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SELECTED PUBLICATIONS AND CONTRIBUTIONS



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Supply Chains and Transport Corridors in East Africa. 

Bulzomi, A., P. Danssaert, S. Finardi, K. Matthysen, TransArms & IPIS vzw, 2014.



Transport infrastructure plays a key role in boosting a country or region’s
economic development. The underdevelopment or deterioration of transport
infrastructure is a problematic issue across a number of African countries and
regions. This report analyses the current logistics situation in Eastern Africa,
and the logistic challenges faced by various actors in that region. It is based
on desktop research, and interviews and data collected by the authors during
several field missions to East and Central Africa.

HTTP://IPISRESEARCH.BE/PUBLICATIONS_DETAIL.PHP?ID=445

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 Ambushed in Bangkok? The U.N. Panel on North Korea and the case of the IL-76
“4L-AWA“. 

Finardi, S., P. Danssaert, B. Johnson-Thomas, TransArms & IPIS vzw, 2013.



This new IPIS/TA report explains why the conclusion of the latest United Nations
report on North Korea sanctions about an arms flight grounded in Thailand is not
supported by facts, but based on a misalliance of wrong and misleading
information gleaned both about the cargo aircraft. its flight and the entities
involved, together with erroneous interpretations of standard aviation practices
made by the UN Panel of experts on North Korea. The authors of this report have
analyzed the information presented by the Panel as evidence to support its claim
against three individuals accused of being complicit in the organization of an
illegal arms flight from North Korea. Regrettably, the conclusion is that those
accusations are not supported by facts. Unfortunately this is not the first time
a UN Expert Panel report is failing in use of sound methodological practices,
and with (possible) serious consequences.

HTTP://IPISRESEARCH.BE/PUBLICATIONS_DETAIL.PHP?ID=429

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The Arms Trade Treaty: Building a Path to Disarmament. 

Finardi, S., P. Danssaert, K. Matthysen, B. Wood,in Solutions, Vol. 4, Issue 3,
March 2013. 



The goal of this article is to examine and suggest proposals that could enhance
the role of the international Arms Trade Treaty—presently in discussion at the
United Nations—in the regulation of the international arms trade and in
addressing the role of the legal trade in: a) providing the bulk of the arms
used in armed conflicts, armed violence and human rights abuses; b) the
excessive arming of developing countries; and c) the continuous unsettling of
power balances in sensitive world regions, not least because of competition
among the arms-exporting countries.

HTTP://IPISRESEARCH.BE/PUBLICATIONS_DETAIL.PHP?ID=404

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Pinocchio Ltd: the NRA and its corporate partners: US shipments of small arms
ammunition by sea. 

Danssaert, P., S. Finardi, TransArms Research & IPIS vzw, 2013. 



The National Rifle Association (NRA) claims to have monitored in the last 20
years all United Nations activities that could impact Second Amendment rights.
Its latest target is the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), an international treaty to
establish common international standards for the import, export, and transfer of
conventional arms presently under discussion at the United Nations. The
international community has been calling for the inclusion of ammunition and
civilian arms within the scope of the ATT. This reasonable call is used by the
NRA to claim that the ATT could restrict the lawful ownership of firearms in the
United States.

HTTP://IPISRESEARCH.BE/PUBLICATIONS_DETAIL.PHP?ID=405

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A Code of Conduct for Arms Transport by Air. 

Finardi, S., P. Danssaert, B. Wood, TransArms Research & IPIS vzw, 2012. 



This report is a discussion of some key considerations for the development of an
Air Cargo Industry Voluntary Code of Conduct relating to the transport of arms,
ammunition and other military equipment (ACI Code). The purpose of such a Code
is to encourage as many aviation companies and other actors as possible in the
air cargo industry to adhere to existing and new standards relating to the
transport of arms, ammunition and other military equipment.

HTTP://IPISRESEARCH.BE/PUBLICATIONS_DETAIL.PHP?ID=388

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Transparency and Accountability: Monitoring and Reporting Methods under an Arms
Trade Treaty. 

Finardi, S., P. Danssaert, TransArms & IPIS vzw, 2012. 



Without an understanding of the existing practices of States regarding their
commonly agreed standards for the monitoring and reporting of their
international transfers of conventional arms, it will be very difficult to draft
many of the basic provisions of the Treaty to ensure compliance and enforcement.
This report therefore seeks to clarify and discuss existing terminology and
reporting practices for State regulation of international transfers of goods and
services and for international transfers of conventional arms. It is hoped that
this will also help contribute to the development of common international
standards for monitoring and reporting international transfers of conventional
arms. Standardization of statistical requirements and reporting methods is of
paramount importance for the ATT to be effective.

HTTP://IPISRESEARCH.BE/PUBLICATIONS_DETAIL.PHP?ID=348

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Rough Seas: Maritime Transport and Arms Shipment. 

Finardi, S., P. Danssaert, TransArms & IPIS vzw,  2012. 



The Chairman’s Draft Paper (14 July 2011) presented by the Arms Trade Treaty’s
Preparatory Committee (ATT PrepCom) included within the ATT scope certain
activities that should fall under the category of “services”, such as transport
and brokering. However, no provision has been envisaged for the monitoring and
ATT-related regulations of arms transport services. This report demonstrates how
arms shipments may be monitored and reported when there is a substantial risk
that the shipments could contribute to fuelling armed conflicts, dissent
repression, and other human rights violations. The report provides examples of
monitoring actual conventional arms shipments to Egypt and Syria in 2011 and
2012 and of suspected conventional arms shipments to Syria in 2012 by sea.

HTTP://IPISRESEARCH.BE/PUBLICATIONS_DETAIL.PHP?ID=387

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Arms Flyers: Commercial Aviation, Human Rights, and the Business of War and
Arms. 

Danssaert, P., S. Finardi, TransArms & IPIS vzw, 2011. 



In the last decades, the “business of war” has attracted thousands of civilian
transport and logistics companies, especially in the aviation sector. State and
non-State actors engaged in armed conflicts or in military operations that
require substantial logistic support have increasingly resorted to the services
of civilian transport operators to fulfill their transport and logistics needs. 
For air transport companies the “business of war” has historically included
logistic support for the deployment and mobility of troops and military
equipment; the establishment of supply chains of arms and ammunition; and the
transport of people and goods in and out conflict zones.

HTTP://IPISRESEARCH.BE/PUBLICATIONS_DETAIL.PHP?ID=338

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Mapping the labyrinth: more on the strange weapons flight of 4L-AWA. 

Danssaert, P., S. Finardi, B. Johnson-Thomas, TransArms & IPIS vzw, October 10,
2010. 



This research report is the third in a series about the case of a IL-76 aircraft
used for an apparently clandestine arms flight in provenance from Pyongyang – in
contravention of the United Nations arms embargo on North Korea – which was
impounded by Thai authorities during a technical stop in Bangkok December 12,
2009. Two previous research reports on this unusual case were published by IPIS
and TransArms:”From deceit to discovery: The strange flight of 4L-AWA”, December
21 2009; and “From deceit to discovery: The strange flight of 4L-AWA (update),”
February 8, 2010,1 written by the same authors of this third report. The third
updated report presents new information and documents that show other important
actors in the chain of companies who managed the flight.

HTTP://IPISRESEARCH.BE/PUBLICATIONS_DETAIL.PHP?ID=303

From deceit to discovery: the strange flight of 4L-AWA (text and documents).

On Saturday 12 December 2009 Thai authorities seized an aircraft at Bangkok’s
Don Mueang airport. The Ilyushin-76 had stopped on the 11th December for
refueling while en-route from Pyongyang to Tehran, and was carrying 35 tons of
arms and ammunition. While the media rushed to make unproven claims about the
plane and alleged former owners of the aircraft, little attention was paid to
the web of companies, the flight plan, and final destination.

HTTP://IPISRESEARCH.BE/PUBLICATIONS_DETAIL.PHP?ID=284

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The Karamoja Cluster of Eastern Africa. 

Matthysen, K., P. Danssaert, S. Finardi, B. Johnson-Thomas, TransArms & IPIS
vzw, 2010. 



Nomadic peoples are often, if not universally, perceived as a problem by the
governments of the nation states who have responsibility for them; this is
particularly so in the case of the three nations with which this report is
concerned: Kenya, Uganda and (southern) Sudan. The pastoralist societies within
the Karamajong cluster have been unable to adequately defend themselves
politically against claims that they, the pastoralists, are responsible for the
proliferation of small arms and light weapons in East Africa. This report
endeavors in a small way to redress this balance; it is our contention that the
majority of the blame for this SALW proliferation should be laid at the doors of
the three governments concerned, governments who themselves have failed to
adequately address the problems of regional insecurity, weapons diversion and,
in many cases, have been quite unable to resist the temptation to support
individuals and groups intent on destabilizing their neighbors.

HTTP://IPISRESEARCH.BE/PUBLICATIONS_DETAIL.PHP?ID=317

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Dead on Time: arms transportation, brokering, and the threat to human rights. 

Amnesty International & TransArms, London, 2006. 



Growing state-sponsored out-sourcing and the increasing private mediation of
international arms distribution and procurement is adding to the risk of arms
being delivered, diverted and used for grave human rights violations. Yet
current government efforts to improve the monitoring and regulation of such
intermediate activities in the arms trade are weak and faltering. Sergio Finardi
and Carlo Tombola wrote chapters II, III, IV, VI, VII, Definitions, Maps,
Tables, and – with Brian Wood – chapter I, V, Conclusions and Recommendations.

HTTP://IPISRESEARCH.BE/PUBLICATIONS_DETAIL.PHP?ID=420

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Below the radar: secret flights to torture and disappearance. 

Amnesty International & TransArms. London, 2006. 



In this report Amnesty International brings together critical evidence about the
US-led rendition programme. Its recommendations include: the USA should end its
practice of renditions; all governments should ensure that rendition victims are
protected from torture, and that “war on terror” detainees are charged and given
a fair trial, or released; all governments should prohibit the transfer of
people to places where they are at risk of ill-treatment; all governments should
ensure that their airports and airspace are not being used in renditions; and,
all private aircraft operators should refrain from leasing planes where they
might be used in renditions. TransArms researched air companies, flights, and
aircraft.

HTTP://WWW.AMNESTY.ORG/EN/LIBRARY/INFO/AMR51/051/2006/EN

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Defining and counting Small Arms Light Weapons – A proposal for a new approach. 

Finardi, S., C. Tombola, Small Arms Survey, Geneva, 2004. 



This contribution attempts to evaluate the market size of SALW by using a
software created by TransArms that allows for complex queries on all the
elements included in the exporter and importer declarations as reported by the
UN Comtrade database (origin/destination, year, code, value, weight, unit and
type of unit), thus creating a more precise base for the periodical assessment
of the SALW markets.

HTTP://WWW.SMALLARMSSURVEY.ORG/PUBLICATIONS/BY-TYPE/YEARBOOK/SMALL-ARMS-SURVEY-2004.HTML

 

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 I Nuovi Pinochet.

Finardi, S., December 14, 2004, Liberazione, daily national newspaper, Rome,
Italy.



Italy’s involvement in the US extraordinary renditions programs, the case of
Maher Arar, and the network of aviation companies used in those programs [in
Italian].

 

 

 DECEMBER 2004 I NUOVI PINOCHET


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Le Strade delle Armi [The Arms Routes].

Finardi, S., C. Tombola, Jaca Book,  Milano, 2002.



This pioneering study of the supply-chains that support the international trade
of conventional arms offers a unique perspective on the ability of traditional
arms control policies to influence the reality of a trade that is so central to
the nations’ foreign and military policies.

HTTP://WWW.JACABOOK.IT/RICERCA/MAIN-TIT.HTM

 

 

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Ariadne’s Thread: the Transport Networks of Arms Trade.

Finardi, S., C. Tombola, J.D. and C.T. MacArthur Foundation, March 2002, vol I
and II.



This 600-page report to the Foundation is TransArms’ seminal work on defense
logistics, arms supply-chains, and arms trade and trafficking. It contains the
first set of 326 transport companies that formed the first base of TransLogDB.
The authors will publish soon an updated and revised  edition. 

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Stati d’Eccezione. Zone e Porti Franchi nell’Economia-Mondo [State of Exception.
Free Ports and Free Trade Zones in the World Economy].

S. Finardi, E. Moroni, F. Angeli, Milano 2001.



The book offers an analysis of the development of free ports and free trade
zones from the ancient Middle East ern empires to the contemporary special
economic zones. It includes a detailed description of all the different
typologies of special economic zones and their role in the new international
division of labor; functions and services provided by free ports and free trade
zones in Africa, Americas, and China, with summaries for Europe, Middle East,
Central, South, and South East Asia, and Oceania. A detailed history of Genoa’s
Free Port since the XV Century and expert comments on Italian and European laws
related to the institution and regulations of free ports and zones from 1862
until 1998 concludes the volume.

HTTP://WWW.FRANCOANGELI.IT/

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Il Sistema Mondiale dei Trasporti. L’Economia-Mondo nel XX secolo [The World
Transport System and the Building of the World Economy].

S. Finardi, C. Tombola. Il Mulino, Bologna 1995.



The book focuses on the historical formation of the international freight
transport system in conjunction with the development of the international trade.
 The authors draw a rich and complex map of the logistic processes that
transformed the international division of labor and created new patterns in the
world politics and economy. A chronology of developments and innovations in the
different transport modalities, a wide range of statistical tables, a glossary,
and a detailed bibliography complete and further enrich the book.

HTTP://WWW.ABEBOOKS.COM/

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World Transport & Trade

Finardi, S., S. Trenti, S. Violante. Quarterly, GSA, 1997-1998



The Journal, published in 1997 and 1998, focused on international economic
issues, in particular the pattern of the world trade and the international
freight transport industry. Each issues included an exhaustive analysis on the
transport system of a commercially important country and on a maritime or air
cargo sector, as well as on EU transport policies and legislation.

 

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SELECTED CONTRIBUTIONS 

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Study on the Development of a Framework for Improving End-Use and End-User
Control Systems. 

Wood, B., P. Danssaert. Contribution by S. Finardi acknowledged. United Nations
Office for Disarmament Affairs, New York, 2011. 



The study assesses existing practices regarding end-user certification in a wide
range of countries. It examines concepts, documents and procedures relating to
the regulation of end use and end users of conventional arms. It also endeavours
to identify political and practical obstacles to the development of an
international framework for authentication, reconciliation and standardization
of end-user certificates. Finally, it proposes practical guidelines to assist
States in the development of a reliable system of end-user certification.

HTTP://WWW.UN.ORG/DISARMAMENT/HOMEPAGE/ODAPUBLICATIONS/OCCASIONALPAPERS/PDF/OP21.PDF

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 Fuelling Conflict – Foreign Arms supplies to Israel/Gaza.

Amnesty International. TransArms contribution acknowledged. London, 2009. 



Both Israel and Hamas used weapons supplied from abroad to carry out attacks on
civilians. This briefing contains fresh evidence on the munitions used during
the three-week conflict in Gaza and southern Israel and includes information on
the supplies of arms to all parties to the conflict. It explains why Amnesty
International is calling for a cessation of arms supplies to the parties to the
conflict and calling on the United Nations to impose a comprehensive arms
embargo.

HTTP://AMNESTY.ORG/EN/LIBRARY/INFO/MDE15/012/2009/EN

 

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Blood at the Crossroads: making the case for a Global Arms Trade Treaty. 

Amnesty International. TransArms contribution acknowledged. London, 2008. 



The world is reaching a crossroads in deciding how to control the arms trade.
Governments must act now to create effective and robust regulation. This report
shows through illustrative cases how that trade contributes to serious
violations of human rights in different parts of the world. In particular, it
seeks to help demonstrate why the establishment of a global Arms Trade Treaty
(ATT) is an urgent necessity and how an ATT could work to save lives, preserve
livelihoods and enhance respect for human rights.

HTTP://WWW.AMNESTY.ORG/EN/LIBRARY/INFO/ACT30/011/2008/EN

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Developing a Mechanism to Prevent Illicit Brokering in Small Arms and Light
Weapons. 

Wood, B. (Editor). Box 1.2. The case of Leonid Minin by S. Finardi.



“Put simply, arms brokers are intermediaries who negotiate commercial
and logistical arrangements to meet the requirements of buyers, sellers
and other relevant actors, such as officials, financiers and transport
agents, in order to facilitate the transfer of weapons and munitions in
return for a commission or other material reward, gain or
consideration. Evidence suggests that such activities by arms brokers are not
covered in most national laws and regulations, so a legal definition of
“arms brokering” and ‘illicit arms brokering’ remains an aspiration rather than
a reality for the majority of states.”

UNIDIR, GENEVA, 2006

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Kyrgyzstan Air Cargo Companies

TransArms for European Commission’s DG TREN-Unit F3, Environment and Air Safety,
2006.

The report assesses the situation of the Kyrgyzstan Civil Aviation registry,
pointing at companies and aircraft with irregular or dubious registrations.

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D.R. Congo, Arming the East

Amnesty International. Contribution by TransArms acknowledged, London, 2005.



According to the Amnesty International report, during the peace process in the
DRC, military aid has been provided from agents close to the Rwanda, Uganda and
the DRC governments to armed groups and militia in eastern DRC who have
committed grave human rights abuses. This report presents only a partial picture
of the trade in arms because this trade is characterized by extreme stealth.
Peace in the Great Lakes Region of Africa cannot be maintained without
addressing impunity for these human rights abuses and without much stricter
international control of arms transfers. The report concludes with
recommendations to governments and organizations.

HTTP://WWW.AMNESTY.ORG/EN/LIBRARY/INFO/AFR62/006/2005/EN

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Sudan: Arming the perpetrators of grave abuses in Darfur. 

Amnesty International. Contribution on aircraft and air cargo carriers by
TransArms. London, 2004. 



In the context of attacks on civilians in the Darfur region, this report
identifies the main types and recent transfers of arms sent to Sudan. The report
quotes survivors who describe how Sudanese government forces and the militias
they support use such arms for grave human rights violations. It also examines
the way in which the Sudanese government has used revenue from the lucrative oil
industry to increase its military spending. Amnesty International is therefore
appealing to all states mentioned in this report to immediately suspend all
transfers of arms and security supplies to Sudan. Moreover, Amnesty
International specifically requests the UN Security Council to impose a
mandatory arms embargo.

HTTP://WWW.AMNESTY.ORG/EN/LIBRARY/INFO/AFR54/139/2004/EN

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SELECTED INTERVIEWS 

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North Korea’s Court Money

Kinoshita, T., K. Kubota, documentary, NHK, Japan Broadcasting Corporation,
March 2014

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Il mercato mondiale delle armi

Casagrande, O.,  interview, Rapporto sui  Diritti Globali 2012 and 2014. CGIL,
Rome, June 2012 and March 2014

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The  Summit

Fracassi, F., M. Lauria,  documentary (G8  in  Genoa, 2001), interview, February
2012.

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Per un trattato sulle armi convenzionali

by Carlo Tombola, in Affari di Armi, Percorsi di Pace (OPAL), EMI, Bologna, 2012

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Il mercato delle Armi

Iacona, R., interview, Presa diretta (RAI 3), September 2012

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sulle tracce delle armi

Maurizi, S., Sapere, December 1, 2009. www.galileonet.it

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

In the Spider’s Web

Vezyrgiannis, N., P. Nerantzis,documentary, Greek Radio Television ERT3 TV, 2007

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

“The Bulletin Interview: Sergio Finardi”

Rezek, J., Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, September 2007

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The Arms Routes

Nerantzis, P., “Mixer” documentary series, Greek Radio Television ERT3 TV
(Greece), 2004

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SELECTED LECTURES AND PRESENTATIONS

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Common Standards and Transport Services in the Arms Trade Treaty

Amnesty International, Arms Trade Treaty Diplomatic Conference, United Nations,
New York, July 11, 2012

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The Outlaws of the Sea. The Reasons of Pirates

University of Padua (Italy), Department of Sociology, December 13, 2011

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Arms deliveries to the front lines

Finardi, S., C. Gramizzi. United Nations, Amnesty International/Saferworld, New
York, February 28-March 4, 2011

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Controlling arms supply-chains for an effective Arms Trade Treaty

Amnesty International, UN Biennial Meeting of States on Small Arms, United
Nations, New York, June 16, 2010

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D.R. Congo: findings of a UN mission

Catholic Theological Union at Chicago, March 10, 2009

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Monitoring International Freight Transport, Preventing the Spread of SALW

Amnesty International, UN Biennial Meeting of States on Small Arms, United
Nations, New York, July15, 2008

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Tracking the Logistics of Arms Transfers. A Database on Transport Companies and
Arms Brokers

African Union and European Union Joint Seminar on “Demining and Disarmament”,
Addis Ababa, April 18-20, 2007

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Melding Defense and Commercial Logistics

Amnesty International, United Nations, New York, January 16, 2006

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Freight Transport Industry and the Arms Supply Chain

European Commission, RELEX Seminar “From early warning to early Action”
Brussels, September 13, 2006

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Quest for Truth: an Investigative Journalist Journey

Global Media Research Center, Southern Illinois University (SIU), Carbondale,
November 9, 2006

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The logistics of arms transfers: research findings for the projects “Ariadne’s
Thread” and “The matchmakers”

J.D. And C.T. MacArthur Foundation, Headquarters, Chicago, March 1, 2004

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FOCUS ON

 * New Publications:
   * – Fatal Freight
   * – Hotel Hercules
   * – The U.N. Panel on D.P.R.K.
   * – East Africa Logistics
 * The Arms Trade Treaty
   * – “Solutions” for the ATT
   * – Transparency/Accountability
 * PSCs
   * – Shadow Force
 * Forthcoming Publications:
   * – Italy, Libya, and Iraq
   * – Weapons for South Sudan
   * – Italian small arms to the US


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