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EL SECRETO DE LA CUEVA NEGRA PEPE PELAYO PDF

5/8/2019
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 1. El Secreto De La Cueva Negra Pdf
 2. Libro El Secreto De La Cueva Negra

131551977 El Secreto de La Cueva Negra Pepe Pelayo. El secreto de la cueva negra
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EL SECRETO DE LA CUEVA NEGRA PDF

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LIBRO EL SECRETO DE LA CUEVA NEGRA

 * Copyright 1998 by Edward F. Frank Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, August
   1998 101
   
   Edward F. Frank-A Radiocarbon Date of 380 60BP for a Taino Site, Cueva Negra,
   Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 60(2): 101-102.
   
   A RADIOCARBON DATE OF 380 60 BPFOR A TAINO SITE, CUEVA NEGRA,
   
   ISLA DE MONA, PUERTO RICO
   
   EDWARD F. FRANKDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota,
   Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
   
   Charcoal fragments were collected from a mixed charcoal and bone deposit from
   a chamber in CuevaNegra, Isla de Mona Puerto Rico. Radiocarbon dating yielded
   a conventional 14C age of 380 60Radiocarbon Years before present. Considering
   the standard deviation in the 14C data, the range in pos-sible calendar dates
   is from 1480 to 1655 AD. This time period encompasses the first contact
   betweenTaino population and Europeans, and the subsequent removal of the last
   of the Taino from the island toPuerto Rico in 1578.
   
   Charcoal fragments and bird bone samples were collectedfrom a mixed charcoal
   and bone deposit in a back chamber ofCueva Negra, Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico
   on August 1995 foridentification and radiocarbon dating. The sample area
   islocated in the distal end of a 40 m long by 5 m wide chamber.This chamber
   is located in complete darkness several hundredmeters, and around several
   bends, from the nearest entrance.The sample site itself consists of a 2.5 to
   7.5 cm layer of mixedcharcoal, bird bone, and silt, atop a 15 cm bed of
   yellowish silt.Kaye (1959: 166) first described this deposit: Bones of
   whatmust be literally thousands of birds are contained in the floordeposit of
   the chamber and all of them are more or less inti-mately mixed with small
   charcoal fragments. The abundanceof charcoal fragments within the cave, it
   seems to the writer,cannot be ascribed to natural causes. Kaye (1959)
   reportedthese bones to be exclusively those of Audubons shearwater(Puffinus
   lherminieri). This identification is consistent withbird bones collected
   during the 1995 sampling. Kaye (1959:166) further suggested, based upon the
   location and character-istic of the deposit, the bird bones constitute a
   midden builtwith the refuse of many feasts, probably during Indian occu-pancy
   of the cave, and that the charcoal represents scatteredashes from the fires.
   Why the Audubons shearwater wasexclusively favored in these feasts is not
   known.
   
   The charcoal and bone samples were collected from a 2-m-wide flowstone ledge
   on the eastern side of the chamber, andthe charcoal was submitted to Beta
   Analytic for radiocarbonanalysis (sample #Beta-86999, November 1995).
   Aftermechanical and chemical pre-treatment, less than one gram ofsuitable
   carbon remained. That carbon was analyzed withextended counting to enhance
   precision. The sample yielded aconventional 14C age of 380 60 Radiocarbon
   Years BP witha 13C of -29.6 relative to PDB-1 (Beta Analytic
   sample#Beta-86999, November 1995). The error represents the onestandard
   deviation statistic, 68% probability. Using the Stuvierand Pearson (1993)
   radiocarbon calibration curves, this 14C agecorresponds to a nominal calendar
   date of 1525 AD.Considering the standard deviation in the 14C data, the range
   in
   
   possible calendar dates is from 1480 to 1655 AD. Collected from the top
   surface of the deposit, the sample
   
   may represent the youngest material in the sequence. The timeperiod is one of
   significant transition for the Taino populationof the island. It spans the
   first contact between the islandinhabitants and Europeans and the subsequent
   decimation andremoval of that native population. The island was first
   sightedby Columbus on November 22, 1493, while sailing across theMona Passage
   from Puerto Rico to Hispaniola on his secondvoyage to the New World (Morison
   1944). Landfall on theisland was made later on the same voyage by Columbus
   onSeptember 24, 1494. Herrera y Tordesillas (1625, as translat-ed by Stevens
   1740, reprinted 1973: 137) states, They nexttouchd at the Island Mona, which
   is ten leagues fromHispaniola, and eight from the Island of St. John, being
   sixleagues in compass, and on it grow most delicious melons, asbig as a jar
   of oil that will hold six quarts. The island wasdescribed by de las Casas as
   being very rocky, but containingmany holes filled with very fertile red soil.
   Cassava grew solarge in some of these holes that an Indian could only carry
   twoof them at a time on his back (Kaye 1959). Columbus provid-ed his ship
   with fresh water, melons, and cassava during hisshort stay from supplies
   provided by the Taino Indians inhab-iting the island (Wadsworth 1973). In
   1508, Juan Ponce deLeon landed on the island with fifty men and spent
   severaldays there. They were supplied by the local population of 80Taino
   Indians with water, cassava, and cloth made from wildcotton.
   
   Aplikasi hack proxy server. Isla de Mona was recognized as a productive
   source of sup-plies and changed governorship several times in the early1500s.
   Soon, French pirates trying to disrupt this line of sup-ply subjected the
   island to raids. These raiding parties took agrave toll on the Taino Indians.
   In 1578, the remaining TainoIndian population of ~10-30, down from a high of
   152 report-ed in 1517, was transferred to Puerto Rico to protect
   them(Wadsworth 1973). This 1578 date of removal of the TainoIndian population
   from the islands provides a possible upperlimit on the age of the bone and
   charcoal deposit.

 * 102 Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, August 1998
   
   A RADIOCARBON DATE OF 380 60BP FOR A TAINO SITE, CUEVA NEGRA, ISLA DE MONA,
   PUERTO RICO
   
   Circumstantial evidence suggests that the bone and charcoaldeposit is of
   Taino Indian origin; however, Europeans couldhave been responsible.
   
   Prior to contact with Europeans in 1494, the island hadbeen an important link
   in the travel patterns of the peoples ofthe Caribbean for possibly 2,000
   years. It was a stopover onthe long voyage between Hispaniola and Puerto
   Rico. Therehave been two archaeological excavations on the island. Thefirst
   was the excavation of a village site in the Sardinera regionat the west end
   of the island. This village was likely the sameone found by Columbus in 1494.
   The village site is still evi-denced by shell heaps and potsherds in the area
   (Santana1973). The second excavation was conducted in Cueva de losCaracoles
   (Davila 1991). Stone implements, beads, amulets,and pieces of shell were
   recovered from the cave. Pictographsand petroglyphs are in several caves on
   the island (Frank1993). These are carved into the cave walls or flowstone
   orthey consist of black charcoal or mud drawings on the cavewalls. Two ball
   courts are present on the island at Bajura delas Cerezos and at Los Corrales
   de los Indios (Alegria 1983).The ball court at Los Corrales de los Indios is
   orientednorth-south and bounded by aligned stones at its margins. Itmeasures
   27 m wide by 35 m long. The ball court at Bajura delos Cerezos is 27 m by 40
   m. The archaeological evidenceclearly indicates that a population of Taino
   Indians were pre-sent on the island long prior to European contact. The
   eventmarked by the analyzed charcoal sample may represent the ter-minal phase
   of a long tradition on the island.
   
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   In Cueva Negra, Kaye (1959), described evidence of occu-pancy by man in the
   form of fragments of early Spanish colo-nial and Indian pottery, old glass,
   and conch shells (Strombusgigus). No evidence of this pottery or glass was
   found in thesample area. He also describes Indian petroglyphs and histor-ical
   writings found on the cave walls made by finger tracingmarks onto the soft
   limestone surface. Petroglyphs originallyfound in the walls adjacent to the
   bone and charcoal deposit inthe cave have been nearly destroyed by vandalism.
   Most of thelarge caves in the island were mined for guano in the late
   1800sand early 1900s. This mining disturbed large areas in thesecaves and
   destroyed many potentially rich archaeological sites.Vandalism in easily
   accessible caves is also taking a toll. Sites,such as Cueva Negra, need to be
   adequately documentedbefore they are lost.
   
   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
   
   I would like to thank the Cave Research Foundation, theUniversity of
   Minnesotas Department of Geology andGeophysics, and their George and Orpha
   Gibson Endowmentfor financial assistance in conducting field work on Isla
   deMona and laboratory processing of samples collected from theisland.
   
   REFERENCES
   
   Alegria, R.E. (1983). Ball courts and ceremonial plazas in the WestIndies.
   Yale University Publications in Anthropology 79: 1-185.
   
   Davila, O. (1991). Cueva de las Caracoles, un sitio preceramico dela Isla de
   Mona. XVII Simposio de los recursos naturales, 13 y14 de Noviembre de 1991:
   87-104.
   
   Frank, E.F. (1993). Aspects of karst development and speleogenesisIsla de
   Mona, Puerto Rico: An analogue for Pleistocene speleo-genesis in the Bahamas.
   MS thesis, Mississippi State University:1- 282 pp.
   
   Herrera y Tordesillas, A. de (1625). Historia general de los hechosde los
   castellano. Abridged English translation by Capt. JohnStevens, 1740, London:
   reprinted AMS Press, New York, NY, 6volumes.
   
   Kaye, C.A. (1959). Geology of Isla Mona, Puerto Rico, and notes onthe age of
   the Mona Passage. U.S. Geological Survey,Professional Paper 317C: 141-178.
   
   Morison, S.E. (1944). Admiral of the ocean sea, a life of
   ChristopherColumbus. Little, Brown, and Company, Boston, MA: 1-679.
   
   Santana, P.M. (1973). La Isla de Mona en los tiemposPrecolumbinos, Appendice
   M. Junta de Calidad Ambiental, LasIslas de Mona y Monito: Una evaluacion de
   sus RecursosNaturales e Historico, volume 2: M1-M9.
   
   Stuvier, M. & Pearson, G.W. (1993). High-precision bidecadal cal-ibration of
   the radio-carbon time scale, AD 1950-500 BC, and2500-6000 BC. Radiocarbon 35
   (1): 1-23.
   
   Wadsworth, F.W. (1973). The historical resources of Mona Island,Appendix N.
   Junta de Calidad Ambiental, las Islas de Mona yMonito: Una evaluacion de sus
   recursos naturales e historicos,volume 2: N1-N37.






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