to
Recap: What is Scope 3?
GHG Protocol
GRI (Global Reporting Initiative)
TCFD (Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures)
ISSB (International Sustainability Standards Board)
EcoVadis
CDP
SASB (Sustainability Accounting Standards Board)
SBTi (Science Based Targets initiative)
California SB 253 and SB 261
EU CBAM (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism)
UK Streamlined Energy and Carbon Reporting (SECR)
Upcoming regulations
EU CSRD (Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive)
US Federal Suppliers Climate Risks and Resilience Rule
US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) climate disclosure rules
More and more purchasers, regulators, investors and consumers are seeking
information about companies’ Scope 3 emissions — typically the largest area of
most organizations’ carbon impact. This data is key to understanding the carbon
footprint of products or services, and assessing climate-related risks.
Companies are stepping up and starting to report and address their Scope 3
emissions. But it can be confusing to understand exactly what needs to be
reported and how, given the range of reporting frameworks and the difficulties
involved in sourcing data about supply chain emissions.
So what are the key requirements for Scope 3 reporting?
Select a framework, standard or regulation below to see what's required, and get
in touch with CarbonChain for help calculating your Scope 3 emissions for carbon
reporting.
Go to:
1. GHG Protocol
2. GRI (Global Reporting Initiative)
3. TCFD (Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosure)
4. ISSB (International Sustainability Standards Board)
5. EcoVadis
6. CDP
7. SASB (Sustainability Accounting Standards Board)
8. SBTi (Science Based Targets initiative)
9. California SB 253 and SB 261
10. CSRD (EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive)
11. CBAM (EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism)
12. US Federal Suppliers Climate Risk and Resilience Rule
13. US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) climate disclosure rules
14. EU CBAM
15. UK Streamlined Energy and Carbon Reporting (SECR)
RECAP: WHAT IS SCOPE 3?
The three scopes of emissions in an organisation's carbon footprint are:
Scope 1 = direct GHG emissions from owned or controlled sources
Scope 2 = indirect emissions, from the generation of purchased electricity, heat
and steam
Scope 3 = all other indirect emissions in the value chain (upstream and
downstream), including: purchased goods & services; capital goods; fuel &
energy-related activities; transportation & distribution; leased assets;
employee commuting; business travel; waste from operations; processing & use of
products, investments & franchises.
GHG PROTOCOL
The widely accepted GHG accounting and reporting international standard, which
underpins many of the other frameworks and standards listed on this page.
The key elements of the GHG Protocol’s reporting requirements are as follows:
* Report all GHG emissions in metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e),
with all gases itemized in the calculation (if the breakdown is available to
the reporting company)
* Report Scope 3 GHG emissions intensity metrics (all Scope 3 activities)
* Report base year selection, with rationale
* Report any reductions in absolute emissions and emissions intensity since the
base year
* Adhere to 5 guiding principles: relevance, completeness (including justifying
any exclusions), consistency, transparency and accuracy
Exclusions
For corporate carbon accounting, an emissions source can be excluded if the
source is deemed "not relevant" typically using the 5 relevance criteria of:
materiality; influence; stakeholder; risk; outsourcing.
For product carbon accounting, attributable emissions sources can be excluded if
ALL of the following are true: data gap exists because primary or secondary data
cannot be collected; extrapolated and proxy data cannot be determined to fill
the gap; an estimation determines that the data is insignificant.
Resources:
Full method for creating a complete Scope 3 GHG emissions inventory*
Accompanying technical guidance to calculating Scope 3 emissions*
*These calculation standards are for full corporate Scope 3 emissions
inventories. For product-specific carbon accounting and reporting, see the GHG
Protocol Product Standard. Like the Scope 3 Standard, it takes a value chain (or
'life cycle') approach to GHG accounting and was developed simultaneously.
GRI (GLOBAL REPORTING INITIATIVE)
A key standard setter for sustainability development reporting (including
economic, environmental and social impacts). A common format for companies’
self-published annual sustainability reports.
The GRI’s requirements for reporting GHG emissions are based on the GHG
Protocol. This means:
* Companies should report indirect (Scope 3) GHG emissions, both upstream and
downstream;
* Organizations extracting and producing oil, gas and coal are expected to
report emissions from the combustion of their productions, and take actions
to reduce those emissions;
* Companies must provide reasons for excluding any Scope 3 data, and are
expected to only exclude such data in exceptional cases. The GRI accepts the
following reasons for exclusion:
* Legal prohibitions;
* Confidentiality constraints;
* Information unavailable / incomplete (in this case, the organization must
specify exactly which entities, sites, geographic locations have data that is
missing and cannot be reported).
Resources:
GRI Standards
TCFD (TASK FORCE ON CLIMATE-RELATED FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES)
The widely used framework for climate-related disclosures, aligned with the CDP
climate change questionnaire.
The TCFD recommendations are designed to support a company’s integration of
climate change within their existing business processes including risk
management, business strategy development, governance and metrics and targets.
The metrics and target recommendations strongly encourage the disclosure of
Scope 3 GHG emissions and risks, because this is an important metric of an
organization’s exposure to climate-related risks and opportunities.
The TCFD recommends that companies disclose Scope 3 emissions where they form a
significant portion (i.e. 40% or more) of their overall GHG emissions.
Resources:
Recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures
Guidance to Implementing TCFD Recommendations
ISSB (INTERNATIONAL SUSTAINABILITY STANDARDS BOARD)
The standard-setting board designed to meet the demand of international
investors for corporate climate and other ESG reporting.
In October 2022, the ISSB confirmed that it will require Scope 3 disclosure, to
meet investors’ needs and to align with the TCFD framework and GHG Protocol. The
ISSB is set to outline relief provisions (e.g. more time or working with
jurisdictions on ‘safe harbor’) to help companies apply these new requirements.
The ISSB highlights certain risks and opportunities from activities related to
an organization’s Scope 3 emissions, including:
* Transition risks, such as increasingly stringent energy efficiency standards
that affect product design;
* Climate opportunities, such as growing demand for energy-efficient products.
ECOVADIS
The world’s largest provider of business sustainability ratings
EcoVadis ratings cover all aspects of ESG, assessing a company’s performance
across the following key pillars: Environmental, Labor & Human Rights, Ethics
and Sustainable Procurement.
Scope 3 emissions sit under ‘Environmental’ and disclosing them influences a
company’s rating. Companies with over 1,000 employees are expected to
demonstrate ‘Action’ and ‘Reporting’ on Scope 3 emissions, including influencing
suppliers to reduce GHG emissions and collecting GHG data from the value chain.
Companies can also request GHG information from their suppliers via the EcoVadis
platform.
CDP
The global platform for corporate environmental disclosure. Over 18,700
companies, representing 64% of global market capitalization, disclosed
environmental information through CDP in 2022.
* CDP’s requirements for Scope 1-3 GHG emissions disclosure are aligned with
the GHG Protocol and TCFD recommendations and will soon incorporate ISSB
climate-related disclosure standards;
* CDP strongly encourages companies to disclose their supply chain emissions,
and provides guidance on Scope 3 relevance per sector;
* Through CDP’s supply chain program, companies with US$5.5 tn in purchasing
power requested over 23,000 suppliers to disclose through CDP.
* In 2021, suppliers disclosing through CDP reported emissions reductions of
1.8billion tCO2e.
SASB (SUSTAINABILITY ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD)
A standard-setter guiding the disclosure of financially material sustainability
information.
The SASB standards have been incorporated into the ISSB. The Scope 3 elements of
the standards aren’t focused on GHG emissions inventories. Instead they focus on
the direct (physical and transitional) risks and opportunities that companies
face in relation to upstream and downstream supply chains:
* Product Design & Lifecycle Management – incorporation of environmental,
social, and governance (ESG) considerations in characteristics of products
and services provided or sold by the reporting entity
* Supply Chain Management – management of ESG risks within a reporting entity’s
supply chain
* Materials Sourcing & Efficiency – issues related to the resilience of
materials supply chains to impacts of climate change and other external
environmental and social factors.
Resources:
SASB Standards FAQsSASB and GHG Emissions
SBTI (SCIENCE BASED TARGETS INITIATIVE)
The organization that defines best practice in science-based target setting for
GHG emissions reductions, and validates companies' and financial institutions'
targets as science-based.
For near-term science-based targets, companies need to include Scope 3 emissions
if these account for 40% or more of their total emissions. This is the case for
most companies; currently, 96% of science-based targets include Scope 3. The
targets for Scope 3 emissions need to be aligned with limiting global warming to
well below 2°C.
For long-term net-zero science-based targets, Scope 3 emissions must be included
in all cases, with a target reduction of 90-95%.
Resources:
SBTi Corporate Manual
CALIFORNIA SB 253 AND SB 261
SB 253 mandates companies operating California with over $1 billion in total
revenue to disclose their corporate emissions.
The legislation covers not just direct emissions (Scope 1) and emissions from
electricity use (Scope 2), but also Scope 3 emissions. It goes beyond the
proposed SEC rules by including all Scope 3 emissions.
As of September 13th, the bill will return to the Senate then to Governor Newsom
for a final decision on its passage into law.
Resources:
SB-253 Climate Corporate Data Accountability Act.
EU CBAM (CARBON BORDER ADJUSTMENT MECHANISM)
While the existing EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) covers European Union (EU)
countries, the CBAM will apply a carbon price to goods produced outside the EU.
From October 2023, importers will need to report the total GHG emissions
embedded in consignments of aluminum, steel, fertilizers, electrical energy, or
cement, if these are produced outside the EU. This covers manufacturing
emissions, and emissions from the production of electricity used in the
production or manufacturing processes. Find out more.
New: The UK has also proposed its own CBAM.
UK STREAMLINED ENERGY AND CARBON REPORTING (SECR)
The UK’s new SECR carbon legislation affects how large companies disclose their
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy data, and advises Scope 3 reporting
(although it is not mandatory). View our full explainer of the SEC reporting
requirements.
UPCOMING REGULATIONS
The frameworks and standards listed above are used by companies who voluntarily
disclose their emissions. In some cases, mandatory disclosure regulations also
include Scope 3. For example:
EU CSRD (CORPORATE SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING DIRECTIVE)
A major update to the 2014 NFRD (Non-Financial Reporting Directive).
The EU CSRD will apply to over 50,0000 companies, and will phase in from 2024
(starting with large public-interest companies). Disclosure of Scope 3 GHG
emissions is required, where relevant (the definition of relevance and
significant categories is yet to be defined but it aims to align with the GHG
Protocol). Reported information will need to be audited.
US FEDERAL SUPPLIERS CLIMATE RISKS AND RESILIENCE RULE
A new climate disclosure and target-setting rule for suppliers to the world’s
biggest buyer.
Major US Federal contractors will need to publicly disclose Scope 3 GHG
emissions through CDP in line with the GHG Protocol, and set science-based
targets (including Scope 3 emissions if they count for more than 40% of the
organization’s total emissions). Learn more.
US SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION (SEC) CLIMATE DISCLOSURE RULES
Proposed new disclosure requirements for publicly listed companies in the US.
Under the proposed SEC rule, public companies will have to report their
climate-related risks, emissions, and net-zero transition plans, in detail, in
line with TCFD recommendations, from 2024.
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Written by
Jessica Boekhoff
Expert Carbon Specialist
—
Read More
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