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* * * * * * * * * * Clear SearchLoading Clear SearchLoading * About * * FACTSHEETS * RESOURCES * TOPICS * IMF at a Glance * Surveillance * Lending * Capacity Development * IMF Factsheets List * IMF Members * IMF Financial Statements * IMF Senior Officials * IMF in History * Archives of the IMF * Job Opportunities * Climate Change * Fintech * Fiscal Policies * Income Inequality * All Topics * Research * * FLAGSHIP PUBLICATIONS * OTHER PUBLICATIONS * World Economic Outlook * Global Financial Stability Report * Fiscal Monitor * External Sector Report * Staff Discussion Notes * Working Papers * IMF Research Perspectives * Economic Review * Global Housing Watch * Commodity Prices * Commodities Data Portal * IMF Researchers * Annual Research Conference * Other IMF Events * Countries * * IMF REPORTS AND PUBLICATIONS BY COUNTRY * * REGIONAL OFFICES * A * B * C * D * E * F * G * H * I * J * K * L * M * N * O * P * Q * R * S * T * U * V * Y * Z * IMF Resident Representative Offices * IMF Regional Reports * IMF and Europe * IMF Members' Quotas and Voting Power, and Board of Governors * IMF Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific * IMF Capacity Development Office in Thailand (CDOT) * IMF Regional Office in Central America, Panama, and the Dominican Republic * Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU) * IMF Europe Office in Paris and Brussels * IMF Office in the Pacific Islands * Capacity Development * * About Us * What We Do * How We Work * IMF Training * Digital Training Catalog * Online Learning * Our Partners * Country Stories * Technical Assistance Reports * High-Level Summary Technical Assistance Reports * Strategy and Policies * News * * ALL NEWS * SEE ALSO * FOR JOURNALISTS * * Country Focus * Chart of the Week * Communiqués * Mission Concluding Statements * Press Releases * Speeches * Statements at Donor Meetings * Transcripts * Views & Commentaries * IMFBlog * Article IV Consultations * Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) * Seminars, Conferences, & Other Events * E-mail Notification * PRESS CENTER The IMF Press Center is a password-protected site for working journalists. * Login or Register * Information of interest * Videos * * * About the IMF * Conferences * Press briefings * Speeches * Special Features * Africa * Americas * Asia * Europe * Middle East and Central Asia * Economic Outlook * Annual and spring meetings * Capacity Development * Most Recent * Most Popular * Data * * IMF Data Portal * World Economic Outlook Databases * AI Preparedness Index * Climate Change Indicators Dashboard * IMF Finances * International Financial Statistics * Financial Access Survey * Government Finance Statistics * G20 Data Gaps Initiative * Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves * World Revenue Longitudinal Data * Publications * * RESOURCES * FLAGSHIPS * KEY SERIES * IMF NOTES * Publications Advanced Search * IMF eLibrary * IMF Bookstore * Publications Newsletter * Essential Reading Guides * World Economic Outlook * Global Financial Stability Report * Fiscal Monitor * External Sector Report * Regional Economic Reports * Country Reports * Departmental Papers * Policy Papers * Staff Discussion Notes * Selected Issues Papers * All Staff Notes Series * Analytical Notes * Fintech Notes * How-To Notes * Staff Climate Notes FINANCE & DEVELOPMENT * Categories * Topics * Authors * Archive * Podcasts * Videos English العربية español français 日本語 русский 中文 Housing | December 2024 HOME TRUTHS Affordability and other complex housing issues challenging governments can be better revealed in broader economic analysis GITA BHATT EDITOR'S PICK * Housing | December 2024 ARE HOUSING MARKETS BROKEN? Many people aspire to own their own home, but it’s becoming increasingly unaffordable HITES AHIR * Housing | December 2024 FALLING OUT OF FAVOR Some countries are turning against foreign buyers as soaring property prices become political MARIA PETRAKIS * International trade | December 2024 SHARING THE ROAD Chinese electric cars will help some European economies and harm others, but tariffs would leave everyone worse off JIAXIONG YAO ROBERT ZYMEK THE ECONOMICS OF HOUSING Housing | December 2024 THE HOUSING AFFORDABILITY CRUNCH A newly developed dataset shows how the pandemic’s aftermath ushered in the worst housing affordability crisis in more than a decade DENIZ IGAN Housing | December 2024 THE TRUE COST OF LIVING Sharply higher borrowing costs, especially for housing, fueled a disconnect between inflation statistics and consumer sentiment LAWRENCE H. SUMMERS MARIJN A. BOLHUIS JUDD CRAMER Housing | December 2024 HOW TO SPOT HOUSING BUBBLES Early detection and mitigation can help deflate asset bubbles before they burst ENRIQUE MARTINEZ GARCIA CAFÉ ECONOMICS Artificial intelligence | December 2024 HUMANKIND’S COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE Humans have dominated the planet by telling stories; Yuval Noah Harari says we may soon no longer hold the pen BRUCE EDWARDS Demographic change | September 2024 WORRY FREE RETIREMENT As life expectancy increases, Olivia S. Mitchell says it takes financial planning to take the worry out of extra retirement years BRUCE EDWARDS Economic theory | March 2024 TRANSFORMING ECONOMICS TEACHING Wendy Carlin explains how a new approach to economics education can help address pressing societal problems WENDY CARLIN Fintech | September 2023 EMBRACING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Joshua Gans argues that assessing the power and pitfalls of AI requires putting it in the hands of people Marjorie Henríquez More GLOBAL HOUSING Economic growth | December 2024 CHINA’S REAL ESTATE CHALLENGE Sliding property prices may presage a painful economic adjustment KENNETH ROGOFF YUANCHEN YANG Housing | December 2024 SÃO PAULO RECLAIMS ITS CENTER Brazil’s megalopolis combines federal and municipal programs to retrofit buildings in the downtown area ELIZABETH JOHNSON Housing | December 2024 HOUSING AFRICA’S GROWING POPULATION Deeper understanding of informality and better use of technology can build more sustainable housing markets KECIA RUST POINT OF VIEW Economic growth | December 2024 THE MYSTERIES OF CITIES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH It’s impossible to think about economic growth without also thinking about cities’ vital role in connecting the world DAVID M. CUTLER EDWARD GLAESER Economic growth | December 2024 EMERGING MARKETS’ TWO-WAY TRAFFIC Financially fragile economies are pursuing market-friendly reforms, while some stronger emerging market economies are doing the opposite DAVID LUBIN International cooperation | September 2024 WE MUST PLACE OUR HOPE IN MULTILATERALISM Only by working together can countries fend off fragmentation and deepening crises GORDON BROWN More Economic growth | December 2024 RELENTLESS REFORMER Indonesia’s finance minister Sri Mulyani Indrawati discusses geopolitics, economic reform, and being a role model for women Nicholas Owen * Health | December 2024 HOW TO HEAL HEALTH FINANCING International initiatives must complement, not duplicate, national health strategies VICTORIA FAN SANJEEV GUPTA * Monetary policy | December 2024 HOUSING MARKETS AND MONETARY POLICY Comprehensive, country-specific understanding of housing and mortgage markets can help calibrate monetary policy MEHDI BENATIYA ANDALOUSSI NINA BILJANOVSKA ALESSIA DE STEFANI * Money laundering | December 2024 HIDDEN FORTUNES How dirty money distorts real estate markets CHADY EL KHOURY * Gross domestic product | December 2024 GDP IN THE FUTURE Complementary measures help assess our planet’s true wealth and how to increase it sustainably BERT KROESE ; PEOPLE IN ECONOMICS Health | December 2024 ANNE CASE: THE LONGEVITY ECONOMIST Gary Seidman profiles Princeton’s Anne Case, who studies the intersection of health and economics GARY A. SEIDMAN Taxes | September 2024 GABRIEL ZUCMAN: SCOURGE OF THE RICH Prakash Loungani profiles Berkeley’s Gabriel Zucman, a strong advocate for higher taxes on the most affluent PRAKASH LOUNGANI International cooperation | June 2024 ZHU MIN: THE INTERNATIONALIST ECONOMIST Henny Sender profiles Zhu Min, China’s “international civil servant” who builds bridges with the West HENNY SENDER Economic theory | March 2024 BETSEY STEVENSON: THE ACCESSIBILITY ECONOMIST Bob Simison profiles the University of Michigan’s Betsey Stevenson, a leader in the movement to rethink economics BOB SIMISON More Issues Archive | Download PDF Subscribe now for cutting-edge research and analysis of key economic, finance and development issues including climate change, corruption, digital currencies, trade, inequality and more... UPDATES | FREE PRINT BACK TO BASICS * Housing | December 2024 ARE HOUSING MARKETS BROKEN? Many people aspire to own their own home, but it’s becoming increasingly unaffordable HITES AHIR * Productivity | September 2024 TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY How can economies do more with less? ROBERT ZYMEK * Globalization | June 2024 GLOBALIZATION TODAY Updated rules for international trade, coupled with stronger domestic policies, could make globalization more inclusive and sustainable ADAM JAKUBIK ELIZABETH VAN HEUVELEN * Inclusive growth | March 2024 WHAT IS INCLUSIVE GROWTH? Proponents aim to create societies that are free, equal, and wealthy RUCHIR AGARWAL More PICTURE THIS Housing | December 2024 HOUSING COSTS MOUNT Price rises are piling pressure on the poorest and adding to intergenerational strife MARTA DOROSZCZYK Demographic change | September 2024 DEMOGRAPHIC DECLINE Falling fertility and aging populations pose significant challenges for many economies ANDREW STANLEY International organization | June 2024 THE EVOLVING IMF Over the past 30 years the IMF has adapted to global shocks and evolving member needs Atish Rex Ghosh ANDREW STANLEY Gross domestic product | March 2024 LOOKING BEYOND GDP The World Happiness Report leads the quest for more holistic measures of well-being ANDREW STANLEY More CURRENCY NOTES Currencies | December 2024 FROM CORALS TO CRICKET The East Caribbean $2 award-winning banknote features fecund reefs and a fearless batsman SALSA MAZLAN Currencies | September 2024 A GOLDEN HISTORY Kazakhstan’s new banknote series tells the story of the little-known but extraordinary Saka ANALISA R. BALA Currencies | June 2024 THE MONEY ARCHIVE The Smithsonian’s National Numismatic Collection is thought to be the world’s largest of its kind MELINDA WEIR Inclusion and gender | March 2024 IN PURSUIT OF FREEDOM New commemorative coins celebrate abolitionist Harriet Tubman’s life and legacy MELINDA WEIR More BOOK REVIEWS Economic growth | December 2024 TOMORROW’S ELECTRICITY The broad adoption of technology across the economy drives growth, not leading industries CHRIS WELLISZ Economic theory | December 2024 MATH, MAPS, AND REAL LIFE Maps and mathematics open doors to a deeper understanding of the world ELIZABETH VAN HEUVELEN Currencies | December 2024 FOUNDATION FOR HUMAN FLOURISHING The entire world revolves around the invented notion of money Jeff Kearns Globalization | September 2024 INTO THE MAELSTROM Before 2020, most people barely knew that something called the global supply chain existed CHRIS WELLISZ More EDITOR'S LETTER Housing | December 2024 HOME TRUTHS Affordability and other complex housing issues challenging governments can be better revealed in broader economic analysis GITA BHATT Productivity | September 2024 PRODUCTIVITY AND PROSPERITY Understanding productivity growth more fully is crucial because it plays such an outsize role in economic growth GITA BHATT International organization | June 2024 AN IMF FOR TOMORROW As we mark the IMF’s 80th anniversary, we ask: How can the Fund continue to adapt to the new realities and the changing needs of our 190 members? GITA BHATT Economic theory | March 2024 ECONOMICS THAT'S MORE HUMAN There is a growing consensus that the economics profession must be open to new ideas and frameworks if it hopes to solve the world’s biggest problems GITA BHATT More DECEMBER 2024: THE ECONOMICS OF HOUSING THE ECONOMICS OF HOUSING * Walkways, Not Walls * The Housing Affordability Crunch * The True Cost of Living * China’s Real Estate Challenge * São Paulo Reclaims Its Center * Housing Africa’s Growing Population * Falling Out of Favor * How To Spot Housing Bubbles * Housing Markets and Monetary Policy * Hidden Fortunes EDITOR'S LETTER * Home Truths ALSO IN THIS ISSUE * GDP in the Future * Sharing the Road * How to Heal Health Financing POINT OF VIEW * The Mysteries of Cities and Economic Growth * Emerging Markets’ Two-Way Traffic BACK TO BASICS * Are Housing Markets Broken? PICTURE THIS * Housing Costs Mount PEOPLE IN ECONOMICS * Anne Case: The Longevity Economist CAFÉ ECONOMICS * Humankind’s Comparative Advantage CURRENCY NOTES * From Corals to Cricket More LATEST ISSUES DECEMBER 2024 English العربية 日本語 русский SEPTEMBER 2024 English العربية español français 日本語 русский 中文 JUNE 2024 English العربية español français 日本語 русский 中文 MARCH 2024 English العربية español français 日本語 русский 中文 More ABOUT US * About F&D Magazine * Contact Us SOCIAL MEDIA * F&D on Facebook * F&D on LinkedIn F&D STAFF * Gita Bhatt, Editor-In-Chief * Nicholas Owen, Managing Editor * Andreas Adriano, Senior Editor * Jeff Kearns, Senior Editor * Peter J. Walker, Senior Editor * Andrew Stanley, Assistant Editor * Bruce Edwards, Multimedia Content * Noha Elbadawy, Multimedia content * Melinda Weir, Production Manager * Rekia Ennaboulssi, Web Manager * Marta Doroszczyk, Digital Marketing * Natalia Venegas Figueroa, Digital Marketing * Salsa Mazlan, Digital Marketing * Kwabena Akuamoah-Boateng, Social Media Editor * About * Research * Countries * Capacity Development * News * Events * Videos * Data * Publications * Social Media Hub * Annual Report * Copyright and Usage * Privacy Policy * Contact Us * Careers * Glossary * Scam Alert * IMF Brand * عربي * 中文 * Français * 日本語 * Русский * Español © International Monetary Fund. All rights reserved. * * * * * * * * *