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Table of contents
* JOIN
* INNER JOIN
* LEFT JOIN (or LEFT OUTER JOIN)
* RIGHT JOIN (or RIGHT OUTER JOIN)
* FULL OUTER JOIN
* CROSS JOIN
* CASE
* COALESCE
* Receive XML as query result
* Enter Ids manually (bad!)
* Builtin functions
* UPSERT
MS SQL
_..------.._
.-~ ~-.
| |
|"-..________..-"|
| | ____ ___ _
| | / ___| / _ \| |
|"-..________..-"| \___ \| | | | |
| | ___) | |_| | |___
| | |____/ \__\_|_____|
|"-..________..-"|
| |
| |
"-..________..-"
JOIN
Assume table1 has the following columns and data:
* id (unique identifier)
* name (name of an individual)
id name 1 Alice 2 Bob 3 Charlie
And table2 has the following columns and data:
* id (unique identifier)
* table1_id (foreign key referencing id in table1)
* hobby (hobby of the individual)
id table1_id hobby 1 1 Reading 2 2 Swimming 3 3 Painting 4 3 Dancing
INNER JOIN
This join returns rows when there is a match in both tables.
SELECT table1.id, table1.name, table2.hobby
FROM dbo.table1
INNER JOIN dbo.table2 ON table1.id = table2.table1_id;
LEFT JOIN (OR LEFT OUTER JOIN)
This join returns all rows from the left table, and the matched rows from the
right table. If there is no match, NULLs are returned for columns of the right
table.
SELECT table1.id, table1.name, table2.hobby
FROM dbo.table1
LEFT JOIN dbo.table2 ON table1.id = table2.table1_id;
RIGHT JOIN (OR RIGHT OUTER JOIN)
This join returns all rows from the right table, and the matched rows from the
left table. If there is no match, NULLs are returned for columns of the left
table.
SELECT table1.id, table1.name, table2.hobby
FROM dbo.table1
RIGHT JOIN dbo.table2 ON table1.id = table2.table1_id;
FULL OUTER JOIN
This join returns rows when there is a match in one of the tables. It combines
the result of both LEFT and RIGHT joins.
SELECT table1.id, table1.name, table2.hobby
FROM dbo.table1
FULL OUTER JOIN dbo.table2 ON table1.id = table2.table1_id;
CROSS JOIN
This join returns the Cartesian product of the two tables, meaning every
combination of rows from the two tables.
SELECT table1.id, table1.name, table2.hobby
FROM dbo.table1
CROSS JOIN dbo.table2;
CASE
This example translates[table1].[statusID] into a given text value.
SELECT [Table] =
CASE [Table].[statusID]
WHEN 0 THEN 'Created'
WHEN 200 THEN 'Running'
WHEN 300 THEN 'HALTED'
WHEN 400 THEN 'Canceled'
WHEN 500 THEN 'Finished'
ELSE '-undefined-'
END
FROM [dbo].[table1]
COALESCE
COALESCE((SELECT [...] option1), (SELECT [...] option2), (SELECT [...] option3))
RECEIVE XML AS QUERY RESULT
FOR XML AUTO, TYPE, XMLSCHEMA, ELEMENTS XSINIL
ENTER IDS MANUALLY (BAD!)
SET IDENTITY_INSERT [dbo].[Table] ON
\-- DO STUFF
SET IDENTITY_INSERT [dbo].[Table] OFF
BUILTIN FUNCTIONS
SELECT HOST_NAME() -- GET Local System Name
SELECT GETUTCDATE() -- GET Local Time (UTC - Zone)
SELECT SUSER_NAME() -- GET SuperUser Name of DB
UPSERT
UPSERT is an operation that inserts new records into the database and updates
existing ones. This operation is particularly useful for maintaining data
integrity and ensuring efficient data manipulation.
* Check for Existence: The operation first checks if a record with a specified
key (usually a primary key or a unique key) already exists in the table.
* Update or Insert:
* If the record exists: The operation updates the existing record. Typically,
this involves modifying one or more fields with new values.
* If the record does not exist: The operation inserts a new record into the
table with the given values.
The specific behavior and implementation of an UPSERT operation can vary between
different SQL database systems, but the core concept remains the same. Here are
some databases and when they introduced UPSERT, if at all:
* PostgreSQL: Uses the ON CONFLICT clause as part of an INSERT statement. The
UPSERT functionality was introduced in PostgreSQL 9.5, which was released in
January 2016. It uses the ON CONFLICT clause.
* MySQL: Offers the INSERT ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE statement. MySQL has had a
form of UPSERT since version 4.1 through the INSERT ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
syntax.
* SQLite: SQLite supports UPSERT as of version 3.24.0, released in June 2018.
* SQL Server: Microsoft SQL Server doesn't have a specific UPSERT command but
uses the MERGE statement to achieve similar functionality. The MERGE
statement was introduced in SQL Server 2008.
* Oracle: Oracle Database uses the MERGE statement, like SQL Server, to perform
UPSERT operations.
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