www.sandinorebellion.com Open in urlscan Pro
188.114.96.3  Public Scan

Form analysis
1 forms found in the DOM

https://www.google.com/cse

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Text Content

Air War
EDSN-DOCS

Contacts
IES-DOCS

East Coast
IR-DOCS

EDSN
M-DOCS

Gangs
NEWS-DOCS

Guardia
PC-DOCS

Honduras
PHOTO-DOCS

Nature
RAC-DOCS

PedrÓn
USDS-DOCS

Top 100
USMC-DOCS

SEARCH SITE

Bib & Lit Curricula Readers’ Forum Site Map User’s Guide Contact Us Book / Libro

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ADDED MARCH 2018:  103 NEVER BEFORE PUBLISHED PHOTOS FROM MARINE CORPS PRIVATE
WILLIAM E. PLOCHARSKI, DEPLOYED IN LAS SEGOVIAS FIGHTING SANDINO'S "BANDITS"
1928-1929



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THIS WEBSITE'S RESEARCH SPOTLIGHTED IN A COVER STORY IN LA PRENSA MAGAZINE
(MANAGUA) IN JAN. 2017.  THANKS TO THE NICARAGUAN JOURNALIST AMALIA DEL CID FOR
A TERRIFIC ARTICLE!



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ARTICLE INTERWOVEN WITH THIS WEBSITE AWARDED THE 2013 DAVIS PRIZE BY THE MIDDLE
ATLANTIC COUNCIL ON LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES (MACLAS) — "CULTURAL GEOGRAPHIES OF
GRIEVANCE & WAR:  NICARAGUA'S ATLANTIC COAST REGION IN THE FIRST SANDINISTA
REVOLUTION, 1926-1934," DIALECTICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, DEC. 2012



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SEE ALSO MY RECENT PUBLICATIONS IN THE OPEN-ACCESS ONLINE ACADEMIC MAGAZINE,
REVISTA DE TEMAS NICARAGÜENSES, 2012—2018, AT WWW.TEMASNICAS.NET



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AS FEATURED ON NICARAGUAN TV, CDNN CHANNEL 23, FEB 21, 2012 & IZQUIERDA VISIÓN  
•  A JOINT INTERVIEW WITH WALTER C. SANDINO BY NICARAGUAN FILMMAKER MARCIO
VARGAS, NOW ON

  

 

PART 1  •   PART 2

PART 3  •   PART 4

ALSO ON YOUTUBE, INTERVIEW WITH LA REVISTA TIERRA NICA IN JINOTEGA, JULY 2014:



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AND AS FEATURED ON CDNN CHANNEL 23  'DANILO LACAYO EN VIVO '  FRI 16 JULY 2010
(© DANILO LACAYO)



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    "Afortunadamente, existe ahora una fuente extraordinaria sobre Sandino y el
EDSNN al alance del público. Se trata del extraordinario sitio web
www.sandinorebellion.org pacientemente administrado y enriquecido regularmente
por el historiador norteamericano Professor Michael J. Schroeder, con el apoyo
de sus estudiantes de Lebanon Valley College. Continuamos encontrando nueva
documentación sobre Sandino, el EDSNN y la lucha en las Segovias en diversos
archivos norteamericanos con fotografías, documentos y periódicos de la época,
pacientemente digitalizados por Schroeder y sus estudiantes, incluyendo la costa
del Caribe y sobre la Guardia Nacional."

- Alejandro Bendaña, Sandino: Patria y Libertad (Managua: anamá Ediciones,
2016).

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   "Los centroamericanos y en particular los nicaragüenses tenemos que agradecer
y aprovechar la existencia de este portal Sandino Rebellion que contiene
numerosos documentos y fotografías que ilustran sobre la intervención y
ocupación militar norteamericana en Nicaragua y la heroica resistencia de
Augusto C. Sandino. Este importante y destacado esfuerzo del historiador Michael
Schroeder y de quienes han colaborado con él, nos permite asomarnos, desde
nuestros lugares, a documentación que de otra forma, solamente sería accesible a
unos pocos."

- Dora María Téllez, former Sandinista commander & public servant, founding
member of the Sandinista Renovation Movement (MRS), and now historian and
Nicaraguan representative of Enlace Académico, at
www.enlaceacademico.org

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   "Amor, Paz y Justicia, sea para todos nuestros Hermanos y Hermanas que
visitan este Web Site.  Y de manera muy especial en nombre de toda nuestra
familia, sea también este deseo para nuestro querido Hermano el Profesor Michael
Schroeder, por haber dedicado una parte importante de su vida a la recopilación
de información sobre la Vida y Obra del General Augusto C. Sandino y de sus
compañeros de lucha, pues reconocemos la dedicación y el esfuerzo en su trabajo,
logrando avanzar en beneficio de los nicaragüenses y de la humanidad. No creo
que exista en la Web un historiador capaz de haber recopilado tanta información
sobre estos acontecimientos historicos.  Siempre más allá . . . "

- Walter C. Sandino, grandson of Augusto C. Sandino, Executive President of the
Fundación Augusto Nicolás Calderón Sandino (FANCS), and author of El libro de
Sandino: El Bandolerismo de Sandino en Nicaragua (Managua: INPASA, 2009).

 

Visit the FANCS website at

www.acsandino.org.ni

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   "A stunning enterprise — a virtual Sandino online encyclopedia and data base
— and an obligatory starting point for anyone researching twentieth century
Nicaraguan history."

   - Barry Carr, Senior Fellow, Institute of Latin American Studies, La Trobe
University

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    "Discovering your site was like finding a buried treasure ..."   read more
from William Alvarez, US Marine Corps, of Atlanta GA

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   "A Nicaraguan artist friend just forwarded me your website.  I've read enough
to know that it is like finding gold on the moon! ..."   read more from Linda
John of San Francisco CA

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SEEKING VOLUNTEER TRANSLATORS & TRANSCRIBERS

  Richard Siu in Florida.  Linda Pudder in Rivas, Nic.  Brandon Ray in
Illinois.  Lorena Torres in Mexico City.  Four volunteers who've contributed
mightily to this website, because they saw & see its historical value, and
because they are generous human beings.  Might you volunteer to work on this
project?   Right now thousands of documents on this topic cry out to be
transcribed.  Thousands more desperately seek translatation into Spanish.  Maybe
you could work on one of them!  If your work ends up on this website, you'll be
thanked and your work acknowledged.  All the work can be done electronically.  
Meantime, copious thanks to Richard Siu, Linda Pudder, Brandon Ray, and Lorena
Torres!

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SE BUSCA TRANSCRIPTORES Y TRADUCTORES VOLUNTARIOS

   Richard Siu en Florida. Linda Pudder en Rivas, Nic. Brandon Ray en Illinois.
Lorena Torres en la Ciudad de México.  Cuatro voluntarios que han contribuido
poderosamente a este sitio web, porque vieron y ven su valor histórico, y porque
son seres humanos generosos. ¿Podría usted ofrecer su mano de obra para este
proyecto?  Ahorita hay miles de documentos que están pidiendo a gritos ser
transcritos.  Miles más buscan desesperadamente ser traducidos al español. 
Quizás usted podría trabajar en uno de ellos!  Si los resultados de su trabajo
aparecen acá en este Website, se le agradece por nombre y su trabajo será
reconocido.    Todo el trabajo se puede realizar por vía electrónica. Mientras,
muchas gracias a Richard Siu, Linda Pudder, Brandon Ray, y Lorena Torres!

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GRANTS RECIPIENT AT LEBANON VALLEY COLLEGE

   FROM spring 2009 to the present, this website project has been awarded more
than $16,500 from Lebanon Valley College's Pleet Initiative for Student-Faculty
Research; the Arnold Grants in Experiential Education; and the Dick Joyce
Endowment of the Dept. of History, Politics & Global Studies, in memory of
beloved LVC History Professor Dick Joyce (d. 2005).  Many thanks to David & Lynn
Pleet of Lebanon PA; to Ed & Jeanne Arnold of Lebanon PA; and to Lloyd R. Helt,
Jr. & Ruth Gray (Lloyd Helt was Dick Joyce's student back in the 1970s and loved
his classes on European history!) — thanks to all for their generous support,
and to the many LVC students who've devoted their time, labor, and creativity to
this project.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------



   In grateful appreciation to Sra. Lorena Torres for her expert & generous
volunteer work transcribing and translating documents for this website project,
we heartily recommend her transcription business, T-Vox México, at

tvox.com.mx

 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------



ECO-TOURISM IN NICARAGUA

A great way to see Nicaragua's countryside and support local businesses is the
award-winning Finca Esperanza Verde in the verdant mountains of San Ramón near
Matagalpa. 

To quote from FEV's promotional materials, "Come relax at our organic coffee
farm complete with 5 hiking trails, gorgeous views, a butterfly garden, yoga
pavilion, hammock hut and waterfall swimming hole ... All of Finca Esperanza
Verde's ecotourism income stays in the community supporting local jobs and
businesses." 

   FEV is a project of Sister Communities of San Ramón, Nicaragua.

Visit the Finca Esperanza Verde website here







Introduction to the Site

     This Website is envisioned as a comprehensive, interpretive, open-access
digital archive on the nationalist rebellion against US military intervention in
Nicaragua led by Augusto C. Sandino in the 1920s and '30s.  Rigorous accuracy,
judicious interpretation, and the democratization of knowledge rank among its
most important guiding principles.   (Right: Statue in Managua commemorating the
1979 Triumph of the Sandinista Revolution, July 19, 2009; photo by the author.)

     Right now this Website houses and integrates more than 4,855 archival
documents on the rebellion, comprising around 12,000 pages of hard-copy text &
images, with a good portion of the text transcribed and fully searchable (see
UPDATE BOX, below).  It also lists & identifies the archival locations of
another 5,000 or so documents, together comprising over 15,000 pages of text. 
Eventually (by the year 2025, I hope) this website will house and integrate over
30,000 documents — and thousands more pages of published texts — materials
collected over two decades in archives & libraries in the United States and
Nicaragua.  All but a handful are public domain, though I do suggest some SIMPLE
PROTOCOLS for using & citing this material.

     This tsunami of evidence on this oft-mentioned but little understood
guerrilla war and nationalist campesino rebellion offers an unprecedented look
at events "on the ground" in a major episode of foreign invasion & occupation
during the golden age of US imperialism in the circum-Caribbean (c. 1898-1934). 
The portrait of Sandino's revolt that emerges from this documentary deluge is
vastly more nuanced and complex than any scholar or poet has yet conveyed.

    Yet however nuanced this portrait, however intricate and messy and
confusing, it is also true that most everything you read about in these pages
was rooted in a simple reality:  the executive branch of the US federal
government, as part of a larger imperial project, invaded & occupied this small
Central American country, and a small group of Nicaraguans, led by a charismatic
patriot, resisted that invasion & occupation by force of arms.  (Left: 1984
Bulgarian postage stamp commemorating the 50th anniversary of Sandino's death)  

     The Website's Focus.    As a social & cultural historian, I am mainly
interested in the Sandino revolt as a social and cultural process, as a local
response to foreign invasion and occupation.  The documents presented here
reflect this focus.  They were selected because they speak, in some fashion, to
the agency of Nicaraguans and Segovianos in shaping their own history.   

     By Way of Background & Context.    The US Marines first intervened
militarily in Nicaragua in the civil war of 1912, and were stationed in the
country more or less continuously for the next 20 years.  Nicaragua effectively
became a U.S. protectorate, surrendering much of its sovereignty to the United
States, as was true of much of the circum-Caribbean during this period.  READ
MORE

     Las Segovias.    In the late 1920s this rugged region bordering Honduras
was home to about 120,000 people spread over some 6,000 square miles of
mountains, valleys, forests, and jungles, in several dozen towns and hundreds of
villages, hamlets, and homesteads.  Even before the Marines arrived, extreme
inequality, oppression, exploitation, poverty, and violence dominated the social
landscape.  After May 1927 Segovianos flocked to Sandino's banner.  The Marine
invasion intensified; the US-created National Guard grew in power; and by 1932
the Sandinista rebels, based in Las Segovias and organized into a government of
their own, threatened to topple the national government.   READ MORE

     The Imperial Spotlight.   Before mid-1927 there is very little
documentation on Las Segovias, a frontier region bordering Honduras mostly
ignored by the national state.  Then in June 1927 came the Marine invasion &
occupation, and our documentary base explodes.  For 5½ years the US imperial
spotlight — expressed in a dazzling variety & quantity of texts — illluminated
the hidden corners & crevices of a culture & society & history hitherto almost
totally obscured.  The interpretive challenge for scholars is to read these
texts against the grain, in the words of Ranajit Guha in his classic The Prose
of Counter-Insurgency (1988) — and with a fertile & reasoned historical
imagination.  Alongside this explosion of imperial texts was the proliferation
of texts & artifacts created by the Sandinista rebels that the Marines & Guardia
were trying to eradicate.  In January 1933 the spotlight vanished, and a month
later Sandino's armed rebellion basically ended in a provisional peace treaty
with the newly elected Sacasa government.  The Marines went home, carting
hundreds of boxes of records with them.  What the US imperial gaze spotlighted
for those 6 or so years constitutes the bulk of what I wish to share here —
alongside a wide variety of sources from Honduras, Mexico, Great Britain,
Germany & beyond.  Smaller in scale but often punchier in impact are the textual
fragments & social memories produced in Las Segovias that survived the brutal
repression that followed Sandino's assassination in 1934.

     Animating Questions.     Lots of questions inspire & animate this website. 
Mainly I'm interested in what the US invasion & occupation, the formation of the
Guardia Nacional, and Sandino's revolutionary movement meant for ordinary
Segovianos — campesinos, Indians, tenants & sharecroppers, smallholders &
squatters, miners & migrant workers, seasonal & day laborers (who together
comprised some 85-90% of the region's population), as well as townsfolk,
artisans & smugglers, peddlers & traders, boat-drivers & mule-drivers, ranchers
& coffee growers, merchants & professionals, politicians & military leaders —
individuals, families & communities caught up in a whirlwind of foreign invasion
and insurgency as complex and multifaceted as any in history.  I also want to
know what these events meant in the broader sweep of history — in Nicaragua,
Central America, the Western Hemisphere, and the Atlantic World — and how they
intersected with broader changes within these overlapping spheres.  What manner
of revolutionary movement was this?  What were its origins, characteristics, and
legacies?  All the documents here speak in some fashion to these broader
questions & themes.   (Right:  young woman soldier with Conservative forces in
1926-27 Civil War; detail of one of a series of 30 photos taken by US Military
Attaché Major A. W. Blooor in March 1927, published here for the first time,
from US National Archives II, College Park MD, in the Photo-Doc pages, here)

     Why a Documentary History?    Historians come and historians go, but the
documents endure.  These documents, if read with enough care and attention and
alongside extant published literature, will bring us as close as we can get to
understanding what this tumultuous period meant for ordinary Segovianos, and to
its complexities as a social process locally, nationally, and transnationally. 
Documents, of course, do not speak for themselves.  They must be analyzed and
interpreted, which is the job of historians and of rational human beings
generally.  Publishing these documents online creates not only a valuable tool
for students and researchers.  It also means that others might interpret these
documents differently than I do.  That is as it should be.  I introduce or
conclude many documents with some interpretive comments.  Others might disagree
with my interpretations or emphases.  If you do, let me know!  Let a thousand
interpretations bloom!  (Left: detail of letter from Sandino to Faustino
González, 2 April 1931, one of around 1,000 Sandinista documents to be published
here for the first time)

          This way anybody — you, for example — can tap into this densely
integrated web of information and ask just about any kind of historical question
you want to ask.  You can ask about war-making or coffee making.  Vocabularies
of political violence or social geographies of production and trade.  Gender,
class & race relations.  Popular nationalism.  Poverty, malnutrition & disease. 
Military tactics & strategy.  Insurgency & counterinsurgency.  Borderlands &
identities.  Local political economies.  Historical geography.  State formation
& guerrilla war.  Leadership, weapons & tactics.  Production & settlement
patterns.  Social memory & identity formation.  Just about anything.  There is a
whole universe in this little grain of sand.    (Right:  campesino in field,
Western Segovias, 1928, George F. Stockes Collection, MCRC, one of 71 photos
from the Stockes Collection published here)

          I create this site in the classic tradition of scholarship:  as an
original contribution to existing knowledge on a specific set of questions about
the world.  In part it is envisioned as a documentary annex to my book in
progress.  In part it is meant to give back to the Nicaraguan people a part of
their own history.  In whole it is rooted in the hope that we — humanity, and
especially US citizens and policymakers — might learn from our mistakes.  The
story told by these documents is not only edifying & important but endlessly
interesting and should become part of humanity's common stock of knowledge.

     What's Here?     Right now only a fraction of the collection is published
here, perhaps 10 percent.  The other 90 percent awaits publication of my
book-in-progress, The Sandino Rebellion.  The goal is to make the end product —
the printed book & this website — a genuinely hybrid print-web text.  Meantime
all documents currently available can be found via this Document Update Box:

D O C U M E N T     U P D A T E     B O X

Primary Documents NOW Available:    4,878

•  air War

80 AIRCRAFT SQUADRONS reports on the air war

•  air-toons

23 POLITICAL cartoons & graphics on the air war, with interpretive captions

•  BIB & LIT

32 COLUMNS OF SALOMÓN DE LA SELVA PUBLISHED IN LA TRIBUNA (MANAGUA) IN 1929,
PLUS 2 ANCILLARY STORIEs  •  & other rare published workS

•  EAST COAST

1,076 DOCUMENTS IN 2,311 JPEG FILES on the atlantic coast region IN THE TIME OF
SANDINO, ORGANIZED CHRONOLOGICALLY IN 53 WEBPAGES, WITH 14 ANCILLARY THEMATIC &
TOPICAL PAGES

•  Edsn

9 DOCUMENTS FROM 1931-1932 LISTING "KNOWN BANDITS" AROUND PALACAGÜINA, ESTELÍ,
oCOTAL, CONDEGA, JINOTEGA, EL SAUCE & MATAGALPA

•  EDSN-DOCS

339 hitherto unpublished Sandinista documents through march 1928   •  a
smattering in 1930 and 1931  •  & most of january 1932   •  26 NEVER BEFORE
PUBLISHED DOCUMENTS FROM La colecciÓn de daniel ortega cerda, FATHER OF CURRENT
NICARAGUAN PRESIDENT DANIEL ORTEGA SAAVEDRA

•  GANGS

26 DOCUMENTS ON CHAMORRISTA GANG LEADER & POLITICAL MASS MURDERER ANASTACIO
HERNÁNDEZ & 26 JPEG IMAGES OF NICARAGUAN NEWSPAPERS FOCUSING ON CHAMORRISMO,
1927-1928

•  guardia

109 "guardia news letters" from NOV. 1927 to dec. 1932, IN 1,939 pages of text 
•  the "official list of contacts," ON 510 military engagements from july 1927
to dec. 1932, IN 111 pages of text  •  15 guardia troop distribution lists, dec.
1931 to APRIL 1935  •  17 PARTIAL issues of the boletines (bulletins) of the
guardia nacional, 1933-1935  •  never before published photos of the guardia  • 
63 DOCUMENTS OF THE US MILITARY INTELLIGENCE DIVISION (precursor to the CIA) on
the guardia, 1920-1941  •  152 documents on the voluntarios, jan-juLY 1929  •  &
MORE

•  Honduras

120 reports on events in the honduras-segovian borderlands, 1919-1926

•  IR-DOCS

13 SERIAL INTELLIGENCE REPORTs, JAN-MARCH 1928

•  MAPS

THE 1934 US ARMY G-2 MILITARY INTELLIGENCE DIVISION MAP OF NICARAGUA (NORTH OF A
LINE FROM MANAGUA TO BLUEFIELDS)  •  22 MAPS OF CITIES & TOWNS, 1910-1932  • 
THE COMPLETE TEXT OF THE CLASSIC GRADE SCHOOL PRIMER, HERMANOS CRISTIANOS,
GEOGRAFÍA DE NICARAGUA (1928)  •  & MORE

•  M-DocS

30 hojas VOLANTES (propaganda fliers) of the mARINES-Guardia, THE EDSN & OTHERS
 &  24 propaganda leaflets of liberal, conservative & nationalist parties in the
runup to the november 1928 electionS, AMONG OTHER GEMs • 193 DOCS THRU 1927

•  NEWS-DOCS

481 RELEVANT NEWSPAPER ARTICLES FROM THE NICARAGUAN NEWSPAPERS DIARIO MODERNO
(MANAGUA; 281 ARTICLES FROM JUNE to DECember 1927, IN 287 JPEG FILES) AND LA
TRIBUNA (MANAGUA; 200 ARTICLES FROM JANuary & February 1929, IN 190 JPEG FILES).

•  PC-DOCS

126 PATROL & COMBAT REPORTS, WITH BRIEF SUMMARIES & ANALYSES & ancillary docs,
TO JUNE 1928 & Some after

•  PHOTO-DOCS

560+ PHOTOS OF MARINES, GUARDIA, SANDINISTAS, LIBERALS, CONSERVATIVES, LAS
SEGOVIAS & MORE IN COLLECTIONS ORGANIZED BY REPOSITORY & THEMe • including 171
state dept photos of the november 1928 electionS • 13 PHOTOS OF THE VOLUNTARIOS
OF 1929 • photos donated by readeRS, including 103 hitherto unpublished &
unknown photos (& ONE CARTOON) from the Wm. E. Plocharski Collection

•  TOP 100

100 of the most illuminating reports on the sandinistas from the outside looking
in, with critical introductions & accompanied by 711 ancillary documents  • 
incl. 486 documents in 593 jpeg files on the international aspects of the
"Sandino Situation" as tracked by u.s. intelligence agencies, 1928-1933 (doc
95)  •  7 reports in 58 jpeg files by u.s. military attachÉ major a. w. bloor on
the nicaraguan civil war, march-may 1927 (doc 99)  •  93 DOCUMENTS IN 217 JPEG
FILES ON NICARAGUANS' RESPONSES TO THE MISSION OF U.S. SPECIAL ENVOY HENRY
STIMSON, APRIL-MAY 1927 (doc 100)

•  usmc-docs

331 personal letters of p.f.c. emil thomas of ohio (in nicaragua 1928-1929) to
his sweetheart beatrice  •  7 oral histories of retired marines who fought in
nicaragua  •  the official list of marine Corps Casualties in Nicaragua,
1927-1933  •  papers of wilburt s. brown, robert H. dunlap, Merritt "Red Mike"
edson, GRAVES B. ERSKINE, robert l. denig (including his "diary of a guardia
officer") & other marines

A BLOW-BY-BLOW ACCOUNT OF THE WEBSITE'S UPDATES & REVISIONS, COMMENCING NOV-DEC
2014

           The bulk of these primary documents were culled from the Records of
the United States Marine Corps & Nicaraguan National Guard, housed mainly in the
US National Archives (Record Group 127, or RG127), comprising about 150 linear
feet of files.  Other major repositories housing materials that are housed here
include the Marine Corps Research Center; the Library of Congress; the US State
Department; la Hemeroteca Nacional Manolo Cuadra (Managua); el Instituto de
Historia de Nicaragua y Centroamerica (IHNCA-UCA, also in Managua); and others. 
Most everything filtered out of these collections and presented here speaks in
some way to how Central Americans, Nicaraguans, and Segovianos acted to shape
their own history. 

      How is the Website Organized?    Densely.  And so it's easy to use.  For a
full explanation, see the user's guide.  Briefly:  At the top of every page are
links to ten document collections, ten thematic collections, eight other links,
and a Google search engine.  At the heart of the site are 20 homepages serving
as portals into 20 collections of documents, sorted by type & theme.  With so
many documents & branches & sub-branches, the site is designed to be simple &
easy to navigate, find & cross-reference information, and find your way back to
where you started from & ended up.  Again, please see the USER'S GUIDE.

           Suggestions, corrections & comments invited.  This website launched
March 2007 & revamped in March 2010.

 

Painting by Thelma Gómez F., Masaya, Nicaragua, 1989

 

This website is registered in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as a non-profit
corporation devoted to public education and known as the SANDINO REBELLION
DIGITAL HISTORICAL ARCHIVE  (entity no. 4084540).

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUGGESTED PROTOCOLS FOR USING & CITING THIS WEBSITE

Except where indicated, all the documents and images populating this website are
in the public domain and anyone is free to use them for any reason.  This happy
circumstance coincides with the philosophy undergirding this project that
insists on the democratization of information and knowledge on issues and topics
of public concern and public interest.  That said, I ask that people who use
materials found in these pages cite this website as the source and drop me a
courtesy note to let me know about it.  Such information will help me to build
on the strengths of this project and secure additional funding to keep moving it
forward.  Thank you.


Acknowledgements & Copyright

Copious thanks are extended to Lebanon Valley College and the Pleet Initiative
for Student-Faculty Collaboration, the Arnold Grant for Experiential Education,
and the Dick Joyce Endowment for their generous funding of this website; to my
teachers & mentors in Minnesota & Michigan & beyond whose sage voices from long
ago I often still hear; and to everyone who's ever helped with this project over
the past 28 years.  It is a very long list.

*

Agradezco a Arturo Castro-Frenzel, José Mejía Lacayo, y Walter Castillo Sandino
por ayudar en corregir mis traducciones, por su amistad, y por ser mis maestros
sobre las cosas nicaragüenses.

*

Tim Haak and Mile6.com LLC of Elizabethtown PA built the dynamic web templates
and continue to offer expert help at the drop of a hat.

*

All original material © Michael J. Schroeder, 2007-2018. All rights reserved.


Visitors since March 2010:



 

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