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PROWLING THE DORM (THE UNFAITHFUL PREACHERS WIFE BOOK 4)

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The Bawihka were formerly also found on the Wawa and Kukallaya, but they were
expelled from these regions by the Twahka, and then settled on Rio Banbana. Most
of them are living at the village Wasakin was-sa-kin "Rocks of the black water.
The Kukra formerly occupied the coast and shores of the lagoons from Rio Grande
to the southern extremity of Bluefields Lagoon. They have always refused all
intercourse with the Miskito and the foreigners, but occasionally communicated
with the neighboring Ulwa for trading purposes.

Toward the middle of the nineteenth century some rubber cutters ventured into
their territory, and at Kukra Hill, northwest of Bluefields, they captured a few
Indians who wore nothing but a loincloth of white tunu and a collar of shells
and animal teeth.

They were taken to Bluefields, but died soon afterwards. After this incursion
into their country the remaining Indians went inland to the Rio Siquia, where
they apparently became absorbed by their kindred, the Ulwa. At Pearl Lagoon may
be met a few Miskito who are mixed with Kukra. The Yusku lived on the rivers
Tuma and Bocay; they are said to have been very bad and were exterminated by the
other Sumu in the course of prolonged wars. The Prinsu lived on Rio Prinsapolca,
which owes its name to them. They intermarried with the Miskito and the
offspring became known as Tunla or Tongula who formed a separate tribe speaking
corrupted Miskito but retained many Sumu customs.

The Spanish historians of the sixteenth century included the Sumu under the
general term "Chontal" or "Chondal," a Mexican word which means merely
"stranger," "foreigner," and was applied by the Nahuatl to any primitive tribe.
In later documents the Sumu are mentioned as "Caribes," "Chatos," "Albatuinas"
from the Miskito Albawina and by a number of other names. To-day the whole group
is generally known by the Miskito designations "Sumu" or "Smu," which have
already been used by Bell and Wickham. Some writers have mentioned the whole
group under the names Twahka and Ulwa, which, properly speaking, should be.

Lehmann's classification of the Sumu tribes is likewise unsatisfactory. With the
word "Sumu" we have a convenient name for the whole of these various dialects;
its use will avoid the sad confusion met with still in the recent literature.
Ail the male Sumu either know Miskito or Spanish or even both , depending upon
their proximity to Miskito or Ladino settlements.

A few of them know a little English. Hardly any of the women are, however, able
to speak a foreign tongue. Through Miskito many corrupted English words have
passed into their speech, while words borrowed from Spanish are not so common.
In this connection the following Sumu tradition, which points toward a common
origin, will be interesting. Heath, a Moravian missionary, who resided many
years on the Mosquito Coast. The latter communicated it to Lehmann, who
published it in b: The first born were the Miskito who, disobedient and
headstrong, as they are still to-day, cared little for the instructions of their
ancestors and ran away to the seacoast.

Then the Twahka or Tawahka were born, who consider themselves to this day the
nobility among the Sumu. Then followed the Yusku, who turned to evil ways; for
that reason the other tribes made war upon them and almost exterminated them.
The youngest, the Ulwa, being according to the Indian custom the favorites,
profited to such an extent by the instructions of the tribal ancestors that they
became especially skilled in the secrets of medicine and incantation and won the
name of Boa, "enchanters. According to my own informants the Boa were a subtribe
of the Sumu differing from the Ulwa.

Meanwhile the Twahka lived in the bush. They were wild and unkempt; their hair
fell to their knees and they were full of lice. Finally the King of the Miskito
sent for them and captured them; he had them washed and altogether regenerated
them, so that he won their love and obtained their support. It is very probable
that the Miskito were originally a subtribe of the Sumu, and that they have
become greatly modified in the course of the centuries through intermarriage
with Negroes, Europeans, and other Indian tribes.

Of the various Sumu subtribes still existing, the Bawihka is the, one which
linguistically and ethnographically presents the greatest affinity to the
Misldto.


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The Bawihka formerly occupied the region immediately adjoining the coast line
where the Miskito were met with by the first Europeans during the latter part of
the seventeenth century. These facts induce me to believe that the hybrid tribe
of the Miskito owes its origin to the intermarriage of the Bawihka with the
Negroes escaped from the slave ship which was wrecked to the south of Cabo
Gracias a Dios in The vessel had taken its black cargo on board while anchoring
at the Guinea Coast, and then headed for Brazil.

While on the high seas the Negroes revolted and made themselves masters of the
ship. Not knowing anything about the art of navigation they allowed their vessel
to be carried by the trade wind and ocean currents toward the coast of Central
America, where it became wrecked on the Mosquito Keys, situated a little south
of Cabo Gracias a Dios. The Negroes, who were able to reach the mainland, were
captured by the Indians and reduced to slavery. They were, however, allowed to
intermarry with their masters, and their children grew up as free members of the
tribe.

Vide Peralta, b: ,; Exquemelin, French ed. Henderson states, however, that these
Africans proceeded from the Samba country in West Africa and that their vessel
was Dutch. This is repeated by Roberts , Young and De Kalb The last named author
further specifies that the vessel in question was wrecked in and that the
Africans proceeded from Samba Island at the mouth of the Cassiri River in
Senegambia. Bell b: 3 likewise considered the vessel as Dutch and says that it
was wrecked near Dakuna at the beginning of the eighteenth century.

This date is, however, incorrect. Kfo mention is made of the other Sumu
subtribes, as the Panamaka, Bawihka, or Kukra. On the other hand, Santaella
Melgarejo, in a report dated Guatemala, April 3, Peralta, b: , states that the
vessel in question was English and that it was wrecked in on the Cajones or
Tiburones Keys to the east of Cabo Gracias a Dios.

Fearing the Indians from the mainland, the Negroes settled at first at some keys
south of the mentioned Cajones undoubtedly the Mosquito Keys , and once friendly
relations were established with the natives, they established themselves at Cabo
Gracias a Dios. Again it is said that the vessel in question was Spanish and
bound for Cuba Raveneau de Lussan: ; Heath, a: Our source material pertaining to
the origin of these slaves is therefore very meager and contradictory.

The others took to the bush, whence they carried on a crude warfare with the
aborigines, who were finally compelled to retreat toward the interior. About the
number of these African slaves held by the Miskito was estimated at about ; in
those days they had already adopted the language and customs of the Indians
Exquemelin, Fr. As a result of the above, the Miskito from Cabo Gracias a Dios
to Sandy Bay had already a large admixture of African blood toward the end of
the seventeenth century.

In the course of time refugee slaves from the English settlements and more
recent immigration of Negroes and Mulattoes chiefly from the West Indies have
contributed to the spreading of the African type, so that to-day Negro
characteristics may be observed in almost every village.


SECRETS FROM THE LANGUAGE OF LEADERSHIP

It is only in recent years that they have begun to intermarry with the mixed
Miskito, especially with newcomers from Rio Coco, so that soon a Miskito of pure
Indian blood will be a thing of the past. We do not know to what extent these
African slaves have influenced the original language of the Miskito, for such
researches would entail exhaustive comparative studies with the surrounding
Indian languages Sumu, Paya, Rama , with the Creole dialects of the West Indies,
and the languages of the Guinea Coast.

The vowel scale is exactly the same as in the Jamaican Creole dialect; several
of the peculiar phrases of everyday life are found literally translated into
English in Jamaica Heath, a: We are also indebted to Mr. Heath for a Miskito
migration legend which is saitl to have been given out as authentic by Eduardo
Pereira,. The present writer has, however, little faith in its exactitude, and
such is also the opinion of the various older Indians he consulted about it.

In former days the Miskito were called Kiribi 10 and lived on the narrow isthmus
between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean, a territory which the Nicarao
occupied at the arrivai of the Spaniards.

Late in the tenth century this country was invaded by a tribe of immigrants from
the north probably the Nicarao and eventually, after a long struggle, the
Miskito were compelled to leave their old home and retreat to the eastern shore
of Lake Nicaragua. Here they resided for nearly a century, but finally, again
under foreign pressure, this time exercised probably by the Sumu or Matagalpa,
they migrated to the Atlantic shore. Believing that they had now found a safe
home, they gave themselves the name of Dis-kitwras-nani, "they who can not be
dislodged," which was corrupted into Miskito.

At the time of their migration to the Atlantic their leader was a sort of
culture hero, named Wakna, whose son Lakyatara "Evening Star" conquered the
whole coast from Honduras to Costa Rica.


PROWLING THE DORM (THE UNFAITHFUL PREACHER'S WIFE BOOK 4)

While Wakna was still alive disputes arose among the Miskito chiefs. A
rebellion, headed by Wialandin," was defeated; its leader was imprisoned, and of
his partisans were executed. The latter are, as a rule, well built and of middle
height, whereas the Sumu are rather thickset and low in stature.


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According to Schultz 67 the Sumu from Rio Prinsapolca measure from 1. Both
tribes are sturdy, heavy muscled, proportionally broad shouldered, and have deep
chests.

The arms are well developed in comparison to the legs. As both of these tribes
are essentially canoe men, passing most of their time in a cramped position in
small boats, they lack the well-developed leg muscles of the civilized" Indians
of the interior. Pereira was a Mexican; his mother was the daughter of a
Scotchman named Haly and an Indian woman of the Miskito royal family.

It consists of a bluish-gray spot found in the sacral region, which gradually
disappears in adult life. The Indians pay no attention to it and most of them do
not even know of its existence. The cephalic index, which is obtained by
dividing the breadth of the head by its length and multiplying the result by ,
was found to be This high figure is surpassed by few American tribes.
Mokphological FACE index. The nasal index is, on the average, very low among the
Sumu, the range of variation extending from This tribe is therefore mesorrhinic;
the Rama, however, have even a narrower nose and are classed as leptorrhinic,
the index ranging from In both Miskito and Sumu they are horizontal, but those
of their northern neighbors, the Paya, have a a slight Mongoloid tilt.

In most individuals the annularis is slightly longer than the index finger; tbe
reverse is apparently never the case. The little finger is relatively very small
and stands inside of the direction of the ulnar edge of the palm, as if it had
been crowded toward the fourth finger. The smallness and position of this finger
is not an inherited racial character, but the direct result of the narrow paddle
13 Boas, quoted by R.

Martin Lehrbuch der Anthropologie, Jena, found an average cephalic index in
Wichita Indians Oklahoma of both sexes of The hair is usually black, and very
straight and coarse, but occasionally hair with very long low waves may be met
with among the pure Indians. Gray and white hair occurs sometimes but not by far
as frequently as among the white race.

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