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Definition


MICROPHONE


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By
 * Katie Terrell Hanna


WHAT IS A MICROPHONE?

A microphone is a device that translates sound vibrations in the air into
electronic signals and scribes them to a recording medium or over a loudspeaker.

Microphones enable many types of audio recording devices for purposes including
communications of many kinds, as well as music vocals, speech and sound
recording.

Microphones can be standalone or embedded in devices such as headsets and
telephones.


HOW DO MICROPHONES WORK?

The most common type of microphone, the dynamic microphone, uses a coil
suspended in a magnetic field that may be attached to multiple membranes for
extended frequency response.

Dynamic microphones use electrical energy in the form of induction to produce
the audio signal. These microphones are well suited to stage performance.

The microphone capsule contains a small diaphragm connected to a moving coil.
When sound waves hit the diaphragm, it vibrates. This causes the coil to move
back and forth in the magnet's field, generating an electrical current.

However, how a microphone works ultimately varies depending on its designed
purpose.

One of the main considerations, aside from the type of device, is what is being
recorded. The directionality of microphones is another consideration in
microphone design.


OTHER TYPES OF MICROPHONE

Let's now look at a few different types of microphones based on their intended
purpose.

OMNIDIRECTIONAL MICROPHONES

Omnidirectional microphones are suited to recording all sounds in an area but
are poor for focusing on a single subject among background noise.

An example of an omnidirectional microphone is the lavalier microphone, which is
often used in television production.

DIRECTIONAL MICROPHONES

Directional microphones, also referred to as unidirectional, are better at
picking up sounds from a particular direction and are useful in situations where
there is significant background noise.

Shotgun microphones are a type of directional microphone often used in film and
television production to record audio from a distance.

Cardioid microphones are another type of directional microphone that is commonly
used for live music recordings and performances.

BIDIRECTIONAL MICROPHONES

Bidirectional microphones are designed to pick up sounds from two directions,
making them ideal for recording conversations.

An example of a bidirectional microphone would be those used for dictation
machines.

CONDENSER MICROPHONES

Condenser microphones use the varied electrical charge of a capacitor with a
diaphragm acting as one of the plates of a capacitor. The plate is biased by a
fixed charge, often from a battery which also amplifies the signal.

The capacitance varies with the movement of the diaphragm in relation to the
other plates providing the means to record the sound in the electrical signal.

For example, electret microphones are used in cellphones and computers as a type
of condenser microphone that uses a polarized ferroelectric material.

LASER MICROPHONES

Laser microphones use the vibrations of surfaces affected by sound waves to
capture sound at distances. The lasers return at different angles due to the
vibration and these changes are interpreted and translated into sound waves.

Laser microphones are used in situations where sounds need to be recorded from a
distance.

RIBBON MICROPHONES

Ribbon microphones are made using a thin strip of conductive metal that is
suspended in a magnetic field. The ribbon is usually made from aluminum,
duralumin or nanofilm.

When sound waves hit the microphone, the ribbon vibrates, which in turn produces
an electrical signal.

Ribbon microphones are often used in studios for recording music as they tend to
produce a smooth, natural sound.


MICROPHONES VS. SPEAKERS

Due to similarities in function, microphones can operate as speakers. Generally,
microphone-derived speakers are suited to high-frequency sounds like the STC
company's microphone-derived super-tweeter.

Speakers can also operate as microphones, although they are generally suited for
the capture of low frequencies.

Smart speakers integrate microphones and voice recognition to answer questions
and perform simple tasks



THE HISTORY OF MICROPHONES

The first electronic microphone was a liquid-based mechanism that used a
diaphragm attached to a current-charged needle in a diluted sulfuric acid
solution. This early microphone was not able to reproduce intelligible speech.

The first viable diaphragm microphones used a sheet of metal attached to a
needle that scribed transmitted vibrations to a foil recording medium.

When the needle moved over the foil after the scribing, the process was reversed
and translated back to sounds again through the same metal diaphragm.

The crude carbon rod microphone was invented by David Edward Hughes in 1878 and
was instrumental in the development of telephony.

These devices used the variable electrical resistance of carbon under pressure
between metal plates to translate airborne sound waves into an electrical
signal.

Another example of one of the earlier versions of the microphone is the crystal
microphone. Crystal microphones use a piezoelectric crystal that generates small
amounts of electricity under the compression of a diaphragm to provide the
recording signal.

Crystal microphones, like carbon microphones, were also used in early telephones
in the 1930s.

The development of microphone technology helped lead to the advent of the
telephone and has proved integral to telephony and communications ever since.



MICROPHONES TODAY

With the technological advances in microphone design, there are now many
different types of microphones available to meet the needs of a variety of
applications.

Digital microphones have also become increasingly popular in recent years as
they offer improved sound quality and durability. Additionally, wireless
microphones are now commonly used in a variety of settings, from live concerts
to television production, although there are still many applications for analog
microphones, due to their availability and affordability.

Either way, microphones are an essential piece of technology in today's world
and will continue to play a vital role in the years to come.



See also: electret microphone, voice recognition, medical transcription, smart
speaker, binaural sound, quantum microphone, audio frequency

This was last updated in April 2022

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