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Truth, Inspiration, Hope.
Home » China » The Truth and Lessons of Tiananmen
THE TRUTH AND LESSONS OF TIANANMEN
By Leo Timm
Leo Timm covers China-related news, culture, and history. Follow him on Twitter
at @kunlunpeaks
Published: June 4, 2021
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Demonstrators in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, in May 1989. (Image: David
Turnley/Getty Images)
In 1989, Communist China massacred thousands of its own people in the center of
Beijing. The effects of that massacre last to this day
More than three decades ago, there was a brief moment when the Chinese people
found the opportunity to govern themselves — and nearly succeeded.
For about three weeks in May 1989, millions of people across Beijing, following
the example of students and teachers from schools around the capital, stood out
to oppose the widespread corruption of Communist Party officials and to back
growing calls for political reform.
From May 13 to the end of the month, as the Party leadership took in the
situation and formulated their reaction, residents of Beijing enjoyed an open
atmosphere, one that remained orderly and peaceful despite the effective
disappearance of state administration.
The protesters converged on Tiananmen Square, which sits before the ancient
Forbidden City palace complex and to the east of Zhongnanhai, headquarters of
the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
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Traffic police left their posts, with many joining in the events, eyewitness
Chen Gang, then a college student, remembered. Yet their places were simply
filled by volunteers. Locals brought supplies to those demonstrating in the
square; despite the size of the crowd, the supplies were distributed fairly and
without bickering.
“It was an emotional moment: I had never expected that the communist slogan of
‘Assign the abundant material goods to the people according to their need’ would
be first realized there at Tiananmen Square—freed of the Party organization,”
Chen recounted in a documentary piece published by The Epoch Times in 2016.
Protesting students show Chinese soldiers reports of their protests in a Beijing
newspaper. The day prior, on May 20, the CCP had declared martial law. (Image:
Peter Turnley/Getty Images)
The massive demonstrations would eventually end in the Tiananmen Massacre of
June 4, followed up by a merciless wave of repression against those deemed to
have played a role in the movement. The “June Fourth incident” remains one of
the most heavily censored topics in China, and is seen by many as representing a
fateful watershed in the country’s history — when the Party determined to follow
the path of Marxist-Leninist authoritarianism, no matter the cost.
However, at the time, there was still much reason for the Chinese — from
ordinary citizens to reformers in the leadership — to harbor hope.
THE SPIRIT OF REFORM
In the late 1980s, China was a very different place from how it would develop in
the decades to come. CCP leader Deng Xiaoping had instituted the “reform and
opening up” policy, turning the country away from strict planned economics. As
part of this push, Deng allowed liberal-minded officials to rise to the highest
ranks of the Communist Party.
Hu Yaobang assumed the post of Party Chairman, then General Secretary. Together
with Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang, the two men were praised by Deng as his “left
and right hands” in the effort to modernize and liberalize China.
Picture dated 01 September 1981 in Beijing of then-CCP Chairman Hu Yaobang (R,
1915-89) and Deng Xiaoping (1904-97), who held de facto power in the regime.
(Image: AFP via Getty Images)
Under Deng — who remained de facto in charge despite not formally assuming
leadership — Hu, and Zhao, China saw the dawn of its explosive economic growth.
Ordinary Chinese could now start up businesses, a privilege once reserved for
state companies. Contacts with the outside world increased as students and
entrepreneurs went abroad. A boom in popular culture and intellectual expression
materialized.
In a country where communist ideology was written into the constitution and
provided the mandate for the CCP’s violent authoritarian rule, economic and
social reforms inevitably stirred controversy. However, even the Party leaders
were unafraid to push boundaries.
Zhao Ziyang drafted serious plans to separate Chinese government administration
from the authority of the CCP, something unthinkable today. Hu Yaobang, for his
part, when queried on which aspects of founding communist leader Mao Zedong’s
theory were desirable for modern China, he replied that there were none.
And on the ground, the relaxed environment was leading to dissent even before
the events of 1989. From the “Democracy Wall” and various attempts to institute
local elections in the late 1970s and early 1980s, this dissent grew and led to
greater protests for Western-style reforms.
Students in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, hold up a banner calling for
representative government. They are at the end of an unsuccessful hunger strike.
(Image: Jacques Langevin/Getty Images)
While the Tiananmen Square protests are often remembered for their advocacy of
democracy and political modernization, for many ordinary participants, their
demands were simpler: reduce the widespread corruption of the Party officialdom,
and hold them accountable to the public.
Such demands, whether for greater political representation or practical
fairness, alarmed the Communist Party, especially those who already had
reservations about straying from the classical Marxist path. In 1987, believing
that Hu had gone too far, Deng Xiaoping and other officials forced the general
secretary’s resignation, replacing him with Zhao Ziyang. Though Zhao was the
architect of Deng’s economic restructuring and an advocate of reform, for
millions, the removal of Hu Yaobang was an ominous and unwelcome signal.
A HISTORICAL TRAGEDY
To many, Hu had personified the hope that China could shift from
authoritarianism to democracy. Two years after his forced retirement, Hu’s death
on April 15, 1989 sparked an outpouring of national grief.
However, what began as a commemoration for the deceased reformer soon escalated
into fresh demands for democratic change. Outside Beijing, protests cropped up
in dozens of Chinese cities in a movement encompassing tens of millions.
The 1989 protests occurred in the backdrop of similar popular movements that
were in the process of bringing down the Soviet-backed communist regimes in
Eastern Europe. But unlike in places like Poland and East Germany, where
millions marched to bring down communism outright, many of the Chinese
protesters were convinced of the CCP’s ability to change for the better.
Given Zhao Ziyang’s position, he could have, and did, take steps to help the
democracy movement. Unfortunately, he was absent for critical executive meetings
that shaped the Party’s reaction; in one episode, he was on a state visit to
North Korea. Further, hardliners in the CCP saw in the unrest an opening, with
Beijing mayor Chen Xitong and Premier Li Peng conspiring to paint the protests
in the most alarming manner before Deng.
Already on April 26, after siding with these hardliner opinions, Deng Xiaoping
had publicly labelled the protests a “riot.”
Several hundred of 200,000 pro-democracy student protesters face to face with
policemen outside the Great Hall of the People in Tiananmen Square 22 April 1989
in Beijing as they take part in the funeral ceremony of former Chinese Communist
Party leader and liberal reformer Hu Yaobang during an unauthorized
demonstration to mourn his death. (Image: CATHERINE HENRIETTE/AFP via Getty
Images)
The charge clashed with the experience of the college student Chen Gang, that
the atmosphere among the protesters was peaceful to the point that “even thieves
renounced stealing.”
In particular, a desire to prove that the democracy movement was not violent or
anti-CCP was partially responsible for the scenes of order that Chen Gang saw at
the time:
“The capital was simply out of the Communist Party’s domain,” he recalled. “Not
wanting to give the authorities any excuse to suppress the demonstrations, the
students cooperated to institute a meticulous regime of social law and order,
starting with directing traffic.”
On and following May 20, when Deng Xiaoping declared martial law and sent troops
to clear the protesters, the masses put up nonviolent resistance to the People’s
Liberation Army columns entering the city.
The standstill persisted and worsened over the next two weeks. Finally, hardened
formations were sent in, wiping out the thousands of protesters who remained at
Tiananmen Square in the night between June 3 and June 4.
CCP Secretary General Zhao Ziyang (C) addresses the student hunger strikers
through a megaphone at dawn 19 May 1989 in one of the buses at Tiananmen Square.
Zhao was soon removed from his post. (Image: XINHUA/AFP via Getty Images)
In the final days before the imposition of martial Zhao Ziyang, his power
waning, made a visit to the students at the square: “We came too late. We are
sorry. You talk about us, criticize us. It is all necessary.”
In the wake of the massacre, Zhao was removed from his post and placed under
house arrest. His successor, Jiang Zemin, had been CCP secretary of Shanghai. He
had been chosen for the position because of his proactive stance in shutting
down a liberal publication in Shanghai when it refused to self-censor its
pro-demonstration coverage.
‘KILLING 200,000 IN EXCHANGE FOR 20 YEARS OF STABILITY’
In the West, the photo of the lone “Tank Man” standing down a column of
advancing PLA tanks on the streets is a well-recognized symbol of resistance.
But for most Chinese today, living 30 years after the bloodshed that occured in
the center of their nation’s capital, the legacy of Tiananmen is a phantom
episode of history, torn between activist voices, regime propaganda, and fading
memories.
Until recently, with the banning of activities to mourn the victims of Tiananmen
in Hong Kong, people in the former British colony would dutifully organize
memorial gatherings every year. In mainland China, the events of June 4, 1989
are subject to an Orwellian exercise of reality control and historical
revisionism on the mainland.
Apart from censoring all available information regarding the protests, CCP-paid
internet trolls, known as wumao, further muddle the waters by offering false or
misleading accounts of the protests. And what cannot be denied is simply brushed
off as irrelevant in the great flow of China’s supposed rise.
In the years after the Tiananmen Massacre, Deng Xiaoping resumed his reforms,
though the political content was now a third rail: in an infamous speech, Deng
claimed that it was worth it to “kill 200,000 people in exchange for 20 years of
stability.” To be sure, this was an exaggerated figure, based on the Chinese
convention of counting large numbers by the tens of thousands. But the point was
clear: making money was okay, as long as it didn’t interfere with the rule of
the Communist Party.
Deng’s logic has been acted out at a dramatic scale and with mind-boggling
intensity. Starting in the 1990s, under the leadership of CCP leader Jiang
Zemin, Party officials were officially permitted to get involved with business,
marrying the authoritarianism of the Communist Party to full-on commercialism.
Jiang called upon cadres to “keep quiet and make huge fortunes,” something they
did at any cost.
Under the blanket of China’s economic rise — from having a GDP comparable in
size to that of Tokyo in the 1990s to being the second in place behind the
United States — the CCP only reinforced its totalitarian means. Jiang Zemin’s
persecution of the popular Falun Gong spiritual practice opened up the door to
repressions of other politically undesirable groups, and the influx of money
gave Beijing access to a wide range of upgrades for its modern authoritarian
state. The list goes from Western-sourced computer chips used in the
Huawei-built mass surveillance systems, to immunosuppressant drugs for
transplants of organs harvested from prisoners of conscience.
The consequences of Tiananmen and the bloody end of political reform are
apparent. Like advanced western democracies, China has become an increasingly
materialistic society, with endlessly rising levels of consumption and
veneration of socioeconomic status. The Communist Party no longer claims to
represent the people on account of Marxist merit, but in accordance with how
rich it can make them.
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BEESWAXIO CORPORATION
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Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
SOVRN, INC.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ADIKTEEV
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
RTB HOUSE S.A.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
THE UK TRADE DESK LTD
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP addresses, Browsing and
interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
NEXXEN INC.
Cookie duration: 180 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP addresses,
Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
EPSILON
Cookie duration: 184 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and
interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
YAHOO EMEA LIMITED
Cookie duration: 397 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’
profiles, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ADVENTORI SAS
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, Device identifiers,
Probabilistic identifiers, User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and
interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
TRIPLE LIFT, INC.
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
XANDR, INC.
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
NEORY GMBH
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and
interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
NEXXEN GROUP LLC
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP addresses,
Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
NEURAL.ONE
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy
choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ADITION (VIRTUAL MINDS GMBH)
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’
profiles, User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ACTIVE AGENT (VIRTUAL MINDS GMBH)
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’
profiles, User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
TABOOLA EUROPE LIMITED
Cookie duration: 366 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP addresses,
Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
EQUATIV
Cookie duration: 396 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP addresses, Browsing and
interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ADFORM A/S
Cookie duration: 3650 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and
interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
MAGNITE, INC.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
RATEGAIN ADARA INC
Cookie duration: 730 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles,
User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
SIFT MEDIA, INC
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, IP addresses
more
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
RAKUTEN MARKETING LLC
Cookie duration: 730 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and
interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
LUMEN RESEARCH LIMITED
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data
more
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interest
AMAZON AD SERVER
Cookie duration: 396 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
OPENX
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
YIELDLAB (VIRTUAL MINDS GMBH)
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’
profiles, User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ROKU ADVERTISING SERVICES
Cookie duration: 396 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
NANO INTERACTIVE GROUP LTD.
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Browsing and interaction data
more
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
SIMPLIFI HOLDINGS LLC
Cookie duration: 366 (days).
Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Device identifiers, IP
addresses
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
PUBMATIC, INC
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
COMSCORE B.V.
Cookie duration: 720 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Device identifiers,
Probabilistic identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, User-provided
data, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
FLASHTALKING
Cookie duration: 730 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices
more
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
PULSEPOINT, INC.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Device identifiers, IP
addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
SMAATO, INC.
Cookie duration: 21 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and
interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
SEMASIO GMBH
Cookie duration: 366 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing and
interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
CRIMTAN HOLDINGS LIMITED
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
GENIUS SPORTS UK LIMITED
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
CRITEO SA
Cookie duration: 390 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ADLOOX SA
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing and
interaction data
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
BLIS GLOBAL LIMITED
Cookie duration: 400 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
LOTAME SOLUTIONS, INC
Cookie duration: 274 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Device identifiers,
Probabilistic identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles,
User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
LIVERAMP
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
GROUPM UK LIMITED
Cookie duration: 395 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
LOOPME LIMITED
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’
profiles, User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
DYNATA LLC
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles,
User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ASK LOCALA
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, IP addresses, Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
AZIRA
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP addresses,
Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
DOUBLEVERIFY INC.
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy
choices
more
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interest
BIDSWITCH GMBH
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
IPONWEB GMBH
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, User-provided data, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
NEXTROLL, INC.
Cookie duration: 183 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
TEADS FRANCE SAS
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
STRÖER SSP GMBH (SSP)
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP addresses,
Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
OS DATA SOLUTIONS GMBH
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, User-provided
data, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
PERMODO GMBH
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
PLATFORM161 B.V.
Cookie duration: 396 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’
profiles, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
BASIS GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
SMADEX, S.L.U.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, User-provided
data, IP addresses, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
BOMBORA INC.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
EASYMEDIA GMBH
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’
profiles, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
REMERGE GMBH
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
ADVANCED STORE GMBH
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device identifiers
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
MAGNITE CTV, INC.
Cookie duration: 366 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
DELTA PROJECTS AB
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
USEMAX ADVERTISEMENT (EMEGO GMBH)
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
EMETRIQ GMBH
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and
interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
PUBLICIS MEDIA GMBH
Cookie duration: 1825 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and
interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
M.D. PRIMIS TECHNOLOGIES LTD.
Cookie duration: 25 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, User-provided data, IP addresses,
Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
ONETAG LIMITED
Cookie duration: 396 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
CLOUD TECHNOLOGIES S.A.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
SMARTOLOGY LIMITED
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: IP addresses
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
IMPROVE DIGITAL
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
ADOBE ADVERTISING CLOUD
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device identifiers, Authentication-derived
identifiers, IP addresses, Privacy choices
more
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
BANNERFLOW AB
Cookie duration: 366 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
IP addresses, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
TABMO SAS
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’
profiles, User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
INTEGRAL AD SCIENCE (INCORPORATING ADMANTX)
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interest
WIZALY
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
WEBORAMA
Cookie duration: 393 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interest
JIVOX CORPORATION
Cookie duration: 30 (days).
Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
VISTAR MEDIA EMEA BV
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data
more
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ON DEVICE RESEARCH LIMITED
Cookie duration: 30 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, User-provided data, IP addresses,
Browsing and interaction data
more
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ROCKABOX MEDIA LTD
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data
more
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interest
EXACTAG GMBH
Cookie duration: 180 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Device identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
CELTRA INC.
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Device identifiers, IP addresses
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
MAINADV SRL
Cookie duration: 30 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
GEMIUS SA
Cookie duration: 1825 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’
profiles, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
THE KANTAR GROUP LIMITED
Cookie duration: 914 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
NIELSEN MEDIA RESEARCH LTD.
Cookie duration: 120 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Device identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
SOLOCAL SA
Cookie duration: 396 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles, User-provided
data, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
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PIXALATE, INC.
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data
more
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NUMBERLY
Cookie duration: 180 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles,
User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
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AUDIENCEPROJECT A/S
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and
interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
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ConsentLegitimate interest
DEMANDBASE, INC.
Cookie duration: 730 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’
profiles, User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
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EFFILIATION / EFFINITY
Cookie duration: 30 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics
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Cookie duration resets each session.
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Consent
ARRIVALIST CO.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
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Consent
SEENTHIS AB
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, IP addresses
more
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COMMANDERS ACT
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device identifiers, IP addresses
more
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Consent
TRAVEL AUDIENCE GMBH
Cookie duration: 397 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP addresses, Browsing and
interaction data
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
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HUMAN
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses
more
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Legitimate interest
BLENDEE SRL
Cookie duration: 366 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles,
User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
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INNOVID LLC
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
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ConsentLegitimate interest
PAPIRFLY AS
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics
more
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Legitimate interest
NEUSTAR, INC., A TRANSUNION COMPANY
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and
interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
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VERVE GROUP EUROPE GMBH
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and
interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
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OTTO (GMBH & CO KG)
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device identifiers, Users’ profiles, User-provided
data, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
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ADOBE AUDIENCE MANAGER, ADOBE EXPERIENCE PLATFORM
Cookie duration: 180 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
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Consent
LOCALSENSOR B.V.
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, IP addresses, Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
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ONLINE SOLUTION
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’
profiles, User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
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RELAY42 NETHERLANDS B.V.
Cookie duration: 730 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Device identifiers,
Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, IP addresses,
Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
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Consent
GP ONE GMBH
Cookie duration: Uses session cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
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ConsentLegitimate interest
LIFTOFF MONETIZE AND VUNGLE EXCHANGE
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, User-provided data, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
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THE MEDIAGRID INC.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
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REPPUBLIKA RESEARCH & ANALYTICS AUSTRIA GMBH
Cookie duration: 180 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Device identifiers,
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interaction data
more
Uses other forms of storage.
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CINT AB
Cookie duration: 730 (days).
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addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
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GOOGLE ADVERTISING PRODUCTS
Cookie duration: 396 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles,
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more
Uses other forms of storage.
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GFK GMBH
Cookie duration: 730 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles,
User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
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REVJET
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, Device identifiers,
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more
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PROTECTED MEDIA LTD
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Device identifiers,
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more
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Legitimate interest
CLINCH LABS LTD
Cookie duration: 730 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP addresses,
Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
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ORACLE DATA CLOUD - MOAT
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, IP addresses
more
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Legitimate interest
HEARTS AND SCIENCE MÜNCHEN GMBH
Cookie duration: 60 (days).
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AMAZON ADVERTISING
Cookie duration: 396 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Users’ profiles, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
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MOLOCO, INC.
Cookie duration: 730 (days).
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more
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ADTRIBA GMBH
Cookie duration: 730 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
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ENSIGHTEN
Cookie duration: 1825 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Device identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
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EBAY INC
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
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choices
more
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Consent
METRIXLAB NEDERLAND B.V.
Cookie duration: 730 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Device identifiers,
User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data
more
Uses other forms of storage.
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HURRA COMMUNICATIONS GMBH
Cookie duration: 366 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Probabilistic identifiers,
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more
Cookie duration resets each session.
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RESONATE
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SOJERN
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TRADEDOUBLER AB
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NETFLIX
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APPLOVIN CORP.
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