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TeachMe Surgery Part of the TeachMe Series Sign Up Log In * Subjects * Core Concepts * Theatre Basics * Theatre Etiquette * Hand Washing * Scrubbing, Gowning, and Gloving * Assisting in Theatre * The Operation Note * Surgical Safety * Surgical Equipment * Suture Materials * Surgical Instruments * Diathermy * Surgical Skills * Knot Tying * Suturing * Infiltration of Local Anaesthetic * Drain Insertion * Abscess Drainage * Skin Lesion Excision * Wound Healing * Damage to Local Structures * Acute Inflammation * Chronic Inflammation * Wound Healing * Basic Wound Management * Clinical Skills * Venepuncture * Cannulation * Blood Cultures * Intravenous Infusions * Female Catheterisation * Male Catheterisation * Peri-Operative Care * Peri-Operative Care * Pre-Op Assessment * Pre-Op Management * Fluid Management * Blood Products * Perioperative Nutrition * Enhanced Recovery * Day Case Surgery * General * Haemorrhage * Sepsis * Pain * Nausea & Vomiting * Pyrexia * Delirium * Cardio-Respiratory * Atelectasis * Pneumonia * DVT & PE * Fat Embolism * ARDS * Gastrointestinal * Anastomotic Leak * Post-Op Ileus * Bowel Adhesions * Incisional Hernia * Constipation * Urinary * Acute Kidney Injury * Urinary Retention * Urinary Tract Infection * Endocrine * Hypoglycaemia * Hyperkalaemia * Hypokalaemia * Hypernatremia * Hyponatraemia * Skin * Surgical Site Infection * Wound Dehiscence * Keloids * On the Wards * Initial Assessment * The General Approach * A-E Assessment * Referring a Patient * IV Fluid Management * Post-Op Fever * Post-Op Pain * Examinations * Cardio-Respiratory * Cardiovascular * Respiratory * Cardiothoracic Incisions * Abdominal * Abdominal * Groin * Scrotum * Stoma * Digital Rectal * Abdominal Incisions * Vascular * Peripheral Vascular * Peripheral Venous * Neurological * Cranial Nerves * Peripheral Neurological * Endocrine * Diabetic Foot * Thyroid Gland * Orthopaedic * Hip * Knee * Foot & Ankle * Spine * Shoulder * Elbow * Hand * ENT * Ear * Nose * Oral Cavity * Neck * BPPV * Other * Breast * Renal * Lump * Certifying Death * General * Presentations * Acute Abdomen * Haematemesis * Dysphagia * Gastric Outlet Obstruction * Bowel Obstruction * Bowel Perforation * Melena * Rectal Bleeding * Oesophagus * GORD * Oesophageal Cancer * Oesophageal Tears * Motility Disorders * Stomach * Hiatus Hernia * Peptic Ulcer Disease * Gastric Cancer * Small Bowel * Inguinal Hernia * Femoral Hernia * Abdominal Wall Hernia * Gastroenteritis * Angiodysplasia * Small Bowel Tumours * Neuroendocrine Tumours * Large Bowel * Acute Appendicitis * Colorectal Cancer * Diverticular Disease * Crohn’s Disease * Ulcerative Colitis * Pseudo-Obstruction * Volvulus * Anorectal * Haemorrhoids * Pilonidal Sinus * Fistula-in-Ano * Anorectal Abscess * Anal Fissure * Rectal Prolapse * Anal Cancer * HPB * Presentations * Jaundice * Gall Bladder * Colic & Cholecystitis * Cholangitis * Cholangiocarcinoma * Liver * Hepatocellular Carcinoma * Liver Cysts * Liver Abscess * Pancreas * Acute Pancreatitis * Chronic Pancreatitis * Pancreatic Cancer * Cystic Neoplasms of the Pancreas * Spleen * Splenic Infarct * Splenic Rupture * Vascular * Presentations * Acutely Painful Limb * Lower Limb Ulcers * Arterial * Carotid Artery Disease * Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm * Aortic Dissection * Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm * Peripheral * Acute Limb Ischaemia * Chronic Limb Ischaemia * Acute Mesenteric Ischaemia * Chronic Mesenteric Ischaemia * Pseudoaneurysm * Peripheral & Visceral Aneurysms * Other * Varicose Veins * Venous Insufficiency * Thoracic Outlet Syndrome * Subclavian Steal Syndrome * Hyperhidrosis * Urology * Presentations * Haematuria * Scrotal Pain * Acute Urinary Retention * Chronic Urinary Retention * Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms * Scrotal Lumps * Kidney * Renal Tract Calculi * Pyelonephritis * Renal Cancer * Renal Cysts * Bladder * Urinary Incontinence * Bladder Cancer * Prostate * Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia * Prostate Cancer * Prostatitis * Genital Tract * Epididymitis * Testicular Torsion * Testicular Cancer * Urethritis * Other * Fournier’s Gangrene * Paraphimosis * Priapism * Penile Fracture * Penile Cancer * Peyronie’s Disease * Paediatric * Hypospadias * Cryptorchidism * Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans * Orthopaedics * General Principles * Osteoarthritis * Fracture Management * Acutely Swollen Joint * Open Fracture * Compartment Syndrome * Septic Arthritis * Osteomyelitis * Bone Tumours * Shoulder & Arm * Clavicle Fracture * Rotator Cuff Tear * Shoulder Fracture * Shoulder Dislocation * Humeral Shaft Fracture * Biceps Tendinopathy * Adhesive Capsulitis * Subacromial Impingement Syndrome * Elbow & Forearm * Supracondylar Fracture * Olecranon Fracture * Radial Head Fracture * Elbow Dislocation * Olecranon Bursitis * Epicondylitis * Wrist & Hand * Distal Radius Fracture * Scaphoid Fracture * Carpal Tunnel Syndrome * Dupuytren’s Contracture * De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis * Ganglionic Cysts * Trigger Finger * Spine * Radiculopathy * Degenerative Disc Disease * Cervical Fracture * Thoracolumbar Fracture * Hip & Thigh * Neck of Femur Fracture * Hip Osteoarthritis * Femoral Shaft Fracture * Quadriceps Tendon Rupture * Distal Femur Fracture * Pelvic Fracture * Acetabular Fracture * Knee & Leg * Knee Osteoarthritis * ACL Tear * MCL Tear * Meniscal Tear * Patella Fracture * Tibial Shaft Fracture * Tibial Plateau Fracture * Iliotibial Band Syndrome * Ankle & Foot * Ankle Fracture * Calcaneal Fracture * Achilles Tendonitis * Talar Fracture * Tibial Pilon Fracture * Lisfranc injury * Hallux Valgus * Plantar Fasciitis * Paediatrics * The Limping Child * Growth Plate Fracture * Breast * Presentations * Triple Assessment * Galactorrhoea * Mastalgia * Benign Disease * Inflammatory Disease * Benign Tumours * Gynaecomastia * Malignant Disease * Carcinoma in Situ * Invasive Cancer * Surgical Treatments * Non-Surgical Treatments * ENT * Presentations * Stridor * Hoarse Voice * Neck Lumps * Vertigo * Tinnitus * Facial Palsy * Hearing Loss * Ear * Otitis Externa * Acute Otitis Media * Otitis Media with Effusion * Chronic Mucosal Otitis Media * Chronic Squamous Otitis Media * Ear Trauma * Nose * Epistaxis * Acute Rhinosinusitis * Chronic Rhinosinusitis * Periorbital Cellulitis * Nasal Trauma * Throat * Obstructive Sleep Apnoea * Tonsillitis * Deep Neck Space Infections * Foreign Bodies * Neck * Sialolithiasis * Sialadenitis * Salivary Gland Tumours * Thyroid Cancer * Head & Neck Cancer * Neurosurgery * Traumatic Injuries * Assessment of Head Injury * Extradural Haematoma * Subdural Haematoma * Diffuse Axonal Injury * Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury * Flow and Pressure * Monro-Kellie Doctrine * Intracranial Pressure Monitoring * Hydrocephalus * Neurovascular Disease * Subarachnoid Haemorrhage * Intracranial Aneurysms * Intracerebral Haemorrhage * Arteriovenous Malformation * Intracranial Infections * Neurological Malignancy * Meningioma * Glioma * Pituitary Tumours * Spinal Tumours * Functional Neurosurgery * Deep Brain Stimulation * Epilepsy Surgery * Spinal Surgery * Cauda Equina Syndrome * Spinal Cord Compression * Spinal Infections * Plastics * Burns and Wounds * Principles of Wound Management * Burns Assessment * Burns Reconstruction * Skin Grafts and Flaps * Skin Cancer * Basal Cell Carcinoma * Squamous Cell Carcinoma * Melanoma * Hand Trauma * Flexor Tendon Injuries * Extensor Tendon Injuries * Metacarpal Fractures * Phalangeal Fractures * Nail Bed Injuries * Finger Replantation * Infections * Skin Abscess * Necrotising Fasciitis * Bite Injuries * Hand Infections * Cardiothoracics * Core Principles * Cardiopulmonary Bypass * Bridge to Transplantation * Foetal & Adult Circulation * Cardiac * Coronary Artery Disease * Valvular Disease * Cardiac Tumours * Thoracic * Lung Cancer * Airway Disorders * Chest Wall Disorders * Mediastinal Tumours * Diaphragmatic Hernia * Pleural * Pneumothorax * Haemothorax * Transplant * Core Concepts * Principles of Transplantation * Concepts of Brain Death * Organ Retrieval * Immunosuppression in Transplantation * Organ Transplantation * Renal Transplantation * Liver Transplantation * Pancreas Transplantation * Heart Transplantation * Lung Transplantation * Consent * Emergency General * I&D Abscess * EUA Rectum * Diagnostic Laparoscopy * Appendicectomy * Laparotomy * Small Bowel Resection * Hartmann’s Procedure * Elective General * Gastroscopy * Colonoscopy * Excision of a Lump * Open Inguinal Hernia Repair * Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair * Open Umbilical Hernia Repair * Upper GI & Bariatrics * Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy * Nissen Fundoplication * Oesophagectomy * Gastric Band * Gastric Bypass * Sleeve Gastrectomy * Colorectal * Lay Open Fistula * Haemorrhoidectomy * Pilonidal Sinus Repair * Reversal of a Stoma * Right Hemicolectomy * Left Hemicolectomy * Anterior Resection * Abdominoperineal Resection * Vascular * Carotid Endarterectomy * Open AAA Repair * EVAR * Lower Limb Amputation * Angioplasty and Stenting * Embolectomy * Femoral Endarterectomy * Arterial Bypass * Axillofemoral Bypass * Lower Limb Bypass * Fem-Fem Crossover * Endovenous Ablation * Varicose Veins Stripping * Foam Sclerotherapy * AV Fistula Formation * Cervical Rib Excision * Urology * Flexible Cystoscopy * Rigid Cystoscopy * Suprapubic Catheterisation * Scrotal Exploration * Inguinal Orchidectomy * Hydrocoele Excision * Epididymal Cyst Excision * Circumcision * Dorsal Slit Procedure * Ureteric Stent Insertion * Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy * TURP * TURBT * Nephrectomy * ENT * Flexible Nasal Endoscopy * Microlaryngoscopy * Grommet Insertion * Myringoplasty * Adenoidectomy * Septoplasty * Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery * Parotidectomy * Question Bank * Apps * Shop * Contact Us search Sign Up menuclose * Core Concepts * Theatre Basics * Theatre Etiquette * Hand Washing * Scrubbing, Gowning, and Gloving * Assisting in Theatre * The Operation Note * Surgical Safety * Surgical Equipment * Suture Materials * Surgical Instruments * Diathermy * Surgical Skills * Knot Tying * Suturing * Infiltration of Local Anaesthetic * Drain Insertion * Abscess Drainage * Skin Lesion Excision * Wound Healing * Damage to Local Structures * Acute Inflammation * Chronic Inflammation * Wound Healing * Basic Wound Management * Clinical Skills * Venepuncture * Cannulation * Blood Cultures * Intravenous Infusions * Female Catheterisation * Male Catheterisation * Peri-Operative Care * Peri-Operative Care * Pre-Op Assessment * Pre-Op Management * Fluid Management * Blood Products * Perioperative Nutrition * Enhanced Recovery * Day Case Surgery * General * Haemorrhage * Sepsis * Pain * Nausea & Vomiting * Pyrexia * Delirium * Cardio-Respiratory * Atelectasis * Pneumonia * DVT & PE * Fat Embolism * ARDS * Gastrointestinal * Anastomotic Leak * Post-Op Ileus * Bowel Adhesions * Incisional Hernia * Constipation * Urinary * Acute Kidney Injury * Urinary Retention * Urinary Tract Infection * Endocrine * Hypoglycaemia * Hyperkalaemia * Hypokalaemia * Hypernatremia * Hyponatraemia * Skin * Surgical Site Infection * Wound Dehiscence * Keloids * On the Wards * Initial Assessment * The General Approach * A-E Assessment * Referring a Patient * IV Fluid Management * Post-Op Fever * Post-Op Pain * Examinations * Cardio-Respiratory * Cardiovascular * Respiratory * Cardiothoracic Incisions * Abdominal * Abdominal * Groin * Scrotum * Stoma * Digital Rectal * Abdominal Incisions * Vascular * Peripheral Vascular * Peripheral Venous * Neurological * Cranial Nerves * Peripheral Neurological * Endocrine * Diabetic Foot * Thyroid Gland * Orthopaedic * Hip * Knee * Foot & Ankle * Spine * Shoulder * Elbow * Hand * ENT * Ear * Nose * Oral Cavity * Neck * BPPV * Other * Breast * Renal * Lump * Certifying Death * General * Presentations * Acute Abdomen * Haematemesis * Dysphagia * Gastric Outlet Obstruction * Bowel Obstruction * Bowel Perforation * Melena * Rectal Bleeding * Oesophagus * GORD * Oesophageal Cancer * Oesophageal Tears * Motility Disorders * Stomach * Hiatus Hernia * Peptic Ulcer Disease * Gastric Cancer * Small Bowel * Inguinal Hernia * Femoral Hernia * Abdominal Wall Hernia * Gastroenteritis * Angiodysplasia * Small Bowel Tumours * Neuroendocrine Tumours * Large Bowel * Acute Appendicitis * Colorectal Cancer * Diverticular Disease * Crohn’s Disease * Ulcerative Colitis * Pseudo-Obstruction * Volvulus * Anorectal * Haemorrhoids * Pilonidal Sinus * Fistula-in-Ano * Anorectal Abscess * Anal Fissure * Rectal Prolapse * Anal Cancer * HPB * Presentations * Jaundice * Gall Bladder * Colic & Cholecystitis * Cholangitis * Cholangiocarcinoma * Liver * Hepatocellular Carcinoma * Liver Cysts * Liver Abscess * Pancreas * Acute Pancreatitis * Chronic Pancreatitis * Pancreatic Cancer * Cystic Neoplasms of the Pancreas * Spleen * Splenic Infarct * Splenic Rupture * Vascular * Presentations * Acutely Painful Limb * Lower Limb Ulcers * Arterial * Carotid Artery Disease * Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm * Aortic Dissection * Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm * Peripheral * Acute Limb Ischaemia * Chronic Limb Ischaemia * Acute Mesenteric Ischaemia * Chronic Mesenteric Ischaemia * Pseudoaneurysm * Peripheral & Visceral Aneurysms * Other * Varicose Veins * Venous Insufficiency * Thoracic Outlet Syndrome * Subclavian Steal Syndrome * Hyperhidrosis * Urology * Presentations * Haematuria * Scrotal Pain * Acute Urinary Retention * Chronic Urinary Retention * Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms * Scrotal Lumps * Kidney * Renal Tract Calculi * Pyelonephritis * Renal Cancer * Renal Cysts * Bladder * Urinary Incontinence * Bladder Cancer * Prostate * Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia * Prostate Cancer * Prostatitis * Genital Tract * Epididymitis * Testicular Torsion * Testicular Cancer * Urethritis * Other * Fournier’s Gangrene * Paraphimosis * Priapism * Penile Fracture * Penile Cancer * Peyronie’s Disease * Paediatric * Hypospadias * Cryptorchidism * Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans * Orthopaedics * General Principles * Osteoarthritis * Fracture Management * Acutely Swollen Joint * Open Fracture * Compartment Syndrome * Septic Arthritis * Osteomyelitis * Bone Tumours * Shoulder & Arm * Clavicle Fracture * Rotator Cuff Tear * Shoulder Fracture * Shoulder Dislocation * Humeral Shaft Fracture * Biceps Tendinopathy * Adhesive Capsulitis * Subacromial Impingement Syndrome * Elbow & Forearm * Supracondylar Fracture * Olecranon Fracture * Radial Head Fracture * Elbow Dislocation * Olecranon Bursitis * Epicondylitis * Wrist & Hand * Distal Radius Fracture * Scaphoid Fracture * Carpal Tunnel Syndrome * Dupuytren’s Contracture * De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis * Ganglionic Cysts * Trigger Finger * Spine * Radiculopathy * Degenerative Disc Disease * Cervical Fracture * Thoracolumbar Fracture * Hip & Thigh * Neck of Femur Fracture * Hip Osteoarthritis * Femoral Shaft Fracture * Quadriceps Tendon Rupture * Distal Femur Fracture * Pelvic Fracture * Acetabular Fracture * Knee & Leg * Knee Osteoarthritis * ACL Tear * MCL Tear * Meniscal Tear * Patella Fracture * Tibial Shaft Fracture * Tibial Plateau Fracture * Iliotibial Band Syndrome * Ankle & Foot * Ankle Fracture * Calcaneal Fracture * Achilles Tendonitis * Talar Fracture * Tibial Pilon Fracture * Lisfranc injury * Hallux Valgus * Plantar Fasciitis * Paediatrics * The Limping Child * Growth Plate Fracture * Breast * Presentations * Triple Assessment * Galactorrhoea * Mastalgia * Benign Disease * Inflammatory Disease * Benign Tumours * Gynaecomastia * Malignant Disease * Carcinoma in Situ * Invasive Cancer * Surgical Treatments * Non-Surgical Treatments * ENT * Presentations * Stridor * Hoarse Voice * Neck Lumps * Vertigo * Tinnitus * Facial Palsy * Hearing Loss * Ear * Otitis Externa * Acute Otitis Media * Otitis Media with Effusion * Chronic Mucosal Otitis Media * Chronic Squamous Otitis Media * Ear Trauma * Nose * Epistaxis * Acute Rhinosinusitis * Chronic Rhinosinusitis * Periorbital Cellulitis * Nasal Trauma * Throat * Obstructive Sleep Apnoea * Tonsillitis * Deep Neck Space Infections * Foreign Bodies * Neck * Sialolithiasis * Sialadenitis * Salivary Gland Tumours * Thyroid Cancer * Head & Neck Cancer * Neurosurgery * Traumatic Injuries * Assessment of Head Injury * Extradural Haematoma * Subdural Haematoma * Diffuse Axonal Injury * Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury * Flow and Pressure * Monro-Kellie Doctrine * Intracranial Pressure Monitoring * Hydrocephalus * Neurovascular Disease * Subarachnoid Haemorrhage * Intracranial Aneurysms * Intracerebral Haemorrhage * Arteriovenous Malformation * Intracranial Infections * Neurological Malignancy * Meningioma * Glioma * Pituitary Tumours * Spinal Tumours * Functional Neurosurgery * Deep Brain Stimulation * Epilepsy Surgery * Spinal Surgery * Cauda Equina Syndrome * Spinal Cord Compression * Spinal Infections * Plastics * Burns and Wounds * Principles of Wound Management * Burns Assessment * Burns Reconstruction * Skin Grafts and Flaps * Skin Cancer * Basal Cell Carcinoma * Squamous Cell Carcinoma * Melanoma * Hand Trauma * Flexor Tendon Injuries * Extensor Tendon Injuries * Metacarpal Fractures * Phalangeal Fractures * Nail Bed Injuries * Finger Replantation * Infections * Skin Abscess * Necrotising Fasciitis * Bite Injuries * Hand Infections * Cardiothoracics * Core Principles * Cardiopulmonary Bypass * Bridge to Transplantation * Foetal & Adult Circulation * Cardiac * Coronary Artery Disease * Valvular Disease * Cardiac Tumours * Thoracic * Lung Cancer * Airway Disorders * Chest Wall Disorders * Mediastinal Tumours * Diaphragmatic Hernia * Pleural * Pneumothorax * Haemothorax * Transplant * Core Concepts * Principles of Transplantation * Concepts of Brain Death * Organ Retrieval * Immunosuppression in Transplantation * Organ Transplantation * Renal Transplantation * Liver Transplantation * Pancreas Transplantation * Heart Transplantation * Lung Transplantation * Consent * Emergency General * I&D Abscess * EUA Rectum * Diagnostic Laparoscopy * Appendicectomy * Laparotomy * Small Bowel Resection * Hartmann’s Procedure * Elective General * Gastroscopy * Colonoscopy * Excision of a Lump * Open Inguinal Hernia Repair * Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair * Open Umbilical Hernia Repair * Upper GI & Bariatrics * Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy * Nissen Fundoplication * Oesophagectomy * Gastric Band * Gastric Bypass * Sleeve Gastrectomy * Colorectal * Lay Open Fistula * Haemorrhoidectomy * Pilonidal Sinus Repair * Reversal of a Stoma * Right Hemicolectomy * Left Hemicolectomy * Anterior Resection * Abdominoperineal Resection * Vascular * Carotid Endarterectomy * Open AAA Repair * EVAR * Lower Limb Amputation * Angioplasty and Stenting * Embolectomy * Femoral Endarterectomy * Arterial Bypass * Axillofemoral Bypass * Lower Limb Bypass * Fem-Fem Crossover * Endovenous Ablation * Varicose Veins Stripping * Foam Sclerotherapy * AV Fistula Formation * Cervical Rib Excision * Urology * Flexible Cystoscopy * Rigid Cystoscopy * Suprapubic Catheterisation * Scrotal Exploration * Inguinal Orchidectomy * Hydrocoele Excision * Epididymal Cyst Excision * Circumcision * Dorsal Slit Procedure * Ureteric Stent Insertion * Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy * TURP * TURBT * Nephrectomy * ENT * Flexible Nasal Endoscopy * Microlaryngoscopy * Grommet Insertion * Myringoplasty * Adenoidectomy * Septoplasty * Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery * Parotidectomy THE ULTIMATE RESOURCE FOR HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS & STUDENTS Over 10,000 healthcare professionals and students rely on TeachMeSurgery every day to help them study and learn. Available now on desktop, tablet, & mobile, TeachMeSurgery is here to make sure you get the most out of your studies today, to help you care for the surgical patients of tomorrow. or TeachMeSurgery is a comprehensive encyclopaedia on surgery and perioperative care, presented in a visually appealing and easy-to-read format. Created by a team of surgeons and doctors, TeachMeSurgery provides a concise and structured insight into over 400 surgical topics across a wide range of specialities, with each article individually reviewed and revised by world-leading experts. Basic Surgical Skills 5 Topics Cardiothoracic Incisions View Article Ear, Nose and Throat 5 Topics Neurosurgery 6 Topics Orthopaedic Surgery 9 Topics More thumb_upPopular articles Bridge to Transplantation star star star star star Biliary Colic and Cholecystitis star star star star star access_timeLatest articles Skin Abscess star star star star star Non-Surgical Treatments for Breast Cancer star star star star star Quiz Welcome to TeachMeSurgery Results Question 1 of 3 Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is the initial investigation of choice to exclude a diagnosis of hypersecretion of which pituitary hormone? Prolactin Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) Growth hormone (GH) Gonadotropins (FSH and LH) Skip Submit check_circle Correct cancel Incorrect Next Report question Well done! You scored: 33% Skipped: 2/5 Try again to score 100%. Use the information in this article to help you with the answers. 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