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SECURING OUR DIGITAL FUTURE

Madeleine Albright, Tim Berners-Lee, Brad Smith and other leading thinkers on
creating an international framework for peace, security and cooperation in the
cyber world

Securing Our Digital Future
 * What’s at Stake
 * The Cost of Inaction
 * An Action Agenda
 * Contributors

A special report from   |  With support from


PART 1


WHAT’S AT STAKE

As cyberspace has become the modern domain of human productivity, it has also
become a place of conflict and risk. Cyberattacks increasingly threaten key
infrastructure, and the damage can be catastrophic. Our essayists explain why a
new domain demands new rules to ensure responsible behavior in cyberspace.

BRAD SMITH PRESIDENT OF MICROSOFT

ENVISIONING OUR DIGITAL FUTURE

This is a time in human history unlike any other. As the world proceeds through
this period of digital transformation, we are rapidly uncovering the potential
for technology to improve lives and address some of humanity’s greatest
challenges. This has been especially apparent over the … read more



PETER MAURER PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS

THE CASE FOR COOPERATION IN CYBERSPACE

In this exchange, Peter Maurer and Brad Smith discuss how digital technologies
can help respond to humanitarian crisis and how international law can help
safeguard cyberspace.In a world where authoritarian countries use cyber weapons
to undermine the world’s democracies and human rights, it’s imperative that the
international … read more



JOHANNA WEAVER ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AT THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY AND
FORMERLY AUSTRALIA’S LEAD CYBER NEGOTIATOR AT THE UNITED NATIONS

“If a critical pipeline is not secured against ransomware, how can we expect to
reliably verify that an adversary is not prepositioned on that pipeline for
future attack? In this geo-strategic environment “trust me” does not cut it.”

Read More

MADELEINE K. ALBRIGHT 64TH U.S. SECRETARY OF STATE

PEACE AND SECURITY IN CYBERSPACE MUST TOP INTERNATIONAL AGENDA

The 76th session of the United Nations General Assembly comes at a moment of
dramatic change, not only in the international system but in basic conceptions
of security. The COVID-19 pandemic showed how an invisible virus can cause
massive human suffering and global dislocation. It also … read more



IZUMI NAKAMITSU UNDER-SECRETARY-GENERAL AND HIGH REPRESENTATIVE FOR DISARMAMENT
AFFAIRS

EVOLVING CONFLICT IN THE FIFTH DOMAIN

Over the past years, concerns that cyberspace will be used as an arena for
full-blown conflict have mounted as the scale and pervasiveness of cyber
incidents increase. United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres has warned
that the growing frequency and severity of cyberattacks are undermining … read
more



DAPO AKANDE PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW AND CO-DIRECTOR, OXFORD
INSTITUTE FOR ETHICS, LAW AND ARMED CONFLICT, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

WRITING THE RULEBOOK FOR CYBERSPACE

We are witnessing the normalization of global cyber insecurity. In the last few
months, cybercriminals have used ransomware to disrupt the largest U.S. oil
pipeline for six days, strike a global meat supplier and disrupt Ireland’s
national … read more



AJAY BANGA EXECUTIVE CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF MASTERCARD

BUILDING A JOINT DEFENSE FOR THE DIGITAL ECOSYSTEM

Today, technology and digitally enabled services are fundamental for businesses
to operate and to provide the capabilities so many of us rely upon in our daily
lives.  Moreover, technology and data are critical components for addressing
major global issues, such … read more



RON DEIBERT PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND DIRECTOR OF THE CITIZEN LAB AT
THE MUNK SCHOOL OF GLOBAL AFFAIRS AND PUBLIC POLICY, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

STÉPHANE DUGUIN CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER OF THE CYBERPEACE INSTITUTE

The misuse of offensive cyber capabilities infringes fundamental human rights,
including privacy and freedom of expression, and threatens peace and human
security by exposing individuals to persecution.

Read More

ROOTING OUT THE DEEPFAKES

STAKEHOLDERS MUST WORK TOGETHER TO ENSURE DETECTION TECHNOLOGY KEEPS PACE

Five years ago, computer scientist Hao Li in an optimistic TedX talk praised the
limitless potential of computer-generated videos that replicate humans
onscreen.  Four years later, Li struck a more ominous tone at the World Economic
Forum in … read more



HARNESSING TECHNOLOGY

WILL AI EMBOLDEN THE CRIMINALS OR CAN IT HELP US THWART CYBER THREATS?

Would-be hackers — especially those backed by or working for adversarial
countries — are learning how to amplify their attacks through machine-learning
and artificial intelligence (AI). Backdoor poisoning attacks are on the rise as
cybercriminals inject contaminated information into the … read more



PART 1

 * Brad Smith on securing our digital future

 * Brad Smith in conversation with Peter Maurer on ensuring human rights in
   cyberspace

 * Johanna Weaver says solving the verification conundrum is key

 * Former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright on prioritizing cyberspace on
   the global agenda

 * Izumi Nakamitsu on the private sector’s role in disarming the fifth domain

 * Dapo Akande and Hollis B. Duncan on writing the rulebook for cyberspace

 * Ajay Banga on building a joint defense for the digital ecosystem

 * Ron Deibert and Stéphane Duguin on managing offensive cyber capabilities

 * Stakeholders must work together to ensure detection technology keeps pace

 * Will AI embolden the criminals or can it help us thwart cyber threats?

Glossary Quiz


THE COST OF INACTION


CONFLICT IN THE CYBER AGE

As digital connectivity grows, so does the global attack surface. This special
report from FP Analytics highlights the escalation of state-sponsored
cyberattacks and the urgent need for collective action to mitigate the mounting
costs of cyberattacks and risks to human security.



IN THE REPORT

 * The Rise of State-Sponsored Hacking
 * Global State-Sponsored Cyberattacks
 * Cooperation Between State-Sponsored Attackers and Cybercriminals Elevates
   Security Risks
 * Cyber Incidents by Top State-Sponsors
 * Direct and Indirect Costs of State-Sponsored Attacks are Mounting
 * Global Risks and Estimated Costs of Cyberattacks on Power Plants
 * Current Cybersecurity Responses Are Insufficient to Deter Cyberattacks
 * Greater Multistakeholder International Collaboration on Cybersecurity Is
   Needed

Read More


PART 2


AN ACTION AGENDA

An effective global strategy for a rules-based order in cyberspace must ensure
digital peace and security for everyone, but the path is not an easy one. In
Part Two, our thought leaders explore ways to surmount these geo-political
roadblocks.

AN ACTION AGENDA FOR DIGITAL PEACE AND SECURITY

Ensuring that countries behave responsibly in cyberspace demands that we rethink
how we, as an international community, write our rules and resolve our disputes.
We cannot simply hammer out a peace treaty by convening heads of state around a
mahogany table to draw lines on … read more



FRÉDÉRICK DOUZET PROFESSOR OF GEOPOLITICS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS 8

SYSTEMIC THREATS REQUIRE A SYSTEMIC RESPONSE

The future of the cyber landscape looks pretty bleak. The past two decades have
seen the proliferation of offensive tools and operations in cyberspace by state
and nonstate actors. Organized criminals divert widely used technologies for
profit and disruptive attacks. Cyber arms, offensive tools and … read more



WOLFGANG ISCHINGER CHAIRMAN OF THE MUNICH SECURITY CONFERENCE AND SENIOR
PROFESSOR FOR SECURITY POLICY AND DIPLOMATIC PRACTICE AT THE HERTIE SCHOOL OF
GOVERNANCE IN BERLIN

OVERCOMING TRANSATLANTIC DIGITAL DISTRUST

The world is in a competition for the best approach to harness technology and
the digital economy. In particular, geopolitical competition between the United
States and China and the prospect of what former CIA operations director Paul R.
Kolbe called “an age of perpetual … read more



TOM BURT CORPORATE VICE PRESIDENT, CUSTOMER SECURITY AND TRUST, MICROSOFT

A PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN THE FIFTH DOMAIN

Over the past year, cybersecurity incidents have again dominated global
headlines, much like 2017 when the world faced the massive WannaCry and NotPetya
attacks. Indeed, the current age of state-sponsored cyberattacks dates as far
back as the Moonlight Maze incident in 1996, which involved … read more



IRENE KHAN UN SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON FREEDOM OF OPINION AND EXPRESSION

Spreading false information to cause serious harm is not new. What is new is
that digital technology has enabled pathways for false or manipulated
information to be created, disseminated and amplified at a speed, scale and
reach never known before.

Read More

PEOPLE TO KNOW

VOWPAILIN CHOVICHIEN

Among the up-and-coming female cyber diplomats from emerging economies who
attended the most recent round of the United Nations Open-Ended Working Group
dialogue, Thailand’s Vowpailin Chovichien brought a resume that hardly fit the
usual international relations mold. She has held … read more



PEOPLE TO KNOW

MOLIEHI MAKUMANE

During her first trips to New York City as part of South Africa’s permanent
mission to the United Nations, Moliehi Makumane dreaded lunchtime. She spent her
mornings in meetings at the UN headquarters building where older white men made
up … read more



PEOPLE TO KNOW

MILA FRANCISCO

When Mila Francisco first entered the diplomatic corps in her native Chile in
2005, she didn’t feel like she was breaking any glass ceilings. At the time,
women accounted for about half the people graduating from the Diplomatic Academy
of … read more



PEOPLE TO KNOW

TUPOUTUA’H BARAVILALA

Tupoutua’h Baravilala manages Fiji’s government information technology network,
oversees islanders’ digital connections to one another and the outside world,
and represents her country at high-level international conferences on
cybersecurity. All at age 32. As acting permanent secretary for communications
in … read more



MATT MASTERSON POLICY FELLOW, STANFORD INTERNET OBSERVATORY

Four years ago, it would have been unthinkable to say politicians and their
supporters would be working off the same playbook as foreign adversaries with
the goal of discrediting our democracy. Unfortunately, this is where we find
ourselves today.

Read More

TIM BERNERS-LEE INVENTOR OF THE WEB, CO-FOUNDER OF THE WORLD WIDE WEB FOUNDATION

PROTECTING PEOPLE FROM STATES

When I invented the World Wide Web, I imagined a universal, open space for
people to connect, collaborate and learn, unconstrained by the national borders
that divide the physical world. Fast forward 32 years, and, as governments adopt
laws and regulations to meet the changes … read more



MARINA KALJURAND FORMER CHAIR OF THE GLOBAL COMMISSION ON THE STABILITY OF
CYBERSPACE

PUBLIC-PRIVATE COOPERATION, POLITICAL WILL MUST DRIVE CYBER GOVERNANCE

We live in a polarized world in which political and ideological divisions
directly affect the digital ecosystem, cybersecurity, and behavior of different
actors in cyberspace. Some countries benefit from the advantages made possible
by the digital revolution and take seriously the challenges that come with …
read more



GURMEHAR KAUR GLOBAL AMBASSADOR FOR THE DIGITAL PEACE NOW SOCIETY

We are seeing an increase in conflict online coupled with flaring geopolitical
tensions that endanger citizens, organizations and countries connected to the
internet.

Read More

THE PARIS CALL FOR TRUST AND SECURITY IN CYBERSPACE

SIX KEY TAKEAWAYS FOR COUNTERING ELECTION INTERFERENCE

The Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace sets out nine common
principles (below) to promote responsible behavior for a secure and peaceful
cyberspace. In 2020, the government of Canada, Microsoft and the Alliance for
Securing Democracy committed to help implement the Paris Call’s … read more



BRAD SMITH PRESIDENT OF MICROSOFT

TOWARD A PROMISING CHAPTER OF MULTISTAKEHOLDER DIPLOMACY IN CYBERSPACE

Thank you for taking the time to engage with this special publication. I hope it
has been illuminating and provoked some new thinking about how we might work
together to promote peace, security and human rights in our digital world. These
are the qualities that … read more



PART 2

 * An action agenda for digital peace and security

 * Frédérick Douzet on multistakeholder defense against cyberattacks

 * Wolfgang Ischinger on the need to build trans-Atlantic trust for greater
   security in cyberspace

 * Tom Burt on tech companies’ role co-crafting the rules of cyberspace

 * Irene Khan on protecting free speech while preserving human rights

 * People to Know: Vowpailin Chovichien

 * People to Know: Moliehi Makumane

 * People to Know: Mila Francisco

 * People to Know: Tupoutua’h Baravilala

 * Matt Masterson on disinformation, democracy and the new election battleground

 * Tim Berners-Lee on protecting human rights in cyberspace

 * Marina Kaljurand on the urgency of setting international norms

 * Gurmehar Kaur calls for action by world leaders

 * Six key takeaways for countering election interference

 * Closing thoughts from Brad Smith: Toward a promising future in cyberspace

Glossary Quiz


CONTRIBUTORS


GLOBAL THOUGHT LEADERS

FP Analytics and Microsoft have convened the world’s foremost authorities on
cybersecurity and geo-politics to assess and explain how the international
community can achieve cooperation, peace and security in cyberspace.

MADELEINE K. ALBRIGHT 64TH U.S. SECRETARY OF STATE

DAPO AKANDE PROFESSOR OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW AND CO-DIRECTOR, OXFORD
INSTITUTE FOR ETHICS, LAW AND ARMED CONFLICT, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

AJAY BANGA EXECUTIVE CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF MASTERCARD

TIM BERNERS-LEE INVENTOR OF THE WEB, CO-FOUNDER OF THE WORLD WIDE WEB FOUNDATION

TOM BURT CORPORATE VICE PRESIDENT, CUSTOMER SECURITY AND TRUST, MICROSOFT

RON DEIBERT PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND DIRECTOR OF THE CITIZEN LAB AT
THE MUNK SCHOOL OF GLOBAL AFFAIRS AND PUBLIC POLICY, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

FRÉDÉRICK DOUZET PROFESSOR OF GEOPOLITICS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS 8

STÉPHANE DUGUIN CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER OF THE CYBERPEACE INSTITUTE

DUNCAN B. HOLLIS LAURA H. CARNELL PROFESSOR OF LAW AT TEMPLE UNIVERSITY LAW
SCHOOL AND A NONRESIDENT SCHOLAR AT THE CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL
PEACE

WOLFGANG ISCHINGER CHAIRMAN OF THE MUNICH SECURITY CONFERENCE AND SENIOR
PROFESSOR FOR SECURITY POLICY AND DIPLOMATIC PRACTICE AT THE HERTIE SCHOOL OF
GOVERNANCE IN BERLIN

MARINA KALJURAND FORMER CHAIR OF THE GLOBAL COMMISSION ON THE STABILITY OF
CYBERSPACE

GURMEHAR KAUR GLOBAL AMBASSADOR FOR THE DIGITAL PEACE NOW SOCIETY

IRENE KHAN UN SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON FREEDOM OF OPINION AND EXPRESSION

MATT MASTERSON POLICY FELLOW, STANFORD INTERNET OBSERVATORY

PETER MAURER PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS

IZUMI NAKAMITSU UNDER-SECRETARY-GENERAL AND HIGH REPRESENTATIVE FOR DISARMAMENT
AFFAIRS

BRAD SMITH PRESIDENT OF MICROSOFT

JOHANNA WEAVER ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AT THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY AND
FORMERLY AUSTRALIA’S LEAD CYBER NEGOTIATOR AT THE UNITED NATIONS