en.wikipedia.org
Open in
urlscan Pro
2a02:ec80:300:ed1a::1
Public Scan
Submitted URL: https://pipaltree.ngo/wp-includes/wi/authy/auth/UeayZUr8LTCTxVktWwNR9UEgKdy425TFMRN3mpDizMnWvx1HjsqVnrcs0AotpX9coYd3Em...
Effective URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email
Submission: On November 21 via manual from IN — Scanned from DE
Effective URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email
Submission: On November 21 via manual from IN — Scanned from DE
Form analysis 7 forms found in the DOM
POST
<form method="post" class="wmde-banner-sub-form wmde-banner-sub-form-donation" is-current="true">
<fieldset class="wmde-banner-form-field-group">
<legend class="wmde-banner-form-field-group-legend">I will donate:</legend>
<div class="wmde-banner-select-group-container select-interval">
<div class="wmde-banner-select-group">
<div class="wmde-banner-select-group-option interval-0"><label><input type="radio" name="select-interval" class="wmde-banner-select-group-input" value="0"><span class="wmde-banner-select-group-label">one-time</span></label><!--v-if--></div>
<div class="wmde-banner-select-group-option interval-1"><label><input type="radio" name="select-interval" class="wmde-banner-select-group-input" value="1"><span class="wmde-banner-select-group-label">monthly</span></label><!--v-if--></div>
<div class="wmde-banner-select-group-option interval-3"><label><input type="radio" name="select-interval" class="wmde-banner-select-group-input" value="3"><span class="wmde-banner-select-group-label">quarterly</span></label><!--v-if--></div>
<div class="wmde-banner-select-group-option interval-12"><label><input type="radio" name="select-interval" class="wmde-banner-select-group-input" value="12"><span class="wmde-banner-select-group-label">yearly</span></label><!--v-if--></div>
</div><span class="wmde-banner-select-group-error-message"><span class="wmde-banner-error-icon">How often would you like to donate?</span></span>
</div>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="wmde-banner-form-field-group">
<legend class="wmde-banner-form-field-group-legend">Amount:</legend>
<div class="wmde-banner-select-group-container select-amount">
<div class="wmde-banner-select-group">
<div class="wmde-banner-select-group-option amount-5"><label><input type="radio" name="select-amount" class="wmde-banner-select-group-input" value="5"><span class="wmde-banner-select-group-label">€5</span></label><!--v-if--></div>
<div class="wmde-banner-select-group-option amount-10"><label><input type="radio" name="select-amount" class="wmde-banner-select-group-input" value="10"><span class="wmde-banner-select-group-label">€10</span></label><!--v-if--></div>
<div class="wmde-banner-select-group-option amount-20"><label><input type="radio" name="select-amount" class="wmde-banner-select-group-input" value="20"><span class="wmde-banner-select-group-label">€20</span></label><!--v-if--></div>
<div class="wmde-banner-select-group-option amount-25"><label><input type="radio" name="select-amount" class="wmde-banner-select-group-input" value="25"><span class="wmde-banner-select-group-label">€25</span></label><!--v-if--></div>
<div class="wmde-banner-select-group-option amount-50"><label><input type="radio" name="select-amount" class="wmde-banner-select-group-input" value="50"><span class="wmde-banner-select-group-label">€50</span></label><!--v-if--></div>
<div class="wmde-banner-select-group-option amount-100"><label><input type="radio" name="select-amount" class="wmde-banner-select-group-input" value="100"><span class="wmde-banner-select-group-label">€100</span></label><!--v-if--></div><label
class="wmde-banner-select-custom-amount"><input class="wmde-banner-select-custom-amount-radio" type="radio" name="select-amount" value=""><span class="wmde-banner-select-custom-amount-input-container"><!--v-if--><input
class="wmde-banner-select-custom-amount-input t-custom-amount" tabindex="-1" type="text" size="3" maxlength="8" autocomplete="off" placeholder="Other amount"></span></label>
</div><span class="wmde-banner-select-group-error-message"><span class="wmde-banner-error-icon">How much would you like to donate?</span></span>
</div>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="wmde-banner-form-field-group">
<legend class="wmde-banner-form-field-group-legend">Using:</legend>
<div class="wmde-banner-select-group-container select-payment-method">
<div class="wmde-banner-select-group">
<div class="wmde-banner-select-group-option payment-ppl"><label><input type="radio" name="select-payment-method" class="wmde-banner-select-group-input" value="PPL"><span class="wmde-banner-select-group-label with-logos paypal"><svg
class="paypal-logo" width="100%" height="100%" viewBox="0 0 127 35" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xml:space="preserve" style="fill-rule: evenodd; clip-rule: evenodd; stroke-linejoin: round; stroke-miterlimit: 2;">
<title>PayPal Logo</title>
<g transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,-156,-640)">
<g id="PayPal" transform="matrix(0.0984375,0,0,0.0984375,219.252,657.472)">
<g transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,-640,-169.673)">
<clipPath id="_clip_paypal_logo">
<rect x="0" y="0" width="1280" height="339.345"></rect>
</clipPath>
<g clip-path="url(#_clip_paypal_logo)">
<g transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,3541.03,-82.3142)">
<path d="M-3131.73,150.176C-3134.36,150.176 -3136.6,152.088 -3137.01,154.692L-3167.51,348.072C-3167.55,
348.326 -3167.57,348.582 -3167.57,348.839C-3167.57,351.555 -3165.33,353.79 -3162.62,353.79L-3126.45,
353.79C-3123.82,353.79 -3121.58,351.874 -3121.17,349.274L-3112.21,292.486C-3111.8,289.886 -3109.56,
287.97 -3106.93,287.97L-3074.05,287.97C-3035.63,287.97 -3003.02,259.941 -2997.07,221.96C-2991.06,
183.659 -3020.99,150.259 -3063.39,150.176L-3131.73,150.176ZM-3096.58,193.346L-3070.27,193.346C-3048.61,
193.346 -3041.56,206.124 -3043.79,220.256C-3046.02,234.418 -3056.97,244.849 -3077.92,244.849L-3104.7,
244.849L-3096.58,193.346ZM-2923.52,206.491C-2932.65,206.525 -2943.16,208.396 -2954.95,213.309C-2982.01,
224.587 -2995,247.895 -3000.52,264.888C-3000.52,264.888 -3018.09,316.732 -2978.41,345.214C-2978.41,
345.214 -2941.6,372.635 -2900.18,343.525L-2900.89,348.072C-2900.93,348.326 -2900.95,348.582 -2900.95,
348.839C-2900.95,351.552 -2898.72,353.786 -2896.01,353.79L-2861.68,353.79C-2859.04,353.79 -2856.81,
351.874 -2856.39,349.274L-2835.51,216.847C-2835.47,216.59 -2835.45,216.331 -2835.45,216.072C-2835.45,
213.358 -2837.68,211.125 -2840.39,211.121L-2874.72,211.121C-2877.36,211.121 -2879.6,213.037 -2880.01,
215.637L-2881.13,222.765C-2881.13,222.765 -2896.12,206.389 -2923.52,206.491L-2923.52,206.491ZM-2922.4,
248.319C-2918.45,248.319 -2914.85,248.863 -2911.61,249.902C-2896.8,254.657 -2888.4,268.887 -2890.83,
284.311C-2893.83,303.303 -2909.41,317.287 -2929.38,317.287C-2933.32,317.287 -2936.92,316.747 -2940.16,
315.708C-2954.97,310.953 -2963.42,296.723 -2960.99,281.299C-2957.99,262.307 -2942.37,248.315 -2922.4,248.315L-2922.4,248.319Z" style="fill:var( --paypal-primary-fill );fill-rule:nonzero;"></path>
<path d="M-2637.37,150.176C-2640,150.176 -2642.24,152.088 -2642.65,154.692L-2673.14,348.072C-2673.18,
348.326 -2673.2,348.582 -2673.2,348.839C-2673.2,351.555 -2670.97,353.79 -2668.25,353.79L-2632.09,
353.79C-2629.46,353.79 -2627.22,351.874 -2626.81,349.274L-2617.85,292.486C-2617.44,289.886 -2615.2,
287.97 -2612.57,287.97L-2579.69,287.97C-2541.27,287.97 -2508.67,259.941 -2502.71,221.96C-2496.7,
183.659 -2526.62,150.259 -2569.03,150.176L-2637.37,150.176ZM-2602.21,193.346L-2575.91,193.346C-2554.25,
193.346 -2547.2,206.124 -2549.43,220.256C-2551.66,234.418 -2562.61,244.849 -2583.56,244.849L-2610.34,
244.849L-2602.21,193.346ZM-2429.16,206.491C-2438.29,206.525 -2448.8,208.396 -2460.6,213.309C-2487.65,
224.587 -2500.65,247.895 -2506.16,264.888C-2506.16,264.888 -2523.72,316.732 -2484.04,345.214C-2484.04,
345.214 -2447.24,372.635 -2405.81,343.525L-2406.53,348.072C-2406.57,348.326 -2406.59,348.582 -2406.59,
348.839C-2406.59,351.555 -2404.35,353.79 -2401.64,353.79L-2367.31,353.79C-2364.68,353.79 -2362.44,
351.874 -2362.03,349.274L-2341.14,216.847C-2341.1,216.59 -2341.08,216.331 -2341.08,216.072C-2341.08,
213.356 -2343.31,211.121 -2346.03,211.121C-2346.03,211.121 -2380.36,211.121 -2380.36,211.121C-2382.99,
211.121 -2385.24,213.037 -2385.64,215.637L-2386.77,222.765C-2386.77,222.765 -2401.76,206.389 -2429.16,
206.491L-2429.16,206.491ZM-2428.04,248.319C-2424.1,248.319 -2420.49,248.863 -2417.26,249.902C-2402.44,
254.657 -2394.05,268.887 -2396.47,284.311C-2399.47,303.303 -2415.05,317.287 -2435.02,317.287C-2438.96,
317.287 -2442.57,316.747 -2445.8,315.708C-2460.61,310.953 -2469.07,296.723 -2466.63,281.299C-2463.64,
262.307 -2448.01,248.315 -2428.04,248.315L-2428.04,248.319Z" style="fill:var( --paypal-secondary-fill );fill-rule:nonzero;"></path>
<path d="M-2819.22,211.121C-2821.94,211.121 -2823.88,213.778 -2823.05,216.367L-2785.41,333.158L-2819.44,
388.195C-2821.09,390.867 -2819.17,394.318 -2816.03,394.318L-2775.81,394.318C-2773.47,394.316 -2771.3,
393.09 -2770.09,391.09L-2664.98,217.206C-2663.37,214.534 -2665.29,211.117 -2668.42,211.117L-2708.63,
211.117C-2710.99,211.119 -2713.18,212.37 -2714.39,214.401L-2755.76,284.254L-2776.76,214.919C-2777.45,
212.663 -2779.53,211.117 -2781.89,211.117L-2819.22,211.121Z" style="fill:var( --paypal-primary-fill );fill-rule:nonzero;"></path>
<path d="M-2302.13,150.176C-2304.76,150.176 -2307.01,152.092 -2307.42,154.692L-2337.92,348.064C-2337.96,
348.32 -2337.98,348.579 -2337.98,348.839C-2337.98,351.555 -2335.74,353.79 -2333.03,353.79C-2333.03,
353.79 -2296.87,353.79 -2296.87,353.79C-2294.24,353.79 -2291.99,351.874 -2291.58,349.274L-2261.09,
155.894C-2261.05,155.64 -2261.03,155.384 -2261.03,155.127C-2261.03,152.414 -2263.26,150.18 -2265.97,
150.176L-2302.13,150.176Z" style="fill:var( --paypal-secondary-fill );fill-rule:nonzero;"></path>
<path class="highlight-transparent" d="M-3433.21,150.176C-3438,150.18 -3442.12,153.701 -3442.87,158.434L-3458.92,260.239C-3458.17,
255.485 -3454.07,251.981 -3449.26,251.981L-3402.22,251.981C-3354.88,251.981 -3314.71,217.448 -3307.37,
170.65C-3306.83,167.156 -3306.52,163.629 -3306.45,160.093C-3318.48,153.785 -3332.61,150.176 -3348.1,150.176L-3433.21,150.176Z" style="fill:var( --paypal-overlap-fill );fill-rule:nonzero;"></path>
<path d="M-3306.45,160.097C-3306.52,163.633 -3306.83,167.159 -3307.37,170.653C-3314.71,217.451 -3354.89,
251.985 -3402.22,251.985L-3449.26,251.985C-3454.07,251.985 -3458.17,255.485 -3458.92,260.243L-3473.68,
353.794L-3482.92,412.482C-3482.99,412.895 -3483.02,413.312 -3483.02,413.73C-3483.02,418.084 -3479.44,
421.667 -3475.08,421.667C-3475.08,421.667 -3475.08,421.667 -3475.08,421.667L-3424.03,421.667C-3419.23,
421.663 -3415.11,418.141 -3414.37,413.408L-3400.92,328.116C-3400.17,323.38 -3396.04,319.858 -3391.25,
319.858L-3361.19,319.858C-3313.85,319.858 -3273.68,285.324 -3266.34,238.526C-3261.13,205.312 -3277.86,
175.09 -3306.45,160.101L-3306.45,160.097Z" style="fill:var( --paypal-secondary-fill );fill-rule:nonzero;"></path>
<path d="M-3491.21,82.314C-3496.02,82.314 -3500.12,85.814 -3500.87,90.565L-3540.93,344.61C-3541.69,349.432 -3537.96,
353.794 -3533.08,353.794L-3473.67,353.794L-3458.92,260.243L-3442.87,158.438C-3442.12,153.705 -3438,
150.184 -3433.21,150.18L-3348.1,150.18C-3332.61,150.18 -3318.48,153.793 -3306.45,160.097C-3305.62,
117.491 -3340.78,82.314 -3389.12,82.314L-3491.21,82.314Z" style="fill:var( --paypal-primary-fill );fill-rule:nonzero;"></path>
</g>
</g>
</g>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span></label><!--v-if--></div>
<div class="wmde-banner-select-group-option payment-mcp"><label><input type="radio" name="select-payment-method" class="wmde-banner-select-group-input" value="MCP"><span class="wmde-banner-select-group-label with-logos credit-cards"><svg
class="visa-logo" width="100%" height="100%" viewBox="0 0 79 27" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xml:space="preserve" style="fill-rule: evenodd; clip-rule: evenodd; stroke-linejoin: round; stroke-miterlimit: 2;">
<title>Visa Logo</title>
<g transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,-631,-644)">
<g id="Visa" transform="matrix(0.0787915,0,0,0.0787915,670.604,657.472)">
<g transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,-500,-162.342)">
<path id="path3789" d="M651.185,0.5C580.252,0.5 516.863,37.266 516.863,105.194C516.863,183.094 629.286,188.474 629.286,
227.609C629.286,244.087 610.402,258.838 578.149,258.838C532.376,258.838 498.165,238.227 498.165,
238.227L483.527,306.774C483.527,306.774 522.937,324.184 575.261,324.184C652.813,324.184 713.837,
285.612 713.837,216.523C713.837,134.208 600.946,128.987 600.946,92.663C600.946,79.755 616.448,
65.611 648.609,65.611C684.896,65.611 714.501,80.601 714.501,80.601L728.827,14.397C728.827,14.397 696.614,
0.5 651.185,0.5ZM2.218,5.497L0.5,15.49C0.5,15.49 30.342,20.951 57.219,31.846C91.825,44.338 94.291,
51.611 100.119,74.199L163.63,319.031L248.767,319.031L379.926,5.497L294.985,5.497L210.707,218.67L176.317,
37.974C173.163,17.294 157.187,5.497 137.632,5.497L2.218,5.497ZM414.083,5.497L347.449,319.031L428.448,
319.031L494.847,5.497L414.083,5.497ZM865.842,5.497C846.31,5.497 835.962,15.954 828.368,34.227L709.699,
319.031L794.641,319.031L811.075,271.563L914.558,271.563L924.552,319.031L999.5,319.031L934.115,
5.497L865.842,5.497ZM876.889,90.204L902.067,207.857L834.613,207.857L876.889,90.204Z" style="fill: var( --visa-fill ); fill-rule: nonzero;"></path>
</g>
</g>
</g>
</svg><svg class="mastercard-logo" width="100%" height="100%" viewBox="0 0 48 38" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xml:space="preserve"
style="fill-rule: evenodd; clip-rule: evenodd; stroke-linejoin: round; stroke-miterlimit: 2;">
<title>Mastercard Logo</title>
<g transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,-722,-639)">
<g id="Mastercard" transform="matrix(0.0472378,0,0,0.0472378,746.249,658.085)">
<g transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,-499.6,-388)">
<path id="XMLID_1775_" d="M181.1,774.3L181.1,722.8C181.1,703.1 169.1,690.2 148.5,690.2C138.2,690.2 127,693.6 119.3,704.8C113.3,
695.4 104.7,690.2 91.8,690.2C83.2,690.2 74.6,692.8 67.8,702.2L67.8,691.9L49.8,691.9L49.8,774.3L67.8,
774.3L67.8,728.8C67.8,714.2 75.5,707.3 87.5,707.3C99.5,707.3 105.5,715 105.5,728.8L105.5,774.3L123.5,
774.3L123.5,728.8C123.5,714.2 132.1,707.3 143.2,707.3C155.2,707.3 161.2,715 161.2,728.8L161.2,774.3L181.1,
774.3ZM448.1,691.9L418.9,691.9L418.9,667L400.9,667L400.9,691.9L384.6,691.9L384.6,708.2L400.9,708.2L400.9,
746C400.9,764.9 408.6,776 429.2,776C436.9,776 445.5,773.4 451.5,770L446.3,754.5C441.1,757.9 435.1,758.8 430.8,
758.8C422.2,758.8 418.8,753.6 418.8,745.1L418.8,708.2L448,708.2L448,691.9L448.1,691.9ZM600.9,690.1C590.6,
690.1 583.7,695.3 579.4,702.1L579.4,691.8L561.4,691.8L561.4,774.2L579.4,774.2L579.4,727.8C579.4,714.1 585.4,706.3 596.6,
706.3C600,706.3 604.3,707.2 607.8,708L613,690.8C609.4,690.1 604.3,690.1 600.9,690.1ZM370,698.7C361.4,692.7 349.4,
690.1 336.5,690.1C315.9,690.1 302.2,700.4 302.2,716.7C302.2,730.4 312.5,738.2 330.5,740.7L339.1,741.6C348.5,
743.3 353.7,745.9 353.7,750.2C353.7,756.2 346.8,760.5 334.8,760.5C322.8,760.5 313.3,756.2 307.3,751.9L298.7,
765.6C308.1,772.5 321,775.9 333.9,775.9C357.9,775.9 371.7,764.7 371.7,749.3C371.7,734.7 360.5,727 343.4,724.4L334.8,
723.5C327.1,722.6 321.1,720.9 321.1,715.8C321.1,709.8 327.1,706.4 336.6,706.4C346.9,706.4 357.2,710.7 362.4,
713.3L370,698.7ZM848.9,690.1C838.6,690.1 831.7,695.3 827.4,702.1L827.4,691.8L809.4,691.8L809.4,774.2L827.4,
774.2L827.4,727.8C827.4,714.1 833.4,706.3 844.6,706.3C848,706.3 852.3,707.2 855.8,708L861,691C857.5,690.1 852.4,
690.1 848.9,690.1ZM618.9,733.1C618.9,758 636.1,776 662.7,776C674.7,776 683.3,773.4 691.9,766.6L683.3,752C676.4,
757.2 669.6,759.7 661.8,759.7C647.2,759.7 636.9,749.4 636.9,733.1C636.9,717.6 647.2,707.3 661.8,706.5C669.5,
706.5 676.4,709.1 683.3,714.2L691.9,699.6C683.3,692.7 674.7,690.2 662.7,690.2C636.1,690.1 618.9,708.2 618.9,
733.1ZM785.4,774.3L785.4,691.9L767.4,691.9L767.4,702.2C761.4,694.5 752.8,690.2 741.6,690.2C718.4,690.2 700.4,
708.2 700.4,733.1C700.4,758 718.4,776 741.6,776C753.6,776 762.2,771.7 767.4,764L767.4,774.3L785.4,774.3ZM719.3,
733.1C719.3,718.5 728.7,706.5 744.2,706.5C758.8,706.5 769.1,717.7 769.1,733.1C769.1,747.7 758.8,759.7 744.2,
759.7C728.8,758.8 719.3,747.6 719.3,733.1ZM503.9,690.1C479.9,690.1 462.7,707.3 462.7,733C462.7,758.8 479.9,
775.9 504.8,775.9C516.8,775.9 528.8,772.5 538.3,764.7L529.7,751.8C522.8,757 514.2,760.4 505.7,760.4C494.5,
760.4 483.4,755.2 480.8,740.7L541.7,740.7L541.7,733.8C542.5,707.3 527,690.1 503.9,690.1ZM503.9,705.6C515.1,
705.6 522.8,712.5 524.5,725.3L481.6,725.3C483.3,714.2 491,705.6 503.9,705.6ZM951.1,774.3L951.1,659.3L933.1,
659.3L933.1,702.2C927.1,694.5 918.5,690.2 907.3,690.2C884.1,690.2 866.1,708.2 866.1,733.1C866.1,758 884.1,
776 907.3,776C919.3,776 927.9,771.7 933.1,764L933.1,774.3L951.1,774.3ZM885,733.1C885,718.5 894.4,706.5 909.9,
706.5C924.5,706.5 934.8,717.7 934.8,733.1C934.8,747.7 924.5,759.7 909.9,759.7C894.4,758.8 885,747.6 885,
733.1ZM282.4,774.3L282.4,691.9L264.4,691.9L264.4,702.2C258.4,694.5 249.8,690.2 238.6,690.2C215.4,690.2 197.4,
708.2 197.4,733.1C197.4,758 215.4,776 238.6,776C250.6,776 259.2,771.7 264.4,764L264.4,774.3L282.4,774.3ZM215.5,
733.1C215.5,718.5 224.9,706.5 240.4,706.5C255,706.5 265.3,717.7 265.3,733.1C265.3,747.7 255,759.7 240.4,759.7C224.9,758.8 215.5,747.6 215.5,733.1Z" style="fill:var( --mastercard-text-fill );fill-rule:nonzero;"></path>
<g>
<rect class="highlight-transparent" id="rect19" x="364" y="66.1" width="270.4" height="485.8" style="fill:var( --mastercard-overlap-fill );"></rect>
<path id="XMLID_330_" d="M382,309C382,210.3 428.4,122.7 499.6,66.1C447.2,24.9 381.1,0 309,0C138.2,0 0,138.2 0,309C0,479.8 138.2,
618 309,618C381.1,618 447.2,593.1 499.6,551.9C428.3,496.1 382,407.7 382,309Z" style="fill:var( --mastercard-primary-fill );fill-rule:nonzero;"></path>
<path id="path22" d="M999.2,309C999.2,479.8 861,618 690.2,618C618.1,618 552,593.1 499.6,551.9C571.7,495.2 617.2,407.7 617.2,
309C617.2,210.3 570.8,122.7 499.6,66.1C551.9,24.9 618,0 690.1,0C861,0 999.2,139.1 999.2,309Z" style="fill:var( --mastercard-secondary-fill );fill-rule:nonzero;"></path>
</g>
</g>
</g>
</g>
</svg></span></label><!--v-if--></div>
<div class="wmde-banner-sms-box"><label><a href="sms:81190;?&body=WIKI" class="wmde-banner-sms-box-label">€5 by text message</a></label><span class="wmde-banner-sms-box-notice">Text "WIKI" to 81190. Additional costs for sending text
messages may apply.</span></div>
</div><span class="wmde-banner-select-group-error-message"><span class="wmde-banner-error-icon">How would you like to pay your donation?</span></span>
</div>
</fieldset>
<div class="wmde-banner-form-button-container"><button class="wmde-banner-form-button t-submit-main-donation" type="submit">Proceed with the donation</button><!--v-if--></div>
</form><form class="wmde-banner-sub-form wmde-banner-form-upgrade">
<div class="wmde-banner-form-upgrade-title"><a tabindex="-1" href="#" class="previous"><svg width="9" height="16" viewBox="0 0 9 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M0.242482 7.41446C-0.0808273 7.73785 -0.0808275 8.26215 0.242482 8.58554L7.41279
15.7575C7.74401 16.0888 8.28382 16.0794 8.60343 15.7369L8.77734 15.5506C9.08027 15.2259 9.07325
14.7201 8.76143 14.4039L2.63553 8.19386C2.5295 8.08638 2.5295 7.91362 2.63553 7.80614L8.76143
1.59605C9.07325 1.27995 9.08027 0.774089 8.77734 0.449448L8.60343 0.263065C8.28382 -0.0794487
7.74401 -0.0887552 7.41279 0.242538L0.242482 7.41446Z" fill="var( --slider-chevron )"></path></svg></a> Can you make it €0 yearly?</div>
<div class="wmde-banner-form-upgrade-notice">
<p>Every year we are dependent on the support of people like you. Yearly donations help sustainably and enable long term development.</p>
<p>No risks attached, you can tell us to stop at any time.</p>
</div>
<div class="wmde-banner-form-upgrade-buttons"><button type="submit" tabindex="-1" class="wmde-banner-form-button t-annual-upgrade-no" value="0">No, I'll donate €0 one time.</button><button type="submit" tabindex="-1"
class="wmde-banner-form-button t-annual-upgrade-yes" value="12">Yes, I'll donate €0 each year.</button><!--v-if--></div>
</form>POST https://spenden.wikimedia.de/donation/new?piwik_kwd=org-en04-241113-ctrl&piwik_campaign=en04-ba-241113&banner_submission=1&impCount=1&bImpCount=1&locale=en_GB&afo=1
<form action="https://spenden.wikimedia.de/donation/new?piwik_kwd=org-en04-241113-ctrl&piwik_campaign=en04-ba-241113&banner_submission=1&impCount=1&bImpCount=1&locale=en_GB&afo=1" class="wmde-banner-submit-form" method="post">
<div class="wmde-banner-submit-values"><input type="hidden" name="addressType" value=""><input type="hidden" name="amount" value="0"><input type="hidden" name="interval" value=""><input type="hidden" name="paymentType" value=""></div>
</form>/w/index.php
<form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button">
<div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved">
<div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon">
<input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [alt-shift-f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" autocomplete="off">
<span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search">
</div>
<button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button>
</form><form>
<div class="cdx-radio"><input name="skin-client-pref-vector-feature-custom-font-size-group" id="skin-client-pref-vector-feature-custom-font-size-value-0" type="radio" value="0"
data-event-name="skin-client-pref-vector-feature-custom-font-size-value-0" class="cdx-radio__input"><span class="cdx-radio__icon"></span><label for="skin-client-pref-vector-feature-custom-font-size-value-0"
class="cdx-radio__label">Small</label></div>
<div class="cdx-radio"><input name="skin-client-pref-vector-feature-custom-font-size-group" id="skin-client-pref-vector-feature-custom-font-size-value-1" type="radio" value="1"
data-event-name="skin-client-pref-vector-feature-custom-font-size-value-1" class="cdx-radio__input"><span class="cdx-radio__icon"></span><label for="skin-client-pref-vector-feature-custom-font-size-value-1"
class="cdx-radio__label">Standard</label></div>
<div class="cdx-radio"><input name="skin-client-pref-vector-feature-custom-font-size-group" id="skin-client-pref-vector-feature-custom-font-size-value-2" type="radio" value="2"
data-event-name="skin-client-pref-vector-feature-custom-font-size-value-2" class="cdx-radio__input"><span class="cdx-radio__icon"></span><label for="skin-client-pref-vector-feature-custom-font-size-value-2"
class="cdx-radio__label">Large</label></div>
</form><form>
<div class="cdx-radio"><input name="skin-client-pref-vector-feature-limited-width-group" id="skin-client-pref-vector-feature-limited-width-value-1" type="radio" value="1" data-event-name="skin-client-pref-vector-feature-limited-width-value-1"
class="cdx-radio__input"><span class="cdx-radio__icon"></span><label for="skin-client-pref-vector-feature-limited-width-value-1" class="cdx-radio__label">Standard</label></div>
<div class="cdx-radio"><input name="skin-client-pref-vector-feature-limited-width-group" id="skin-client-pref-vector-feature-limited-width-value-0" type="radio" value="0" data-event-name="skin-client-pref-vector-feature-limited-width-value-0"
class="cdx-radio__input"><span class="cdx-radio__icon"></span><label for="skin-client-pref-vector-feature-limited-width-value-0" class="cdx-radio__label">Wide</label></div>
</form><form>
<div class="cdx-radio"><input name="skin-client-pref-skin-theme-group" id="skin-client-pref-skin-theme-value-os" type="radio" value="os" data-event-name="skin-client-pref-skin-theme-value-os" class="cdx-radio__input"><span
class="cdx-radio__icon"></span><label for="skin-client-pref-skin-theme-value-os" class="cdx-radio__label">Automatic</label></div>
<div class="cdx-radio"><input name="skin-client-pref-skin-theme-group" id="skin-client-pref-skin-theme-value-day" type="radio" value="day" data-event-name="skin-client-pref-skin-theme-value-day" class="cdx-radio__input"><span
class="cdx-radio__icon"></span><label for="skin-client-pref-skin-theme-value-day" class="cdx-radio__label">Light</label></div>
<div class="cdx-radio"><input name="skin-client-pref-skin-theme-group" id="skin-client-pref-skin-theme-value-night" type="radio" value="night" data-event-name="skin-client-pref-skin-theme-value-night" class="cdx-radio__input"><span
class="cdx-radio__icon"></span><label for="skin-client-pref-skin-theme-value-night" class="cdx-radio__label">Dark</label></div>
</form>Text Content
November 21st, 11:53 am: “Wikipedia still can't be sold.” - An important update
for readers in Germany.
Today is the day. We're sorry to interrupt, but it's Thursday, November 21st,
and this message will be up for only a few hours. We ask you to reflect on the
number of times you visited Wikipedia in the past year and if you're able to
give €5 back. If everyone reading this gave just €5, we'd hit our goal in a few
hours.
In the age of AI, access to verifiable facts is crucial. Wikipedia is at the
heart of online information, powering everything from your personal searches to
emerging AI technologies. Your gift strengthens the knowledge of today and
tomorrow.
Just 1% of our readers donate, so if you have given in the past and Wikipedia
still provides you with €5 worth of knowledge, kindly donate today. If you are
undecided, remember that any contribution helps, whether it's €5 or €25. Thank
you.
€4.2M
Donation target: €9.3M
€4.2M
€9.3M
I will donate:
one-time
monthly
quarterly
yearly
How often would you like to donate?
Amount:
€5
€10
€20
€25
€50
€100
How much would you like to donate?
Using:
PayPal Logo
Visa LogoMastercard Logo
€5 by text messageText "WIKI" to 81190. Additional costs for sending text
messages may apply.
How would you like to pay your donation?
Proceed with the donation
Can you make it €0 yearly?
Every year we are dependent on the support of people like you. Yearly donations
help sustainably and enable long term development.
No risks attached, you can tell us to stop at any time.
No, I'll donate €0 one time.Yes, I'll donate €0 each year.
Donation account:
Wikimedia e. V.
BIC:
BFSWDE33XXX
IBAN:
DE09 3702 0500 0003 2873 00
I've already donated
Where does my donation go?
WHERE DOES MY DONATION GO?*
It is for a Wikipedia that is always reliable in terms of organizational and
technical aspects, now and in the future. For free access to encyclopedic,
trustworthy knowledge at all times and wherever you are. It is also for you –
and for all other people around the world.
Infrastructure 20.4%
The technical, social, and financial infrastructure of free knowledge should be
resilient and sustainable. With the greatest possible participation of the
various communities, we shall work to create, maintain, and develop essential
elements of this infrastructure as well as potentially no longer supporting less
forward-looking and sustainable aspects.
International and Technology 34.1%
Wikipedia is a global project. Therefore, we make a substantial contribution to
funding the international activities that develop Wikipedia further. In this
way, we also co-fund the global server infrastructure to run all Wikimedia
projects, including Wikipedia in German.
Community Support 10.6%
We want to nurture and strengthen communities within the free knowledge network
that share our vision and values. Toward this goal we shall support existing
communities and encourage many more people to join them.
Diversity and Participation 5.1%
We want to make it possible for more people from structurally disadvantaged
groups, who have experienced discrimination caused by societal power structures,
to meaningfully participate in all areas of our work. By breaking down barriers
that currently prevent participation, we intend to fulfill our obligation as an
influential player in the network of free knowledge.
Usage and Access 3.8%
We want to see the content of Wikimedia projects used much more by many more
people. At the same time, we want to pave the way toward easier and more
equitable access to this content.
Society 4.8%
We shall bring more decision-makers in politics and society to use their skills
and influence to create a world in which all people can freely share in the sum
of all knowledge.
Operating Costs 21.2%
The people in our Berlin team make sure that the organizational and financial
processes run reliably. One aspect of their work is to raise public awareness
for our projects. And they process all incoming donations and send out the
donation receipts.
The annual plans of Wikimedia Deutschland and the Wikimedia Foundation provide a
detailed insight into our international activities and our activities in
Germany.
HOW YOUR DONATION MAKES A DIFFERENCE
* Your donation is a vital contribution to provide everybody around the world
with free access to knowledge at all times.
* Your donation is a contribution to maintaining Wikipedia’s secure and stable
infrastructure and user-friendly interface in the future.
* Your donation backs our efforts to promote the global establishment of
regional Wikipedia communities.
* Your donation is our most important source of income. It ensures that
Wikipedia can remain independent of advertising, commercial interests or
third-party funding.
* Last, but not least, your donation is your contribution towards making sure
you always have Wikipedia at your fingertips as your personal source of
knowledge, offering a uniquely wide range of information to help you find
answers to your questions.
WHY WE ONLY NEED €9,300,000
Our goal to reach €9.3 million in donations is an important part of our total
planned revenue for 2025. Without a doubt, this is a lot of money.
However, if you consider that Wikipedia ranks as the fifth most visited website
worldwide, this figure is put into perspective. Because compared to other top
websites, we only need an extraordinarily small budget to cover our running
costs and for investments into the future. The only reason why this is possible
is because Wikipedia does not pursue a “business model”, all contributions to
Wikipedia are written by volunteers and we only have around 900 members of staff
worldwide. In addition, we are a non-profit organization, which obliges us to
handle our revenue responsibly and efficiently.
ANNUAL REVENUE – A COMPARISON
* Google $306bSource
* Amazon $575bSource
* Facebook $135bSource
* Wikipedia $0.21b
WHO RECEIVES THE DONATIONS FOR WIKIPEDIA?
Donations from Germany go to Wikimedia Deutschland in Berlin. Since our founding
in 2004, we have been promoting Wikipedia and Free Knowledge in Germany. As a
non-profit association, we are entitled to issue tax-deductible donations
receipts and to carry out the Wikipedia donation campaign.
A portion of the donation is forwarded to the Wikimedia Foundation , a
non-profit organisation that operates and develops Wikipedia and related
projects worldwide.
Donate now
*) provisional
Jump to content
Main menu
Main menu
move to sidebar hide
Navigation
* Main page
* Contents
* Current events
* Random article
* About Wikipedia
* Contact us
Contribute
* Help
* Learn to edit
* Community portal
* Recent changes
* Upload file
Search
Search
Appearance
* Donate
* Create account
* Log in
Personal tools
* Donate
* Create account
* Log in
Pages for logged out editors learn more
* Contributions
* Talk
CONTENTS
move to sidebar hide
* (Top)
* 1 Terminology
* 2 History
* 3 Operation
* 4 Message format
Toggle Message format subsection
* 4.1 Message header
* 4.1.1 Header fields
* 4.2 Message body
* 4.2.1 Content encoding
* 4.2.2 Plain text and HTML
* 5 Servers and client applications
Toggle Servers and client applications subsection
* 5.1 Filename extensions
* 5.2 URI scheme mailto
* 6 Types
Toggle Types subsection
* 6.1 Web-based email
* 6.2 POP3 email servers
* 6.3 IMAP email servers
* 6.4 MAPI email servers
* 7 Uses
Toggle Uses subsection
* 7.1 Business and organizational use
* 7.1.1 Email marketing
* 7.2 Personal use
* 7.2.1 Personal computer
* 7.2.2 Mobile
* 7.2.3 Declining use among young people
* 8 Issues
Toggle Issues subsection
* 8.1 Attachment size limitation
* 8.2 Information overload
* 8.3 Spam
* 8.4 Malware
* 8.5 Email spoofing
* 8.6 Email bombing
* 8.7 Privacy concerns
* 8.8 Legal contracts
* 8.9 Flaming
* 8.10 Email bankruptcy
* 8.11 Internationalization
* 8.12 Tracking of sent mail
* 9 See also
* 10 Notes
* 11 References
* 12 Further reading
* 13 External links
Toggle the table of contents
EMAIL
155 languages
* Afrikaans
* Alemannisch
* अंगिका
* العربية
* Aragonés
* অসমীয়া
* Asturianu
* Azərbaycanca
* تۆرکجه
* বাংলা
* 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú
* Башҡортса
* Беларуская
* Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
* भोजपुरी
* Български
* Boarisch
* བོད་ཡིག
* Bosanski
* Brezhoneg
* Català
* Чӑвашла
* Čeština
* Cymraeg
* Dansk
* الدارجة
* Deutsch
* Eesti
* Ελληνικά
* Emiliàn e rumagnòl
* Español
* Esperanto
* Euskara
* فارسی
* Fiji Hindi
* Føroyskt
* Français
* Frysk
* Furlan
* Gaeilge
* Galego
* 贛語
* گیلکی
* ગુજરાતી
* 한국어
* Hausa
* Հայերեն
* हिन्दी
* Hrvatski
* Ido
* Bahasa Indonesia
* Interlingua
* IsiXhosa
* IsiZulu
* Íslenska
* Italiano
* עברית
* Jawa
* ಕನ್ನಡ
* ქართული
* कॉशुर / کٲشُر
* Қазақша
* Kernowek
* Kiswahili
* Kriyòl gwiyannen
* Kurdî
* Кыргызча
* ລາວ
* Latina
* Latviešu
* Lëtzebuergesch
* Lietuvių
* Limburgs
* Lingála
* Lombard
* Magyar
* Македонски
* Malagasy
* മലയാളം
* मराठी
* مصرى
* Bahasa Melayu
* Minangkabau
* 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
* Монгол
* မြန်မာဘာသာ
* Nederlands
* Nedersaksies
* नेपाली
* 日本語
* Нохчийн
* Nordfriisk
* Norsk bokmål
* Norsk nynorsk
* Occitan
* Олык марий
* ଓଡ଼ିଆ
* Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча
* ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
* پنجابی
* پښتو
* Patois
* Piemontèis
* Pinayuanan
* Tok Pisin
* Plattdüütsch
* Polski
* Português
* Română
* Rumantsch
* Runa Simi
* Русиньскый
* Русский
* Саха тыла
* Sakizaya
* Gagana Samoa
* ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ
* Sardu
* Shqip
* Sicilianu
* සිංහල
* Simple English
* سنڌي
* Slovenčina
* Slovenščina
* Soomaaliga
* کوردی
* Српски / srpski
* Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
* Sunda
* Suomi
* Svenska
* Tagalog
* தமிழ்
* తెలుగు
* ไทย
* Тоҷикӣ
* ᏣᎳᎩ
* Türkçe
* Українська
* اردو
* ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
* Vèneto
* Tiếng Việt
* Võro
* Walon
* 文言
* Winaray
* 吴语
* ייִדיש
* 粵語
* Zazaki
* Žemaitėška
* 中文
* Betawi
Edit links
* Article
* Talk
English
* Read
* View source
* View history
Tools
Tools
move to sidebar hide
Actions
* Read
* View source
* View history
General
* What links here
* Related changes
* Upload file
* Special pages
* Permanent link
* Page information
* Cite this page
* Get shortened URL
* Download QR code
* Expand all
* Edit interlanguage links
Print/export
* Download as PDF
* Printable version
In other projects
* Wikimedia Commons
* Wikidata item
Appearance
move to sidebar hide
Text
* Small
Standard
Large
This page always uses small font size
Width
* Standard
Wide
The content is as wide as possible for your browser window.
Color (beta)
* Automatic
Light
Dark
This page is always in light mode.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mail sent using electronic means
For the former company, see Email Limited.
"Reply all" redirects here. For the podcast, see Reply All (podcast).
This screenshot shows the "Inbox" page of an email client; users can see new
emails and take actions, such as reading, deleting, saving, or responding to
these messages. When a "robot" on Wikipedia makes changes to image files, the
uploader receives an email about the changes made.
Email (short for electronic mail; alternatively spelled e-mail) is a method of
transmitting and receiving messages using electronic devices. It was conceived
in the late–20th century as the digital version of, or counterpart to, mail
(hence e- + mail). Email is a ubiquitous and very widely used communication
medium; in current use, an email address is often treated as a basic and
necessary part of many processes in business, commerce, government, education,
entertainment, and other spheres of daily life in most countries.
Email operates across computer networks, primarily the Internet, and also local
area networks. Today's email systems are based on a store-and-forward model.
Email servers accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users
nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need to
connect, typically to a mail server or a webmail interface to send or receive
messages or download it.
Originally a text-only ASCII communications medium, Internet email was extended
by MIME to carry text in expanded character sets and multimedia content such as
images. International email, with internationalized email addresses using UTF-8,
is standardized but not widely adopted.[1]
TERMINOLOGY
Further information: History of email § Terminology and usage
The term electronic mail has been in use with its modern meaning since 1975, and
variations of the shorter E-mail have been in use since 1979:[2][3]
* email is now the common form, and recommended by style guides.[4][5][6] It is
the form required by IETF Requests for Comments (RFC) and working groups.[7]
This spelling also appears in most dictionaries.[8][9][4][10]
* e-mail was originally the form favored in edited published American English
and British English writing, and was formerly preferred by some style
guides.[4]
* E-mail is sometimes used.[11] The original usage in June 1979 occurred in the
journal Electronics in reference to the United States Postal Service
initiative called E-COM, which was developed in the late 1970s and operated
in the early 1980s.[2][3]
* EMAIL was used by CompuServe starting in April 1981, which popularized the
term.[12][13]
* EMail is a traditional form used in RFCs for the "Author's Address".
The service is often simply referred to as mail, and a single piece of
electronic mail is called a message. The conventions for fields within
emails—the "To", "From", "CC", "BCC" etc.—began with RFC-680 in 1975.[14]
An Internet email consists of an envelope and content;[15] the content consists
of a header and a body.[16]
HISTORY
Main article: History of email
Computer-based messaging between users of the same system became possible after
the advent of time-sharing in the early 1960s, with a notable implementation by
MIT's CTSS project in 1965.[17] Most developers of early mainframes and
minicomputers developed similar, but generally incompatible, mail applications.
In 1971 the first ARPANET network mail was sent, introducing the now-familiar
address syntax with the '@' symbol designating the user's system address.[18]
Over a series of RFCs, conventions were refined for sending mail messages over
the File Transfer Protocol.
Proprietary electronic mail systems soon began to emerge. IBM, CompuServe and
Xerox used in-house mail systems in the 1970s; CompuServe sold a commercial
intraoffice mail product in 1978 to IBM and to Xerox from 1981.[nb
1][19][20][21] DEC's ALL-IN-1 and Hewlett-Packard's HPMAIL (later HP
DeskManager) were released in 1982; development work on the former began in the
late 1970s and the latter became the world's largest selling email
system.[22][23]
The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) was implemented on the ARPANET in 1983.
LAN email systems emerged in the mid-1980s. For a time in the late 1980s and
early 1990s, it seemed likely that either a proprietary commercial system or the
X.400 email system, part of the Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile
(GOSIP), would predominate. However, once the final restrictions on carrying
commercial traffic over the Internet ended in 1995,[24][25] a combination of
factors made the current Internet suite of SMTP, POP3 and IMAP email protocols
the standard (see Protocol Wars).[26][27]
OPERATION
The following is a typical sequence of events that takes place when sender Alice
transmits a message using a mail user agent (MUA) addressed to the email address
of the recipient.[28]
Email operation
1. The MUA formats the message in email format and uses the submission
protocol, a profile of the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), to send the
message content to the local mail submission agent (MSA), in this case
smtp.a.org.
2. The MSA determines the destination address provided in the SMTP protocol
(not from the message header)—in this case, bob@b.org—which is a fully
qualified domain address (FQDA). The part before the @ sign is the local
part of the address, often the username of the recipient, and the part after
the @ sign is a domain name. The MSA resolves a domain name to determine the
fully qualified domain name of the mail server in the Domain Name System
(DNS).
3. The DNS server for the domain b.org (ns.b.org) responds with any MX records
listing the mail exchange servers for that domain, in this case mx.b.org, a
message transfer agent (MTA) server run by the recipient's ISP.[29]
4. smtp.a.org sends the message to mx.b.org using SMTP. This server may need to
forward the message to other MTAs before the message reaches the final
message delivery agent (MDA).
5. The MDA delivers it to the mailbox of user bob.
6. Bob's MUA picks up the message using either the Post Office Protocol (POP3)
or the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP).
In addition to this example, alternatives and complications exist in the email
system:
* Alice or Bob may use a client connected to a corporate email system, such as
IBM Lotus Notes or Microsoft Exchange. These systems often have their own
internal email format and their clients typically communicate with the email
server using a vendor-specific, proprietary protocol. The server sends or
receives email via the Internet through the product's Internet mail gateway
which also does any necessary reformatting. If Alice and Bob work for the
same company, the entire transaction may happen completely within a single
corporate email system.
* Alice may not have an MUA on her computer but instead may connect to a
webmail service.
* Alice's computer may run its own MTA, so avoiding the transfer at step 1.
* Bob may pick up his email in many ways, for example logging into mx.b.org and
reading it directly, or by using a webmail service.
* Domains usually have several mail exchange servers so that they can continue
to accept mail even if the primary is not available.
Many MTAs used to accept messages for any recipient on the Internet and do their
best to deliver them. Such MTAs are called open mail relays. This was very
important in the early days of the Internet when network connections were
unreliable.[30][31] However, this mechanism proved to be exploitable by
originators of unsolicited bulk email and as a consequence open mail relays have
become rare,[32] and many MTAs do not accept messages from open mail relays.
MESSAGE FORMAT
The basic Internet message format used for email[33] is defined by RFC 5322,
with encoding of non-ASCII data and multimedia content attachments defined in
RFC 2045 through RFC 2049, collectively called Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions or MIME. The extensions in International email apply only to email.
RFC 5322 replaced RFC 2822 in 2008. Earlier, in 2001, RFC 2822 had in turn
replaced RFC 822, which had been the standard for Internet email for decades.
Published in 1982, RFC 822 was based on the earlier RFC 733 for the ARPANET.[34]
Internet email messages consist of two sections, "header" and "body". These are
known as "content".[35][36] The header is structured into fields such as From,
To, CC, Subject, Date, and other information about the email. In the process of
transporting email messages between systems, SMTP communicates delivery
parameters and information using message header fields. The body contains the
message, as unstructured text, sometimes containing a signature block at the
end. The header is separated from the body by a blank line.
MESSAGE HEADER
RFC 5322 specifies the syntax of the email header. Each email message has a
header (the "header section" of the message, according to the specification),
comprising a number of fields ("header fields"). Each field has a name ("field
name" or "header field name"), followed by the separator character ":", and a
value ("field body" or "header field body").
Each field name begins in the first character of a new line in the header
section, and begins with a non-whitespace printable character. It ends with the
separator character ":". The separator is followed by the field value (the
"field body"). The value can continue onto subsequent lines if those lines have
space or tab as their first character. Field names and, without SMTPUTF8, field
bodies are restricted to 7-bit ASCII characters. Some non-ASCII values may be
represented using MIME encoded words.
HEADER FIELDS
Email header fields can be multi-line, with each line recommended to be no more
than 78 characters, although the limit is 998 characters.[37] Header fields
defined by RFC 5322 contain only US-ASCII characters; for encoding characters in
other sets, a syntax specified in RFC 2047 may be used.[38] In some examples,
the IETF EAI working group defines some standards track extensions,[39][40]
replacing previous experimental extensions so UTF-8 encoded Unicode characters
may be used within the header. In particular, this allows email addresses to use
non-ASCII characters. Such addresses are supported by Google and Microsoft
products, and promoted by some government agents.[41]
The message header must include at least the following fields:[42][43]
* From: The email address, and, optionally, the name of the author(s). Some
email clients are changeable through account settings.
* Date: The local time and date the message was written. Like the From: field,
many email clients fill this in automatically before sending. The recipient's
client may display the time in the format and time zone local to them.
RFC 3864 describes registration procedures for message header fields at the
IANA; it provides for permanent and provisional field names, including also
fields defined for MIME, netnews, and HTTP, and referencing relevant RFCs.
Common header fields for email include:[44]
* To: The email address(es), and optionally name(s) of the message's
recipient(s). Indicates primary recipients (multiple allowed), for secondary
recipients see Cc: and Bcc: below.
* Subject: A brief summary of the topic of the message. Certain abbreviations
are commonly used in the subject, including "RE:" and "FW:".
* Cc: Carbon copy; Many email clients mark email in one's inbox differently
depending on whether they are in the To: or Cc: list.
* Bcc: Blind carbon copy; addresses are usually only specified during SMTP
delivery, and not usually listed in the message header.
* Content-Type: Information about how the message is to be displayed, usually a
MIME type.
* Precedence: commonly with values "bulk", "junk", or "list"; used to indicate
automated "vacation" or "out of office" responses should not be returned for
this mail, e.g. to prevent vacation notices from sent to all other
subscribers of a mailing list. Sendmail uses this field to affect
prioritization of queued email, with "Precedence: special-delivery" messages
delivered sooner. With modern high-bandwidth networks, delivery priority is
less of an issue than it was. Microsoft Exchange respects a fine-grained
automatic response suppression mechanism, the X-Auto-Response-Suppress
field.[45]
* Message-ID: Also an automatic-generated field to prevent multiple deliveries
and for reference in In-Reply-To: (see below).
* In-Reply-To: Message-ID of the message this is a reply to. Used to link
related messages together. This field only applies to reply messages.
* List-Unsubscribe: HTTP link to unsubscribe from a mailing list.
* References: Message-ID of the message this is a reply to, and the message-id
of the message the previous reply was a reply to, etc.
* Reply-To: Address should be used to reply to the message.
* Sender: Address of the sender acting on behalf of the author listed in the
From: field (secretary, list manager, etc.).
* Archived-At: A direct link to the archived form of an individual email
message.
The To: field may be unrelated to the addresses to which the message is
delivered. The delivery list is supplied separately to the transport protocol,
SMTP, which may be extracted from the header content. The "To:" field is similar
to the addressing at the top of a conventional letter delivered according to the
address on the outer envelope. In the same way, the "From:" field may not be the
sender. Some mail servers apply email authentication systems to messages
relayed. Data pertaining to the server's activity is also part of the header, as
defined below.
SMTP defines the trace information of a message saved in the header using the
following two fields:[46]
* Received: after an SMTP server accepts a message, it inserts this trace
record at the top of the header (last to first).
* Return-Path: after the delivery SMTP server makes the final delivery of a
message, it inserts this field at the top of the header.
Other fields added on top of the header by the receiving server may be called
trace fields.[47]
* Authentication-Results: after a server verifies authentication, it can save
the results in this field for consumption by downstream agents.[48]
* Received-SPF: stores results of SPF checks in more detail than
Authentication-Results.[49]
* DKIM-Signature: stores results of DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM)
decryption to verify the message was not changed after it was sent.[50]
* Auto-Submitted: is used to mark automatic-generated messages.[51]
* VBR-Info: claims VBR whitelisting[52]
MESSAGE BODY
CONTENT ENCODING
Internet email was designed for 7-bit ASCII.[53] Most email software is 8-bit
clean, but must assume it will communicate with 7-bit servers and mail readers.
The MIME standard introduced character set specifiers and two content transfer
encodings to enable transmission of non-ASCII data: quoted printable for mostly
7-bit content with a few characters outside that range and base64 for arbitrary
binary data. The 8BITMIME and BINARY extensions were introduced to allow
transmission of mail without the need for these encodings, but many mail
transport agents may not support them. In some countries, e-mail software
violates RFC 5322 by sending raw[nb 2] non-ASCII text and several encoding
schemes co-exist; as a result, by default, the message in a non-Latin alphabet
language appears in non-readable form (the only exception is a coincidence if
the sender and receiver use the same encoding scheme). Therefore, for
international character sets, Unicode is growing in popularity.[54]
PLAIN TEXT AND HTML
Most modern graphic email clients allow the use of either plain text or HTML for
the message body at the option of the user. HTML email messages often include an
automatic-generated plain text copy for compatibility.
Advantages of HTML include the ability to include in-line links and images, set
apart previous messages in block quotes, wrap naturally on any display, use
emphasis such as underlines and italics, and change font styles. Disadvantages
include the increased size of the email, privacy concerns about web bugs, abuse
of HTML email as a vector for phishing attacks and the spread of malicious
software.[55] Some e-mail clients interpret the body as HTML even in the absence
of a Content-Type: html header field; this may cause various problems.
Some web-based mailing lists recommend all posts be made in plain text, with 72
or 80 characters per line for all the above reasons,[56][57] and because they
have a significant number of readers using text-based email clients such as
Mutt. Various informal conventions evolved for marking up plain text in email
and usenet posts, which later led to the development of formal languages like
setext (c. 1992) and many others, the most popular of them being markdown.
Some Microsoft email clients may allow rich formatting using their proprietary
Rich Text Format (RTF), but this should be avoided unless the recipient is
guaranteed to have a compatible email client.[58]
SERVERS AND CLIENT APPLICATIONS
The interface of an email client, Thunderbird
Messages are exchanged between hosts using the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
with software programs called mail transfer agents (MTAs); and delivered to a
mail store by programs called mail delivery agents (MDAs, also sometimes called
local delivery agents, LDAs). Accepting a message obliges an MTA to deliver
it,[59] and when a message cannot be delivered, that MTA must send a bounce
message back to the sender, indicating the problem.
Users can retrieve their messages from servers using standard protocols such as
POP or IMAP, or, as is more likely in a large corporate environment, with a
proprietary protocol specific to Novell Groupwise, Lotus Notes or Microsoft
Exchange Servers. Programs used by users for retrieving, reading, and managing
email are called mail user agents (MUAs).
When opening an email, it is marked as "read", which typically visibly
distinguishes it from "unread" messages on clients' user interfaces. Email
clients may allow hiding read emails from the inbox so the user can focus on the
unread.[60]
Mail can be stored on the client, on the server side, or in both places.
Standard formats for mailboxes include Maildir and mbox. Several prominent email
clients use their own proprietary format and require conversion software to
transfer email between them. Server-side storage is often in a proprietary
format but since access is through a standard protocol such as IMAP, moving
email from one server to another can be done with any MUA supporting the
protocol.
Many current email users do not run MTA, MDA or MUA programs themselves, but use
a web-based email platform, such as Gmail or Yahoo! Mail, that performs the same
tasks.[61] Such webmail interfaces allow users to access their mail with any
standard web browser, from any computer, rather than relying on a local email
client.
FILENAME EXTENSIONS
Upon reception of email messages, email client applications save messages in
operating system files in the file system. Some clients save individual messages
as separate files, while others use various database formats, often proprietary,
for collective storage. A historical standard of storage is the mbox format. The
specific format used is often indicated by special filename extensions:
eml Used by many email clients including Novell GroupWise, Microsoft Outlook
Express, Lotus notes, Windows Mail, Mozilla Thunderbird, and Postbox. The files
contain the email contents as plain text in MIME format, containing the email
header and body, including attachments in one or more of several formats. emlx
Used by Apple Mail. msg Used by Microsoft Office Outlook and OfficeLogic
Groupware. mbx Used by Opera Mail, KMail, and Apple Mail based on the mbox
format.
Some applications (like Apple Mail) leave attachments encoded in messages for
searching while also saving separate copies of the attachments. Others separate
attachments from messages and save them in a specific directory.
URI SCHEME MAILTO
Main article: mailto
The URI scheme, as registered with the IANA, defines the mailto: scheme for SMTP
email addresses. Though its use is not strictly defined, URLs of this form are
intended to be used to open the new message window of the user's mail client
when the URL is activated, with the address as defined by the URL in the To:
field.[62][63] Many clients also support query string parameters for the other
email fields, such as its subject line or carbon copy recipients.[64]
TYPES
WEB-BASED EMAIL
Main article: Webmail
Many email providers have a web-based email client. This allows users to log
into the email account by using any compatible web browser to send and receive
their email. Mail is typically not downloaded to the web client, so it cannot be
read without a current Internet connection.
POP3 EMAIL SERVERS
The Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3) is a mail access protocol used by a client
application to read messages from the mail server. Received messages are often
deleted from the server. POP supports simple download-and-delete requirements
for access to remote mailboxes (termed maildrop in the POP RFC's).[65] POP3
allows downloading messages on a local computer and reading them even when
offline.[66][67]
IMAP EMAIL SERVERS
The Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) provides features to manage a
mailbox from multiple devices. Small portable devices like smartphones are
increasingly used to check email while traveling and to make brief replies,
larger devices with better keyboard access being used to reply at greater
length. IMAP shows the headers of messages, the sender and the subject and the
device needs to request to download specific messages. Usually, the mail is left
in folders in the mail server.
MAPI EMAIL SERVERS
Messaging Application Programming Interface (MAPI) is used by Microsoft Outlook
to communicate to Microsoft Exchange Server—and to a range of other email server
products such as Axigen Mail Server, Kerio Connect, Scalix, Zimbra, HP OpenMail,
IBM Lotus Notes, Zarafa, and Bynari where vendors have added MAPI support to
allow their products to be accessed directly via Outlook.
USES
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve
this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced
material may be challenged and removed. (November 2007) (Learn how and when to
remove this message)
BUSINESS AND ORGANIZATIONAL USE
Email has been widely accepted by businesses, governments and non-governmental
organizations in the developed world, and it is one of the key parts of an
'e-revolution' in workplace communication (with the other key plank being
widespread adoption of highspeed Internet). A sponsored 2010 study on workplace
communication found 83% of U.S. knowledge workers felt email was critical to
their success and productivity at work.[68]
It has some key benefits to business and other organizations, including:
Facilitating logistics Much of the business world relies on communications
between people who are not physically in the same building, area, or even
country; setting up and attending an in-person meeting, telephone call, or
conference call can be inconvenient, time-consuming, and costly. Email provides
a method of exchanging information between two or more people with no set-up
costs and that is generally far less expensive than a physical meeting or phone
call. Helping with synchronization With real time communication by meetings or
phone calls, participants must work on the same schedule, and each participant
must spend the same amount of time in the meeting or call. Email allows
asynchrony: each participant may control their schedule independently. Batch
processing of incoming emails can improve workflow compared to interrupting
calls. Reducing cost Sending an email is much less expensive than sending postal
mail, or long distance telephone calls, telex or telegrams. Increasing speed
Much faster than most of the alternatives. Creating a "written" record Unlike a
telephone or in-person conversation, email by its nature creates a detailed
written record of the communication, the identity of the sender(s) and
recipient(s) and the date and time the message was sent. In the event of a
contract or legal dispute, saved emails can be used to prove that an individual
was advised of certain issues, as each email has the date and time recorded on
it. Possibility of auto-processing and improved distribution As well
pre-processing of customer's orders or addressing the person in charge can be
realized by automated procedures.
EMAIL MARKETING
Email marketing via "opt-in" is often successfully used to send special sales
offerings and new product information.[69] Depending on the recipient's
culture,[70] email sent without permission—such as an "opt-in"—is likely to be
viewed as unwelcome "email spam".
PERSONAL USE
PERSONAL COMPUTER
Many users access their personal emails from friends and family members using a
personal computer in their house or apartment.
MOBILE
Email has become used on smartphones and on all types of computers. Mobile
"apps" for email increase accessibility to the medium for users who are out of
their homes. While in the earliest years of email, users could only access email
on desktop computers, in the 2010s, it is possible for users to check their
email when they are away from home, whether they are across town or across the
world. Alerts can also be sent to the smartphone or other devices to notify them
immediately of new messages. This has given email the ability to be used for
more frequent communication between users and allowed them to check their email
and write messages throughout the day. As of 2011[update], there were
approximately 1.4 billion email users worldwide and 50 billion non-spam emails
that were sent daily.[63]
Individuals often check emails on smartphones for both personal and work-related
messages. It was found that US adults check their email more than they browse
the web or check their Facebook accounts, making email the most popular activity
for users to do on their smartphones. 78% of the respondents in the study
revealed that they check their email on their phone.[71] It was also found that
30% of consumers use only their smartphone to check their email, and 91% were
likely to check their email at least once per day on their smartphone. However,
the percentage of consumers using email on a smartphone ranges and differs
dramatically across different countries. For example, in comparison to 75% of
those consumers in the US who used it, only 17% in India did.[72]
DECLINING USE AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE
As of 2010[update], the number of Americans visiting email web sites had fallen
6 percent after peaking in November 2009. For persons 12 to 17, the number was
down 18 percent. Young people preferred instant messaging, texting and social
media. Technology writer Matt Richtel said in The New York Times that email was
like the VCR, vinyl records and film cameras—no longer cool and something older
people do.[73][74]
A 2015 survey of Android users showed that persons 13 to 24 used messaging apps
3.5 times as much as those over 45, and were far less likely to use email.[75]
ISSUES
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve
this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced
material may be challenged and removed. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to
remove this message)
ATTACHMENT SIZE LIMITATION
Main article: Email attachment
Email messages may have one or more attachments, which are additional files that
are appended to the email. Typical attachments include Microsoft Word documents,
PDF documents, and scanned images of paper documents. In principle, there is no
technical restriction on the size or number of attachments. However, in
practice, email clients, servers, and Internet service providers implement
various limitations on the size of files, or complete email – typically to 25MB
or less.[76][77][78] Furthermore, due to technical reasons, attachment sizes as
seen by these transport systems can differ from what the user sees,[79] which
can be confusing to senders when trying to assess whether they can safely send a
file by email. Where larger files need to be shared, various file hosting
services are available and commonly used.[80][81]
INFORMATION OVERLOAD
The ubiquity of email for knowledge workers and "white collar" employees has led
to concerns that recipients face an "information overload" in dealing with
increasing volumes of email.[82][83] With the growth in mobile devices, by
default employees may also receive work-related emails outside of their working
day. This can lead to increased stress and decreased satisfaction with work.
Some observers even argue it could have a significant negative economic
effect,[84] as efforts to read the many emails could reduce productivity.
SPAM
Main article: Email spam
Email "spam" is unsolicited bulk email. The low cost of sending such email meant
that, by 2003, up to 30% of total email traffic was spam,[85][86][87] and was
threatening the usefulness of email as a practical tool. The US CAN-SPAM Act of
2003 and similar laws elsewhere[88] had some impact, and a number of effective
anti-spam techniques now largely mitigate the impact of spam by filtering or
rejecting it for most users,[89] but the volume sent is still very high—and
increasingly consists not of advertisements for products, but malicious content
or links.[90] In September 2017, for example, the proportion of spam to
legitimate email rose to 59.56%.[91] The percentage of spam email in 2021 is
estimated to be 85%.[92][better source needed]
MALWARE
Emails are a major vector for the distribution of malware.[93] This is often
achieved by attaching malicious programs to the message and persuading potential
victims to open the file.[94] Types of malware distributed via email include
computer worms[95] and ransomware.[96]
EMAIL SPOOFING
Main article: Email spoofing
Email spoofing occurs when the email message header is designed to make the
message appear to come from a known or trusted source. Email spam and phishing
methods typically use spoofing to mislead the recipient about the true message
origin. Email spoofing may be done as a prank, or as part of a criminal effort
to defraud an individual or organization. An example of a potentially fraudulent
email spoofing is if an individual creates an email that appears to be an
invoice from a major company, and then sends it to one or more recipients. In
some cases, these fraudulent emails incorporate the logo of the purported
organization and even the email address may appear legitimate.
EMAIL BOMBING
Main article: Email bomb
Email bombing is the intentional sending of large volumes of messages to a
target address. The overloading of the target email address can render it
unusable and can even cause the mail server to crash.
PRIVACY CONCERNS
Main article: Email privacy
Today it can be important to distinguish between the Internet and internal email
systems. Internet email may travel and be stored on networks and computers
without the sender's or the recipient's control. During the transit time it is
possible that third parties read or even modify the content. Internal mail
systems, in which the information never leaves the organizational network, may
be more secure, although information technology personnel and others whose
function may involve monitoring or managing may be accessing the email of other
employees.
Email privacy, without some security precautions, can be compromised because:
* email messages are generally not encrypted.
* email messages have to go through intermediate computers before reaching
their destination, meaning it is relatively easy for others to intercept and
read messages.
* many Internet Service Providers (ISP) store copies of email messages on their
mail servers before they are delivered. The backups of these can remain for
up to several months on their server, despite deletion from the mailbox.
* the "Received:"-fields and other information in the email can often identify
the sender, preventing anonymous communication.
* web bugs invisibly embedded in HTML content can alert the sender of any email
whenever an email is rendered as HTML (some e-mail clients do this when the
user reads, or re-reads the e-mail) and from which IP address. It can also
reveal whether an email was read on a smartphone or a PC, or Apple Mac device
via the user agent string.
There are cryptography applications that can serve as a remedy to one or more of
the above. For example, Virtual Private Networks or the Tor network can be used
to encrypt traffic from the user machine to a safer network while GPG, PGP,
SMEmail,[97] or S/MIME can be used for end-to-end message encryption, and SMTP
STARTTLS or SMTP over Transport Layer Security/Secure Sockets Layer can be used
to encrypt communications for a single mail hop between the SMTP client and the
SMTP server.
Additionally, many mail user agents do not protect logins and passwords, making
them easy to intercept by an attacker. Encrypted authentication schemes such as
SASL prevent this. Finally, the attached files share many of the same hazards as
those found in peer-to-peer filesharing. Attached files may contain trojans or
viruses.
LEGAL CONTRACTS
It is possible for an exchange of emails to form a binding contract, so users
must be careful about what they send through email correspondence.[98][99] A
signature block on an email may be interpreted as satisfying a signature
requirement for a contract.[100]
FLAMING
Flaming occurs when a person sends a message (or many messages) with angry or
antagonistic content. The term is derived from the use of the word incendiary to
describe particularly heated email discussions. The ease and impersonality of
email communications mean that the social norms that encourage civility in
person or via telephone do not exist and civility may be forgotten.[101]
EMAIL BANKRUPTCY
Main article: Email bankruptcy
Also known as "email fatigue", email bankruptcy is when a user ignores a large
number of email messages after falling behind in reading and answering them. The
reason for falling behind is often due to information overload and a general
sense there is so much information that it is not possible to read it all. As a
solution, people occasionally send a "boilerplate" message explaining that their
email inbox is full, and that they are in the process of clearing out all the
messages. Harvard University law professor Lawrence Lessig is credited with
coining this term, but he may only have popularized it.[102]
INTERNATIONALIZATION
Originally Internet email was completely ASCII text-based. MIME now allows body
content text and some header content text in international character sets, but
other headers and email addresses using UTF-8, while standardized[103] have yet
to be widely adopted.[1][104]
Further information: International email and Email address
§ Internationalization
TRACKING OF SENT MAIL
The original SMTP mail service provides limited mechanisms for tracking a
transmitted message, and none for verifying that it has been delivered or read.
It requires that each mail server must either deliver it onward or return a
failure notice (bounce message), but both software bugs and system failures can
cause messages to be lost. To remedy this, the IETF introduced Delivery Status
Notifications (delivery receipts) and Message Disposition Notifications (return
receipts); however, these are not universally deployed in production.[nb 3]
Many ISPs now deliberately disable non-delivery reports (NDRs) and delivery
receipts due to the activities of spammers:
* Delivery Reports can be used to verify whether an address exists and if so,
this indicates to a spammer that it is available to be spammed.
* If the spammer uses a forged sender email address (email spoofing), then the
innocent email address that was used can be flooded with NDRs from the many
invalid email addresses the spammer may have attempted to mail. These NDRs
then constitute spam from the ISP to the innocent user.
In the absence of standard methods, a range of system based around the use of
web bugs have been developed. However, these are often seen as underhand or
raising privacy concerns,[107][108] and only work with email clients that
support rendering of HTML. Many mail clients now default to not showing "web
content".[109] Webmail providers can also disrupt web bugs by pre-caching
images.[110]
SEE ALSO
* Anonymous remailer
* Anti-spam techniques
* biff
* Bounce message
* Comparison of email clients
* Dark Mail Alliance
* Disposable email address
* E-card
* Electronic mailing list
* Email art
* Email authentication
* Email digest
* Email encryption
* Email hosting service
* Email hub
* Email storm
* Email tracking
* HTML email
* Information overload
* Internet fax
* List of email subject abbreviations
* MCI Mail
* Netiquette
* Posting style
* Privacy-enhanced Electronic Mail
* Push email
* RSS
* Telegraphy
* Unicode and email
* Usenet quoting
* Webmail, Comparison of webmail providers
* X-Originating-IP
* X.400
NOTES
1. ^ IBM's system was available on request to customers prior to formal
release.
2. ^ Not using Internationalized Email or MIME
3. ^ A complete Message Tracking mechanism was also defined, but it never
gained traction; see RFCs 3885[105] through 3888.[106]
REFERENCES
1. ^ Jump up to: a b "DataMail: World's first free linguistic email service
supports eight India languages". Archived from the original on October 22,
2016.
2. ^ Jump up to: a b "email noun earlier than 1979". Oxford English
Dictionary. October 25, 2012. Archived from the original on April 6, 2023.
Retrieved May 14, 2020.
3. ^ Jump up to: a b Ohlheiser, Abby (July 28, 2015). "Why the first use of
the word 'e-mail' may be lost forever". Washington Post. Archived from the
original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
4. ^ Jump up to: a b c "From E-mail to Email: Is the Sky Falling?". CMOS Shop
Talk. Chicago Manual of Style. October 11, 2017. Retrieved September 18,
2024.
5. ^ "Yahoo style guide". Styleguide.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on
May 9, 2013. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
6. ^ "AP Removes Hyphen From 'Email' In Style Guide". Huffington Post. New
York City. March 18, 2011. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015.
7. ^ "RFC Editor Terms List". IETF. Archived from the original on December
28, 2013. This is suggested by the RFC Document Style Guide Archived
2015-04-24 at the Wayback Machine
8. ^ AskOxford Language Query team. "What is the correct way to spell 'e'
words such as 'email', 'ecommerce', 'egovernment'?". FAQ. Oxford
University Press. Archived from the original on July 1, 2008. Retrieved
September 4, 2009. We recommend email, this is the common form
9. ^ "Reference.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Archived from the original on
December 16, 2013. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
10. ^ ""RFC Style Guide", Table of decisions on consistent use in RFC".
Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved January 9,
2014.
11. ^ Israel, Mark. "How do you spell "e-mail"?". Alt-usage-english.org.
Archived from the original on April 3, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
12. ^ thaigh (2015). "Did V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai Invent Email?". SIGCIS.
Archived from the original on April 17, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
13. ^ Masnick, Mike (May 22, 2019). "Laying Out All The Evidence: Shiva
Ayyadurai Did Not Invent Email". Techdirt. Archived from the original on
January 27, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
14. ^ Pexton, Patrick B. (March 1, 2012). "Origins of e-mail: My mea culpa".
Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved
April 18, 2022.
15. ^ "Mail Objects". Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. IETF. sec. 2.3.1.
doi:10.17487/RFC5321. RFC 5321. SMTP transports a mail object. A mail
object contains an envelope and content.
16. ^ "Mail Objects". Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. IETF. sec. 2.3.1.
doi:10.17487/RFC5321. RFC 5321. The SMTP content is sent in the SMTP DATA
protocol unit, and has two parts: the header section and the body. If the
content conforms to other contemporary standards, the header section is a
collection of header fields, each consisting of a header name, a colon,
and data, structured as in the message format specification
17. ^ Tom Van Vleck. "The History of Electronic Mail". Archived from the
original on December 2, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2005.
18. ^ Ray Tomlinson. "The First Network Email". Openmap.bbn.com. Archived from
the original on May 6, 2006. Retrieved October 5, 2019.
19. ^ Gardner, P. C. (1981). "A system for the automated office environment".
IBM Systems Journal. 20 (3): 321–345. doi:10.1147/sj.203.0321.
ISSN 0018-8670; "IBM100 - The Networked Business Place". IBM. August 2,
2020. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved September 7,
2020.
20. ^ Connie Winkler (October 22, 1979). "CompuServe pins hopes on MicroNET,
InfoPlex". Computerworld. Vol. 13, no. 42. p. 69; Dylan Tweney (September
24, 1979). "Sept. 24, 1979: First Online Service for Consumers Debuts".
Wired.
21. ^ Ollig, Mark (October 31, 2011). "They could have owned the computer
industry". Herald Journal. Archived from the original on February 27,
2021. Retrieved February 26, 2021; "Tech before its time: Xerox's shooting
Star computer". New Scientist. February 15, 2012. Archived from the
original on April 18, 2022. Retrieved April 18, 2022; "The Xerox Star".
toastytech.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved
April 18, 2022.
22. ^ "ALL-IN-1". DIGITAL Computing Timeline. January 30, 1998. Archived from
the original on January 3, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
23. ^ "HP Computer Museum". Archived from the original on September 9, 2016.
Retrieved November 10, 2016.
24. ^ "Retiring the NSFNET Backbone Service: Chronicling the End of an Era"
Archived 2016-01-01 at the Wayback Machine, Susan R. Harris, Ph.D., and
Elise Gerich, ConneXions, Vol. 10, No. 4, April 1996
25. ^ Leiner, Barry M.; Cerf, Vinton G.; Clark, David D.; Kahn, Robert E.;
Kleinrock, Leonard; Lynch, Daniel C.; Postel, Jon; Roberts, Larry G.;
Wolf, Stephen (1999). "A Brief History of the Internet". arXiv:cs/9901011.
Bibcode:1999cs........1011L. Archived from the original on August 11,
2015.
26. ^ Rutter, Dorian (2005). From Diversity to Convergence: British Computer
Networks and the Internet, 1970-1995 (PDF) (Computer Science thesis). The
University of Warwick. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 10,
2022. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
27. ^ Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Garcia-Swartz, Daniel D (2013). "The History of
the Internet: The Missing Narratives". Journal of Information Technology.
28 (1): 18–33. doi:10.1057/jit.2013.4. ISSN 0268-3962. S2CID 41013.
SSRN 867087.
28. ^ How E-mail Works. howstuffworks.com. 2008. Archived from the original on
June 11, 2017.
29. ^ "MX Record Explanation" Archived 2015-01-17 at the Wayback Machine,
it.cornell.edu
30. ^ "What is open relay?". WhatIs.com. Indiana University. July 19, 2004.
Archived from the original on August 24, 2007. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
31. ^ Ch Seetha Ram (2010). Information Technology for Management. Deep & Deep
Publications. p. 164. ISBN 978-81-8450-267-1.
32. ^ Hoffman, Paul (August 20, 2002). "Allowing Relaying in SMTP: A Series of
Surveys". IMC Reports. Internet Mail Consortium. Archived from the
original on January 18, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
33. ^ The Internet message format is also used for network news
34. ^ Simpson, Ken (October 3, 2008). "An update to the email standards".
MailChannels Blog Entry. Archived from the original on October 6, 2008.
35. ^ J. Klensin (October 2008), "Mail Objects", Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol, sec. 2.3.1, doi:10.17487/RFC5321, RFC 5321, SMTP transports a
mail object. A mail object contains an envelope and content. ... The SMTP
content is sent in the SMTP DATA protocol unit, and has two parts: the
header section and the body.
36. ^ D. Crocker (July 2009), "Message Data", Internet Mail Architecture,
sec. 4.1, doi:10.17487/RFC5598, RFC 5598, A message comprises a
transit-handling envelope and the message content. The envelope contains
information used by the MHS. The content is divided into a structured
header and the body.
37. ^ P. Resnick, ed. (October 2008). Internet Message Format. Network Working
Group. doi:10.17487/RFC5322. RFC 5322. Draft Standard. Obsoletes RFC 2822.
Updates RFC 4021. Updated by RFC 6854.
38. ^ K. Moore (November 1996). MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
Part Three: Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text. Network Working
Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2047. RFC 2047. Draft Standard. Updated by RFC 2184
and 2231. Obsoletes RFC 1590, 1522 and 1521.
39. ^ A. Yang; S. Steele; N. Freed (February 2012). Internationalized Email
Headers. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC6532.
ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6532. Proposed Standard. Obsoletes RFC 5335. Updates
RFC 2045
40. ^ J. Yao; W. Mao (February 2012). SMTP Extension for Internationalized
Email. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC6531.
ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6531. Proposed Standard. Obsoletes RFC 5336.
41. ^ "Now, get your email address in Hindi - The Economic Times". The
Economic Times. Archived from the original on August 28, 2016. Retrieved
October 17, 2016.
42. ^ Resnick, P, ed. (October 2008). "Field Definitions". Internet Message
Format. sec. 3.6. doi:10.17487/RFC5322. RFC 5322. Retrieved January 9,
2014.
43. ^ Resnick, P, ed. (October 2008). "Identification Fields". Internet
Message Format. sec. 3.6.4. doi:10.17487/RFC5322. RFC 5322. Retrieved
January 9, 2014.
44. ^ M. Duerst (December 2007). The Archived-At Message Header Field. Network
Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC5064. RFC 5064. Proposed Standard.
45. ^ Microsoft, Auto Response Suppress, 2010, Microsoft reference Archived
2011-04-07 at the Wayback Machine, 2010 Sep 22
46. ^ John Klensin (October 2008). "Trace Information". Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol. IETF. sec. 4.4. doi:10.17487/RFC5321. RFC 5321.
47. ^ John Levine (January 14, 2012). "Trace headers". email message. IETF.
Archived from the original on August 11, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
there are many more trace fields than those two
48. ^ This extensible field is defined by RFC 7001, this also defines an IANA
registry of Email Authentication Parameters.
49. ^ RFC 7208.
50. ^ D. Crocker; T. Hansen; M. Kucherawy, eds. (September 2011). DomainKeys
Identified Mail (DKIM) Signatures. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
doi:10.17487/RFC6376. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6376. Internet Standard. Updated
by RFC 8301, 8463, 8553 and 8616. Obsoletes RFC 4871 and 5672.
51. ^ Defined in RFC 3834, and updated by RFC 5436.
52. ^ RFC 5518.
53. ^ Craig Hunt (2002). TCP/IP Network Administration. O'Reilly Media. p. 70.
ISBN 978-0-596-00297-8.
54. ^ "What is unicode?". Konfinity. Archived from the original on January 31,
2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
55. ^ "Email policies that prevent viruses". Advosys Consulting. Archived from
the original on May 12, 2007.
56. ^ "Problem Solving: Sending Messages in Plain Text". RootsWeb HelpDesk.
Archived from the original on February 19, 2014. Retrieved January 9,
2014. When posting to a RootsWeb mailing list, your message should be sent
as "plain text."
57. ^ "OpenBSD Mailing Lists". OpenBSD. Archived from the original on February
8, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2014. Plain text, 72 characters per line
58. ^ "Verhindern, dass die Datei "Winmail.dat" an Internetbenutzer gesendet
wird" [How to Prevent the Winmail.dat File from Being Sent to Internet
Users]. Microsoft Support. July 2, 2010. Archived from the original on
January 9, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
59. ^ In practice, some accepted messages may nowadays not be delivered to the
recipient's InBox, but instead to a Spam or Junk folder which, especially
in a corporate environment, may be inaccessible to the recipient
60. ^ "View only unread messages". support.microsoft.com. Archived from the
original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
61. ^ "Free Email Providers in the Yahoo! Directory". dir.yahoo.com. Archived
from the original on July 4, 2014.
62. ^ RFC 2368 section 3 : by Paul Hoffman in 1998 discusses operation of the
"mailto" URL.
63. ^ Jump up to: a b Hansen, Derek; Smith, Marc A.; Heer, Jeffrey (2011).
"E-Mail". In Barnett, George A (ed.). Encyclopedia of social networks.
Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage. p. 245. ISBN 9781412994170. OCLC 959670912.
64. ^ "Creating hyperlinks § E-mail links". MDN Web Docs. Archived from the
original on August 18, 2019. Retrieved September 30, 2019.
65. ^ Allen, David (2004). Windows to Linux. Prentice Hall. p. 192.
ISBN 978-1423902454. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016.
66. ^ "Implementation and Operation". DISTRIBUTED ELECTRONIC MAIL MODELS IN
IMAP4. sec. 4.5. doi:10.17487/RFC1733. RFC 1733.
67. ^ "Message Store (MS)". Internet Mail Architecture. sec. 4.2.2.
doi:10.17487/RFC5598. RFC 5598.
68. ^ By Om Malik, GigaOm. "Is Email a Curse or a Boon? Archived 2010-12-04 at
the Wayback Machine" September 22, 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
69. ^ Martin, Brett A. S.; Van Durme, Joel; Raulas, Mika; Merisavo, Marko
(2003). "E-mail Marketing: Exploratory Insights from Finland" (PDF).
Journal of Advertising Research. 43 (3): 293–300.
doi:10.1017/s0021849903030265 (inactive November 19, 2024).
ISSN 0021-8499. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 21,
2012.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
70. ^ Lev, Amir (October 2, 2009). "Spam culture, part 1: China". Archived
from the original on November 10, 2016.
71. ^ "Email Is Top Activity On Smartphones, Ahead Of Web Browsing & Facebook
[Study]". March 28, 2013. Archived from the original on April 29, 2014.
72. ^ "The ultimate mobile email statistics overview". Archived from the
original on July 11, 2014.
73. ^ Richtel, Matt (December 20, 2010). "E-Mail Gets an Instant Makeover".
The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 5, 2018. Retrieved
April 4, 2018.
74. ^ Gustini, Ray (December 21, 2010). "Why Are Young People Abandoning
Email?". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on April 5, 2018.
Retrieved April 4, 2018.
75. ^ Perez, Sarah (March 24, 2016). "Email is dying among mobile's youngest
users". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on April 5, 2018. Retrieved
April 4, 2018.
76. ^ Suneja, Bharat (September 10, 2007). "Set Message Size Limits in
Exchange 2010 and Exchange 2007". Exchangepedia. Archived from the
original on February 12, 2013.
77. ^ Humphries, Matthew (June 29, 2009). "Google updates file size limits for
Gmail and YouTube". Geek.com. Archived from the original on December 19,
2011.
78. ^ "Maximum attachment size", Gmail Help. Archived October 15, 2011, at the
Wayback Machine.
79. ^ Walther, Henrik (January 2009). "Mysterious Attachment Size Increases,
Replicating Public Folders, and More". TechNet Magazine. Retrieved
November 7, 2021 – via Microsoft Docs. Exchange Queue & A.
80. ^ "Send large files to other people" Archived 2016-08-07 at the Wayback
Machine, Microsoft.com
81. ^ "8 ways to email large attachments" Archived 2016-07-02 at the Wayback
Machine, Chris Hoffman, December 21, 2012, makeuseof.com
82. ^ Radicati, Sara. "Email Statistics Report, 2010" (PDF). Archived (PDF)
from the original on September 1, 2011.
83. ^ Gross, Doug (October 20, 2010). "Happy Information Overload Day!". CNN.
Archived from the original on October 23, 2015. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
84. ^ Stross, Randall (April 20, 2008). "Struggling to Evade the E-Mail
Tsunami". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 17,
2009. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
85. ^ "Seeing Spam? How To Take Care of Your Google Analytics Data".
sitepronews.com. May 4, 2015. Archived from the original on November 7,
2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
86. ^ Rich Kawanagh. The top ten email spam list of 2005. ITVibe news, 2006,
January 02, ITvibe.com Archived 2008-07-20 at the Wayback Machine
87. ^ How Microsoft is losing the war on spam Salon.com Archived 2008-06-29 at
the Wayback Machine
88. ^ Spam Bill 2003 (PDF Archived 2006-09-11 at the Wayback Machine)
89. ^ "Google Says Its AI Catches 99.9 Percent of Gmail Spam" Archived
2016-09-16 at the Wayback Machine, Cade Metz, July 09 2015, wired.com
90. ^ "Spam and phishing in Q1 2016" Archived 2016-08-09 at the Wayback
Machine, May 12, 2016, securelist.com
91. ^ "Kaspersky Lab Spam and Phishing report". May 26, 2021. Archived from
the original on July 17, 2018. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
92. ^ "2021 Email Usage Statistics". October 5, 2021. Archived from the
original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
93. ^ Waichulis, Arin (April 5, 2024). "Security Bite: iCloud Mail, Gmail,
others shockingly bad at detecting malware, study finds". 9to5Mac.
Retrieved May 27, 2024.
94. ^ "When are email attachments safe to open?". Cloudflare. Retrieved May
27, 2024.
95. ^ Griffiths, James (May 2, 2020). "How a badly-coded computer virus caused
billions in damage | CNN Business". CNN. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
96. ^ French, Laura (May 14, 2024). "LockBit ransomware spread in millions of
emails via Phorpiex botnet". SC Media. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
97. ^ SMEmail – A New Protocol for the Secure E-mail in Mobile Environments,
Proceedings of the Australian Telecommunications Networks and Applications
Conference (ATNAC'08), pp. 39–44, Adelaide, Australia, Dec. 2008.
98. ^ "When Email Exchanges Become Binding Contracts". law.com. Archived from
the original on June 19, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
99. ^ Catarina, Jessica; Feitel, Jesse (2019). "Inadvertent Contract Formation
via Email under New York Law: An Update". Syracuse Law Review. 69.
100. ^ Corfield, Gareth. "UK court ruling says email signature blocks can sign
binding contracts". The Register. Archived from the original on October
17, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
101. ^ S. Kiesler; D. Zubrow; A.M. Moses; V. Geller (1985). "Affect in
computer-mediated communication: an experiment in synchronous
terminal-to-terminal discussion". Human-Computer Interaction. 1: 77–104.
doi:10.1207/s15327051hci0101_3.
102. ^ Barrett, Grant (December 23, 2007). "All We Are Saying". The New York
Times. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved December
24, 2007.
103. ^ "Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs) | Registry.In". registry.in.
Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
104. ^ "Made In India 'Datamail' Empowers Russia With Email Address In Russian
Language - Digital Conqueror". December 7, 2016. Archived from the
original on March 5, 2017.
105. ^ RFC 3885, SMTP Service Extension for Message Tracking
106. ^ RFC 3888, Message Tracking Model and Requirements
107. ^ Amy Harmon (November 22, 2000). "Software That Tracks E-Mail Is Raising
Privacy Concerns". The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2012.
108. ^ "About.com". Email.about.com. December 19, 2013. Archived from the
original on August 27, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
109. ^ "Outlook: Web Bugs & Blocked HTML Images" Archived 2015-02-18 at the
Wayback Machine, slipstick.com
110. ^ "Gmail blows up e-mail marketing..." Archived 2017-06-07 at the Wayback
Machine, Ron Amadeo, Dec 13 2013, Ars Technica
FURTHER READING
* Cemil Betanov, Introduction to X.400, Artech House, ISBN 0-89006-597-7.
* Marsha Egan, "Inbox Detox and The Habit of Email Excellence Archived May 20,
2016, at the Wayback Machine", Acanthus Publishing ISBN 978-0-9815589-8-1
* Lawrence Hughes, Internet e-mail Protocols, Standards and Implementation,
Artech House Publishers, ISBN 0-89006-939-5.
* Kevin Johnson, Internet Email Protocols: A Developer's Guide, Addison-Wesley
Professional, ISBN 0-201-43288-9.
* Pete Loshin, Essential Email Standards: RFCs and Protocols Made Practical,
John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-34597-0.
* Partridge, Craig (April–June 2008). "The Technical Development of Internet
Email" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 30 (2): 3–29.
doi:10.1109/mahc.2008.32. ISSN 1934-1547. S2CID 206442868. Archived from the
original (PDF) on June 2, 2016.
* Sara Radicati, Electronic Mail: An Introduction to the X.400 Message Handling
Standards, Mcgraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-051104-7.
* John Rhoton, Programmer's Guide to Internet Mail: SMTP, POP, IMAP, and LDAP,
Elsevier, ISBN 1-55558-212-5.
* John Rhoton, X.400 and SMTP: Battle of the E-mail Protocols, Elsevier,
ISBN 1-55558-165-X.
* David Wood, Programming Internet Mail, O'Reilly, ISBN 1-56592-479-7.
EXTERNAL LINKS
Look up email or outbox in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiversity has learning resources about Email Checklist
* IANA's list of standard header fields
* The History of Email is Dave Crocker's attempt at capturing the sequence of
'significant' occurrences in the evolution of email; a collaborative effort
that also cites this page.
* The History of Electronic Mail is a personal memoir by the implementer of an
early email system
* A Look at the Origins of Network Email is a short, yet vivid recap of the key
historical facts
* Business E-Mail Compromise - An Emerging Global Threat, FBI
* Explained from first principles, a 2021 article attempting to summarize more
than 100 RFCs
show
* v
* t
* e
Computer-mediated communication
* Online chat
* Online discussion
* Communication software
* Collaborative software
* Social network service
* Virtual learning environment
Asynchronous conferencing
* Email
* Electronic mailing list
* FidoNet
* Usenet
* Internet forum
* Textboard
* Imageboard
* Bulletin board system
* Online guestbook
Synchronous conferencing
* Data conferencing
* Instant messaging
* Internet Relay Chat
* LAN messenger
* Talker
* Videoconferencing
* Voice over IP
* Voice chat in online gaming
* Web chat
* Web conferencing
Publishing
* Blog
* Microblogging
* Wiki
show
* v
* t
* e
Email clients
Free software
Current
* Alpine
* Balsa
* Citadel/UX
* Claws Mail
* Cleancode eMail
* Evolution
* fetchmail
* fdm
* Geary
* getmail
* GNUMail
* Gnus
* Gnuzilla
* IMP
* K-9 Mail
* KMail
* Mahogany
* Mailpile
* Mailx
* Mailx (Heirloom Project)
* Modest
* Mozilla Thunderbird
* Mulberry
* Mutt
* nmh / MH
* OfflineIMAP
* Roundcube
* SeaMonkey
* SquirrelMail
* Sylpheed
* Trojitá
* YAM
* Zimbra
Discontinued
* Arachne
* Beonex Communicator
* BlitzMail
* Classilla
* Columbia MM
* Elm
* FossaMail
* Hula
* Mailody
* Mozilla Mail & Newsgroups
* Nylas N1
Proprietary
Freeware/Freemium
* eM Client
* EmailTray
* Foxmail
* i.Scribe
* Mailbird
* Spark
* Spike
* TouchMail
* Vivaldi Mail
Retail
* Hiri
* Bloomba/WordPerfect Mail
* Newton
* HCL Domino
* InScribe
* Apple Mail
* Mail (Windows)
* Microsoft Outlook
* Outlook for Windows
* Novell GroupWise
* Airmail
* Postbox
Shareware
* Becky!
* Forté Agent
* GyazMail
* The Bat!
* Samsung Email
Donationware
* Pegasus Mail
Discontinued
* cc:Mail
* Claris Emailer
* Courier
* Cyberdog
* Cyberjack
* Embrowser
* Eudora
* Mailbox
* Microsoft Entourage
* Microsoft Internet Mail and News
* Microsoft Mail
* MINUET
* Netscape Mail
* Netscape Messenger 9
* NeXTMail
* Opera Mail
* Outlook Express
* Pine
* Pocomail
* POPmail
* Sparrow
* Turnpike
* WebSpyder
* Windows Live Mail
* Windows Messaging
Related technologies
* SMTP
* IMAP
* JMAP
* LMTP
* POP
* Push-IMAP
* SMAP
* UUCP
Related topics
* Email
* Unicode and email
* Category
* Comparison
show
Authority control databases
National
* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Israel
Other
* NARA
* ELMCIP
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Email&oldid=1258417715"
Categories:
* Email
* Internet terminology
* Electronic documents
* History of the Internet
* Computer-related introductions in 1971
Hidden categories:
* Webarchive template wayback links
* CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024
* Articles with short description
* Short description is different from Wikidata
* Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism
* Use American English from October 2020
* All Wikipedia articles written in American English
* Use mdy dates from October 2020
* Articles needing additional references from November 2007
* All articles needing additional references
* Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011
* All articles containing potentially dated statements
* Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010
* Articles needing additional references from October 2016
* All articles lacking reliable references
* Articles lacking reliable references from October 2021
* This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 16:32 (UTC).
* Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0
License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the
Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
* Privacy policy
* About Wikipedia
* Disclaimers
* Contact Wikipedia
* Code of Conduct
* Developers
* Statistics
* Cookie statement
* Mobile view
* Edit preview settings
*
*