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TIPS FOR HANDLING LOCALIZED RANGES IN REGULAR EXPRESSIONS
By Carlos O'Donell|Published Thu, 06 Apr 2023 07:00:00 +0000
Developers as well as casual grep users are accustomed to using ranges in
regular expressions, such as [a-zA-Z] or [0-9]. However, they often don't
realize that these regular expressions harbor problems that can lead to
unexpected behavior.
This article delves into the issues with using ranges in different locales and
the solutions sought by developers of various libraries, including the GNU C
Library (glibc).
THE PROBLEM WITH REGULAR EXPRESSION RANGES
Under the POSIX standard, a regular expression using a range expression has
unspecified behavior in any locale other than the POSIX locale. This locale
applies only to programs or environments whose environment variables for the
locale (such as LANG or LC_ALL) specify either POSIX or C, or who don't have
those environment variables set at all.
Of course, this hardly ever happens. Most people specify their country and
language when setting up their system and get a locale such as en_US.UTF-8, in
this case, indicating U.S. English with UTF-8 characters.
For most programs and users, therefore, a popular regular expression range such
as [a-zA-Z] or [0-9] has undefined and ultimately unreliable behavior. In
theory, users should employ bracket expressions such as [[:alpha:]] and
[[:digit:]]. In practice, it works as expected in many, but not all, locales.
What should a library do to support developers and make developing applications
easier? We will explore current and upcoming solutions in the next sections.
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO POSIX AND UNICODE
There are a number of possible solutions. The support for ranges such as
[a-zA-Z] in the C (POSIX) locale is a clue that support for the ranges was
implemented by early C libraries when ASCII was the norm. Although there
are many conflicting solutions, each generally maps to one of the following
implementations:
* Native character order (NCO): This means that a developer looking at a code
chart for the character set can logically identify all characters in the
range by reviewing, in order, those characters in the code chart from the
start of the range to the end of the range.
* Collation element order (CEO): This means that a developer looking at the
locale sources for the current locale can logically identify all characters
in the range by reviewing, in order, those characters in the LC_COLLATE
definition in the POSIX locale sources (later compiled into the binary locale
on your system, e.g., en_US.UTF-8) from the start of the range to the end of
the range.
* Collation sequence order (CSO): This means that a developer looking at, for
one definition of a natural language order, a dictionary with said natural
language order can logically identify all characters in the range by
reviewing, in order, those characters in the dictionary from the start of the
range to the end of the range.
For example, in the article Boost C++ POSIX regular extended expression APIs,
the authors implemented CSO with an option to fall back to NCO. As another
example, the GNU Awk (Gawk) implementation has two modes: a "traditional"
mode that emulates NCO within certain ASCII ranges and a POSIX-based mode that
emulates CSO. The Boost and Gawk implementations offer a very similar degree of
choice between NCO and CSO.
In glibc, the implementation is based on the early POSIX specifications that
required CEO. In the built-in C and POSIX locale, the NCO and CEO are equivalent
because the ASCII character set order can be ordered the same as the collation
elements in the locale source specification. The glibc locale for
en_US.UTF-8 makes the NCO and CEO equivalent for lowercase Latin characters,
uppercase Latin characters, and numbers in order to preserve developer
expectations for sorting these ranges; e.g., lowercase Latin characters are not
interleaved with uppercase Latin characters.
CEO and CSO require large element lists and thus add a lot more overhead to
implementations than NCO.
The published ISO 14651 (2020) standard, most recently derived from Unicode
13.0.0 (2020), defines the international string ordering and comparison, and
glibc uses this standard as the basis for string collation. The collation
element ordering in the ISO standard interleaves lowercase and uppercase
characters in such a way that CEO is more aligned to logical groups of letters
e.g. A and a, instead of NCO. Direct usage of ISO 14651 in glibc
caused regressions due to this grouping; e.g., [a-z] would match A unexpectedly.
CURRENT AND UPCOMING SOLUTIONS
Boost's interface allows one to choose between a logical NCO or CSO (as defined
for a single natural language ordering), thus offering two of three solutions
listed in the previous section. A user who desires a distinct CEO can create a
completely new locale source definition and distribute that to users that want a
distinct ordering. Thread-safe locale APIs can be used to set and use the locale
on a per-thread basis.
The APIs implemented by the ICU project support many possible CSOs for a given
language, including dictionary sort, address book sort, calendar sort, etc. No
single CSO will solve the needs of all users.
The glibc implementation of CEO does not meet the needs of developers who are
either looking at a code chart or applying common-sense logic to natural
language ordering. Migrating glibc from CEO to CSO seems like a logical way
forward, but the internal implementation will need to be significantly improved
to support this transition. The most straightforward first step is a C.UTF-8
that uses NCO in glibc and avoids the overhead of CEO or CSO.
With the release of glibc 2.35 in February 2022, the project now has an official
harmonized and C.UTF-8 that will use NCO for ASCII regular expression ranges and
NCO for collation (code-point collation order).
You can already use this new C.UTF-8 locale in Fedora (starting with Fedora
35). In the future, C.UTF-8 will be extended to allow rational ranges that
cover all code points in NCO.
The post Tips for handling localized ranges in regular expressions appeared
first on Red Hat Developer.
Read the articleView more blog posts
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Timestamp: Mon Apr 3 16:59:09 UTC 2023SHA: headVersion: 1.195
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