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ACID VS. BASE: COMPARISON OF DATABASE TRANSACTION MODELS
November 25, 2020
acidnosql
Home » Databases » ACID vs. BASE: Comparison of Database Transaction Models
Contents
1. ACID vs. BASE: What are the differences?
2. ACID Model
1. ACID Use Case Example
2. Which Databases are ACID compliant?
3. The BASE Model
1. BASE Use Case Example
2. Which Databases are Using the BASE Model?
4. ACID vs. BASE: Which One is Good for You?
Contents
1. ACID vs. BASE: What are the differences?
2. ACID Model
1. ACID Use Case Example
2. Which Databases are ACID compliant?
3. The BASE Model
1. BASE Use Case Example
2. Which Databases are Using the BASE Model?
4. ACID vs. BASE: Which One is Good for You?
Introduction
Deciding on the right database management system (DBMS) can be a difficult task.
The number of available options is huge. Before you start searching for an
adequate database solution, consider your requirements.
A recommended first step in this process is to choose a database transaction
model. This is a set of rules which determine how a database organizes, stores,
and manipulates data.
In this article you will learn about the two most popular database transaction
models: ACID and BASE.
ACID VS. BASE: WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?
The CAP theorem states that it is impossible to achieve both consistency and
availability in a partition tolerant distributed system (i.e., a system which
continues to work in cases of temporary communication breakdowns).
The fundamental difference between ACID and BASE database models is the way they
deal with this limitation.
* The ACID model provides a consistent system.
* The BASE model provides high availability.
To provide further insight, we will discuss each of the models separately and
then compare them.
ACID MODEL
The ACID database transaction model ensures that a performed transaction is
always consistent. This makes it a good fit for businesses which deal with
online transaction processing (e.g., finance institutions) or online analytical
processing (e.g., data warehousing). These organizations need database systems
which can handle many small simultaneous transactions. There must be zero
tolerance for invalid states.
To explain the ACID model, it is best to start by breaking apart the acronym in
its name.
ACID stands for:
* Atomic – Each transaction is either properly carried out or the process halts
and the database reverts back to the state before the transaction started.
This ensures that all data in the database is valid.
* Consistent – A processed transaction will never endanger the structural
integrity of the database.
* Isolated – Transactions cannot compromise the integrity of other transactions
by interacting with them while they are still in progress.
* Durable – The data related to the completed transaction will persist even in
the cases of network or power outages. If a transaction fails, it will not
impact the manipulated data.
ACID USE CASE EXAMPLE
Financial institutions will almost exclusively use ACID databases. Money
transfers depend on the atomic nature of ACID.
An interrupted transaction which is not immediately removed from the database
can cause a lot of issues. Money could be debited from one account and, due to
an error, never credited to another.
WHICH DATABASES ARE ACID COMPLIANT?
One safe way to make sure your database is ACID compliant is to choose a
relational database management system. These include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle,
SQLite, and Microsoft SQL Server.
Some NoSQL DBMSs, such as Apache’s CouchDB or IBM’s Db2, also possess a certain
degree of ACID compliance. However, the philosophy behind the NoSQL approach to
database management goes against the strict ACID rules. Hence, NoSQL databases
are not the recommended choice for those who need strict environments.
Note: To better understand relational database models and NoSQL databases, read
our article SQL vs NoSQL: The Main Differences.
THE BASE MODEL
The rise of NoSQL databases provided a flexible and fluid way to manipulate
data. As a result, a new database model was designed, reflecting these
properties.
The acronym BASE is slightly more confusing than ACID. However, the words behind
it suggest ways in which the BASE model is different.
BASE stands for:
* Basically Available – Rather than enforcing immediate consistency,
BASE-modelled NoSQL databases will ensure availability of data by spreading
and replicating it across the nodes of the database cluster.
* Soft State – Due to the lack of immediate consistency, data values may change
over time. The BASE model breaks off with the concept of a database which
enforces its own consistency, delegating that responsibility to developers.
* Eventually Consistent – The fact that BASE does not enforce immediate
consistency does not mean that it never achieves it. However, until it does,
data reads are still possible (even though they might not reflect the
reality).
BASE USE CASE EXAMPLE
Marketing and customer service companies who deal with sentiment analysis will
prefer the elasticity of BASE when conducting their social network research.
Social network feeds are not well structured but contain huge amounts of data
which a BASE-modeled database can easily store.
WHICH DATABASES ARE USING THE BASE MODEL?
Just as SQL databases are almost uniformly ACID compliant, NoSQL databases tend
to conform to BASE principles. MongoDB, Cassandra and Redis are among the most
popular NoSQL solutions, together with Amazon DynamoDB and Couchbase.
Note: To learn more about NoSQL databases, read about NoSQL database types.
ACID VS. BASE: WHICH ONE IS GOOD FOR YOU?
It is not possible to give a straight answer to the question of which database
model is better. Therefore, a decision must be reached by considering all the
aspects of the project.
Given their highly structured nature, ACID-compliant databases will be a better
fit for those who require consistency, predictability, and reliability.
Those who consider growth to be among their priorities will likely want to
choose the BASE model, because it enables easier scaling up and provides more
flexibility. However, BASE also requires developers who will know how to deal
with the limitations of the model.
Conclusion
After reading this article, you should be able to understand the underlying
logic behind ACID and BASE database transaction models, as well as have a better
sense of their differences. All this should give you a better starting point for
deciding on which DBMS you will eventually decide to adopt.
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Marko Aleksic
Marko Aleksić is a Technical Writer at phoenixNAP. His innate curiosity
regarding all things IT, combined with over a decade long background in writing,
teaching and working in IT-related fields, led him to technical writing, where
he has an opportunity to employ his skills and make technology less daunting to
everyone.
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