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Purdue Online Writing Lab
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* APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)
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GENERAL FORMAT
WELCOME TO THE PURDUE OWL
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this
page, you must include the entire legal notice.
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Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue
University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced,
broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site
constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.
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Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in APA.
You can also watch our APA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel.
GENERAL APA GUIDELINES
Your essay should be typed and double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x
11"), with 1" margins on all sides. Include a page header (also known as the
“running head”) at the top of every page. For a professional paper, this
includes your paper title and the page number. For a student paper, this only
includes the page number. To create a page header/running head, insert page
numbers flush right. Then type "TITLE OF YOUR PAPER" in the header flush left
using all capital letters. The running head is a shortened version of your
paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation.
FONT
The 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual requires that the chosen font be
accessible (i.e., legible) to all readers and that it be used consistently
throughout the paper. It acknowledges that many font choices are legitimate, and
it advises writers to check with their publishers, instructors, or institutions
for guidance in cases of uncertainty.
While the APA Manual does not specify a single font or set of fonts for
professional writing, it does recommend a few fonts that are widely available.
These include sans serif fonts such as 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, and
10-point Lucida Sans Unicode as well as serif fonts such as 12-point Times New
Roman, 11-point Georgia, 10-point Computer Modern.
MAJOR PAPER SECTIONS
Your essay should include four major sections: the Title Page, Abstract, Main
Body, and References.
TITLE PAGE
Note: APA 7 provides slightly different directions for formatting the title
pages of professional papers (e.g., those intended for scholarly publication)
and student papers (e.g., those turned in for credit in a high school or college
course).
The title page should contain the title of the paper, the author's name, and the
institutional affiliation. A professional paper should also include the author
note. A student paper should also include the course number and name, instructor
name, and assignment due date.
Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the
page. The title should be centered and written in boldface. APA recommends that
your title be focused and succinct and that it should not contain abbreviations
or words that serve no purpose. Your title may take up one or two lines. All
text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-spaced.
Beneath the title, type the author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and
last name. Do not use titles (Dr.) or degrees (PhD).
Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation, which should
indicate the location where the author(s) conducted the research.
A professional paper should include the author note beneath the institutional
affiliation, in the bottom half of the title page. This should be divided up
into several paragraphs, with any paragraphs that are not relevant omitted. The
first paragraph should include the author’s name, the symbol for the ORCID iD,
and the URL for the ORCID iD. Any authors who do not have an ORCID iD should be
omitted. The second paragraph should show any change in affiliation or any
deaths of the authors. The third paragraph should include any disclosures or
acknowledgements, such as study registration, open practices and data sharing,
disclosure of related reports and conflicts of interest, and acknowledgement of
financial support and other assistance. The fourth paragraph should include
contact information for the corresponding author.
A student paper should not include an author note.
Note again that page headers/page numbers (described above for professional and
student papers) also appear at the top of the title page. In other words, a
professional paper's title page will include the title of the paper flush left
in all capitals and the page number flush right, while a student paper will only
contain the page number flush right.
Student APA title page
Title page for a student paper in APA 7 style.
Professional paper APA title page
Title page for a professional paper in APA 7 style.
ABSTRACT
Begin a new page. Your abstract page should already include the page header
(described above). On the first line of the abstract page, center and bold the
word “Abstract” (no italics, underlining, or quotation marks).
Beginning with the next line, write a concise summary of the key points of your
research. (Do not indent.) Your abstract should contain at least your research
topic, research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and
conclusions. You may also include possible implications of your research and
future work you see connected with your findings. Your abstract should be a
single paragraph, double-spaced. Your abstract should typically be no more than
250 words.
You may also want to list keywords from your paper in your abstract. To do this,
indent as you would if you were starting a new paragraph, type Keywords:
(italicized), and then list your keywords. Listing your keywords will help
researchers find your work in databases.
Abstracts are common in scholarly journal articles and are not typically
required for student papers unless advised by an instructor. If you are unsure
whether or not your work requires an abstract, consult your instructor for
further guidance.
APA Abstract Page
Abstract page for a student paper in APA 7 style.
Please see our Sample APA Paper resource to see an example of an APA paper. You
may also visit our Additional Resources page for more examples of APA papers.
HOW TO CITE THE PURDUE OWL IN APA
INDIVIDUAL RESOURCES
The page template for the new OWL site does not include contributors' names or
the page's last edited date. However, select pages still include this
information.
In the absence of contributor/edit date information, treat the page as a source
with a group author and use the abbreviation "n.d." for "no date":
Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). Title of resource. Purdue Online Writing Lab.
http://Web address for OWL resource
Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). General Writing FAQs. Purdue Online Writing
Lab. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/general_writing_faqs.html
The generic APA citation for OWL pages, which includes author/edit date
information, is this:
Contributors' names. (Last edited date). Title of resource. Site Name.
http://Web address for OWL resource
Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e.,
APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older
APA 6 style can be found here.
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