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Service on board a submarine is one of the more dangerous military occupations,
with any accident or mistake potentially proving both catastrophic and deadly.

That submarine service can be potentially hazardous is highlighted by the fact
that the danger remains high even during regular peacetime patrols. The crew of
one Cold War Soviet submarine learned this the hard way.



Much like the United States, the early years of the Cold War saw the Soviet
Union begin to experiment with ballistic missile submarines out of a desire to
ensure the maintenance of a survivable second-strike nuclear weapons capability.
Soviet design efforts for a new ballistic missile submarine beginning in 1958
experienced significant issues – particularly with the missile launch system –
and the changes made to the design in order to correct these problems were so
extensive that the program’s designation was changed to 667A.

The resulting Soviet 667A – codenamed Yankee I by NATO – nuclear-powered
ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) was the first Soviet SSBN that was roughly on
par with its American counterparts. The 667A was designed to minimize external
resistance while operating below the surface and was built with noise-reduction
in mind, including the use of a sound-absorbing rubber on the pressure hull and
antihydroacoustic coating on the external hull. The 667A was equipped with
topline Soviet navigation and battle management systems, and the vessel’s two
self-contained propulsion units gave it a maximum speed of 27 knots while
submerged.

 

The 667A was equipped with the D-5 launch system and carried a total of 16 R-27
submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), each of which had a maximum range
of 2400 km. Between 1972 and 1983, 667A SSBNs were re-equipped with the upgraded
D-5U launch system and the R-27U SLBMs, which had a greater maximum range of up
to 3,000 km and which carried multiple reentry vehicles. These upgraded vessels
were designated the 667AU.

The first 667A was launched in 1964, and between 1967 and 1974 the Soviet Union
would build a total of 667A-class SSBNs. The Soviet Union would build upon the
Yankee design with its Project 667B “Delta” class of SSBNs.




In October 1986, the 667A-class SSBN K-219 – while on a cruise roughly 600 miles
off the coast of Bermuda – suffered an explosion and subsequent fire in its
number 6 missile tube. The likely cause was a leak that allowed seawater to
enter into the missile tube, which caused rocket fuel chemicals to enter into
the tube.



As a result of the explosion, the missile, and its nuclear warheads were ejected
into the sea.

The ship’s commanding officer and its crew attempted to salvage the vessel and
prepare it for towing with the help of a Soviet freighter, only to have the
towing cable snap during recovery efforts. The commanding officer ordered the
crew to abandon ship, and the vessel was lost.

The incident caused a stir among the Soviet leadership, with General Secretary
Mikhail Gorbachev questioning not only the competence of K-219’s crew but also
the idea that the incident was purely accidental; Gorbachev reportedly
questioned whether or not the incident could have been the result of American
sabotage, while the idea that K-219 had collided with an American submarine –
which the vessel’s commanding officer categorically denied – was also floated
around.

Soviet leaders were also concerned that the United States might successfully
recover the wreckage of K-219 and loot its codebook and other technological
secrets. These concerns likely stemmed from the CIA’s successful recovery of a
sunken Soviet submarine – along with a trove of intel regarding Soviet undersea
capabilities – in 1968.

The story of Soviet submarine K-219 demonstrates just how hazardous submarine
duty can be, even during a routine peacetime patrol.

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A state official from Hawaii named M. Kaleo Manuel, who is responsible for
handling all water resources, has come under fire recently when people
discovered that he was responsible for the delay in water release to combat the
Maui fires.

M. Kaleo Manuel, who happens to be the deputy director of the Department of Land
and Natural Resources Commission on Water Resource Management, is responsible
for all water-related decisions in the state of Hawaii.



One of Hawaii's largest islands, Maui experienced a devastating wildfire on
August 8. Since then, over a hundred people have lost their lives and public and
private properties such as lands, businesses, and residences have been
completely destroyed, primarily in the western region called Lahaina.

While state and national officials reported that the fire was caused by dry,
drought-like conditions worsened by severely strong winds brought forth by
Category 4 Hurricane Dora, the internet came up with its own conspiracy
theories.

Some believed that the blazes were a result of an energy weapon/ laser beam
launch, while others speculate the flames were deliberately set by elites and
real estate investors who wanted to grab lands worth millions of dollars from
the natives, who otherwise refuse to sell them.

So far, the real cause behind the fire still remains unknown and no real
evidence has been found to support the aforementioned theories.



On August 16, an old video of a state water official named M. Kaleo Manuel
surfaced on social media, proving that he considered water "holy" and primarily
meant for traditional practices. Since then, the internet speculated that this
was the real reason behind refusing the immediate release of water even after
repeated pleas from local landowners to protect their properties from the
flames.

In fact, the water standoff occurred all throughout that fateful day and was
only resolved when it was too late.


M. KALEO MANUEL IS CURRENTLY SERVING HIS SECOND TERM AS THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR

According to the official website of Hawaii's Department of Land and Natural
Resources (DLNR), M. Kaleo Manuel is the deputy director of the Commission on
Water Resource Management. His duties include administering and implementing the
State Water Code (created in 1987) and all other water-related guidelines as
directed by the Commission.

M. Kaleo Manuel was born and raised in Hawaii and currently lives on the island
of Manoa, in O'ahu. He is serving his second term as the deputy director at
present and was first appointed by the Chairperson (following the approval of
the majority of the Commission) of the Department of Land and Natural Resources
in January 2019, as per M. Kaleo Manuel's LinkedIn profile.




A graduate (B.A.) in Hawaiian Studies and a postgraduate in Urban and Regional
Planning, both from the University of Hawaii at Manoa, M. Kaleo Manuel has
previously served as the Planning Program Manager at the state's Department of
Hawaiian Home Lands for nearly a decade.



He began his career as a professional planner at the same department in May
2009. Besides the above-mentioned degrees, M. Kaleo Manuel also holds a Graduate
Certificate in Historic Preservation from the same university.

Over the years, M. Kaleo Manuel's focus has been on water advocacy and
management in Hawaii. He also endorses various fields such as land use, GIS,
environmental policy, community development, cultural resource management,
natural resource management, Hawaiian language and historic preservation, and
strategic planning.

M. Kaleo Manuel is one of the 200 inaugural Obama leaders representing the
Asia-Pacific zone with the Obama Foundation.




NETIZENS CRITICIZE M. KALEO MANUEL FOR HIS WATER STANDOFF IN THE WAKE OF MAUI
FIRES

As per the news outlet Honolulu Civil Beat, M. Kaleo Manuel delayed the release
of water on August 8 even after knowing that western Maui was burning down as
there was a long-standing dispute between his office (Department of Land and
Natural Resources Commission on Water Resource Management) and West Maui Land
Co. which is responsible for managing agricultural and residential subdivisions
in West Maui.



In fact, when the latter requested DLNR to approve the emergency release of
water to fight the fires, it was the deputy director M. Kaleo Manuel who went on
a water standoff.

The media source cites that Manuel demanded that the West Maui Land Co. get
permission from a ‘taro' (also called ‘kalo'), which happens to be a native
Hawaiian traditional farm located downstream from the company's property and
used water as its main cultural resource.

Eventually, the permission was granted and Manuel gave a green signal to the
release of water, but by then the fire had spread too far and destroyed
everything in its way.

Another source called Raw Story also reported how West Maui Land Co. was not the
only company that requested the release of water, there were others including
Launiupoko Irrigation Co., Launiupoko Water Co., Olowalu Water Co., and Ha'iku
Town Water Association. All of them were refused by Manuel, even though none of
them had any disputes with DLNR, unlike West Maui Land Co.

As soon as this news circulated on the internet, netizens dragged Manuel through
the mud. Not only that, but they have also dug out an old video where Manuel
talks about how water should be revered and not used.



> "My motto has always been: let water connect us, not divide us," he is heard
> saying in the viral footage.

Social media users have pointed out how he did not live up to his words from the
video and refused to release water during a calamity, thus calling him out for
his hypocrisy. Here are some of the reactions from X (formerly Twitter) against
M. Kaleo Manuel.



So far, M. Kaleo Manuel has not commented on his move that is now being
criticized, nor on the online backlash. In fact, his office issued a statement
to the press on Monday, August 14, that he was busy responding to the state's
emergency and was "unable to facilitate any inquiry at this time."

In contrast, Governor Josh Green encouraged the press during Monday's media
conference to explore the Hawaiian water conflicts that have been ongoing for
years.

Interestingly, in 2022, two Maui senators Gil Keith-Agaran and Lynne DeCoite
introduced a bill to push DLNR to allow fresh water to fight blazes during the
fire season. Unfortunately, the bill died in the absence of any proper hearing.




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