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View infographic of "Ransomware Spotlight: Akira" Akira is swiftly becoming one of the fastest-growing ransomware families thanks to its use of double extortion tactics, a ransomware-as-a-service (RaaS) distribution model, and unique payment options. Based on a report that analyzed blockchain and source code data, the Akira ransomware group appears to be affiliated with the now-defunct Conti ransomware gang. Conti, one of the most notorious ransomware families in recent history, is believed to be the descendant of yet another prolific ransomware family, the highly targeted Ryuk ransomware. As ransomware actors evolve their tactics, create more sophisticated ransomware families, and cause financial and reputational harm to businesses, organizations need to work on improving their cybersecurity posture to effectively thwart complex threats. This report spotlights Akira, a novel ransomware family with highly experienced and skilled operators at its helm. WHAT ORGANIZATIONS NEED TO KNOW ABOUT AKIRA Akira ransomware emerged in March 2023 and has been known to target companies based in the US and Canada. Its Tor leak site has a unique retro look that, according to a report from Sophos, is reminiscent of “1980s green-screen consoles” that can be navigated by typing specific commands. Based on its code, it is completely different from the Akira ransomware family that was active in 2017, even though they both append encrypted files with the same .akira extension. As previously mentioned, Akira operators are associated with Conti ransomware actors, which explains code similarities in both ransomware families. In July, the Arctic Wolf Labs Team reported that Akira shared code similarities with the Conti ransomware. However, they also noted that when Conti’s source code was leaked, different malicious actors used it to create or tweak their own ransomware code, which makes it even more challenging to trace back ransomware families to Conti operators. Based on our own analysis, Akira appears to be based on the Conti ransomware: It shares similar routines with Conti, such as string obfuscation and file encryption, and avoids the same file extensions that Conti avoids. We believe that Akira operators’ main motivation for targeting organizations is financial in nature. The Akira RaaS group performs double extortion tactics and steals victims’ critical data prior to encrypting devices and files. Interestingly, according to reports, Akira operators provide victims the option to pay for either file decryption or data deletion; they don’t force victims into paying for both. According to reports, ransom demands for Akira typically range from US$200,000 to over US$4 million. On Sept. 12, 2023, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Health Sector Cybersecurity Coordination Center (HC3) released a security bulletin alerting the healthcare industry of Akira attacks. RECENT ACTIVITIES In June 2023, just three months after Akira was discovered, Akira expanded its list of targeted systems to include Linux machines. Malware analyst rivitna shared on X that Akira ransomware actors used a Linux encryptor and targeted VMware ESXi virtual machines. Meanwhile, in August, incident responder Aura reported that Akira was targeting Cisco VPN accounts that didn’t have multifactor authentication (MFA). Cisco released a security advisory on Sept. 6, 2023, stating that Akira ransomware operators exploited CVE-2023-20269, a zero-day vulnerability in two of their products’ remote access VPN feature: the Cisco Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) software and Cisco Firepower Thread Defense (FTD) software. Cisco reported that malicious actors who exploit CVE-2023-20269 can identify valid credentials that could be abused to establish unauthorized remote access VPN sessions, and for victims running Cisco ASA Software Release 9.16 or earlier, establish a clientless SSL VPN session. Recently, Sentinel One released a video analyzing an Akira ransomware variant named Megazord that emerged in August 2023. This variant appears to be referencing a Power Rangers formation because it encrypts files with the “POWERRANGES” file extension. The ransom note, which is named “powerranges.txt,” instructs victims to contact the ransomware actor via TOX messenger. TOP AFFECTED INDUSTRIES AND COUNTRIES Because Akira is new and highly targeted, the number of attacks is not as substantial as other more established and widely used ransomware families. Our Trend Micro™ Smart Protection Network™ telemetry points to France as having been most hit by Akira from May 1, 2023, to Aug. 31, 2023, with 53.1% of all detections. The United States and Turkey take the second and third spots, respectively, with 107 and 22 detections. Figure 1. Countries with the highest number of attack attempts per machine for the Akira ransomware (May 1, 2023, to Aug. 31, 2023) Source: Trend Micro Smart Protection Network infrastructure Based on our data, most of Akira’s victims belong to unspecified industries. Based on reports, approximately 80% of Akira’s victims are small to medium-sized businesses (SMBs). The materials, manufacturing, and financial sectors made the top five list in the three-month span. Figure 2. Industries with the highest number of attack attempts per machine for the Akira ransomware (May 1, 2023, to Aug. 31, 2023) Source: Trend Micro Smart Protection Network infrastructure Akira’s monthly detections showed a surge in June 2023 with 508 attack attempts, which is significantly higher than the other months in our analysis period. Our lowest detections were for May 2023, with only three attack attempts for the entire month. Figure 3. Monthly breakdown of detections per machine for the Akira ransomware (May 1, 2023, to Aug. 31, 2023) Source: Trend Micro Smart Protection Network infrastructure TARGETED REGIONS AND INDUSTRIES ACCORDING TO AKIRA'S RANSOMWARE LEAK SITE We now focus on Akira ransomware operators’ leak site data, which provides details on organizations that have been targeted by Akira actors. This data, which is a consolidation of Trend Micro’s open-source intelligence (OSINT) research and investigation of the leak site, shows that Akira ransomware actors compromised 107 organizations between April 1 to August 31, 2023. Most of Akira victims — specifically, 85.9% of them — were businesses based in North America. Figure 4. The distribution by region of Akira ransomware’s victim organizations Sources: Akira ransomware’s leak site and Trend Micro’s OSINT research (April 2023 – August 2023) Figure 5. The 10 countries most targeted by the Akira ransomware group Sources: Akira ransomware’s leak site and Trend Micro’s OSINT research (April 2023 – August 2023) We’ve found that most of Akira’s victims were small-sized businesses, with 1 to 200 employees, at 59 victims. Meanwhile, midsized businesses and large enterprises took the second and third slots, respectively. Interestingly, based on leak site data, the most targeted sectors are the academe and professional services, followed closely by construction and materials. Figure 6. The distribution by organization size of Akira ransomware’s victim organizations Sources: Akira ransomware’s leak site and Trend Micro’s OSINT research (April 2023 – August 2023) Figure 7. The 10 industries most targeted by Akira ransomware threat actors Sources: Akira ransomware’s leak site and Trend Micro’s OSINT research (April 2023 – August 2023) INFECTION CHAIN AND TECHNIQUES The Akira ransomware typically gains access to victim environments by using valid credentials that were possibly obtained from their affiliates or other attacks. It has been observed using third-party tools such as PCHunter, AdFind, PowerTool, Terminator, Advanced IP Scanner, Windows Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), AnyDesk, Radmin, WinRAR, and Cloudflare’s tunneling tool. Figure 8 shows Akira’s infection chain. Figure 8. The typical Akira ransomware infection chain Figure 9. The Akira ransomware infection chain based on an infection case we’ve analyzed INITIAL ACCESS Akira ransomware actors are known to use compromised VPN credentials to gain initial access. They’ve also been observed targeting vulnerable Cisco VPNs by exploiting CVE-2023-20269, a zero-day vulnerability that affects Cisco ASA and FTD. PERSISTENCE Akira operators have been observed creating a new domain account on the compromised system to establish persistence. DEFENSE EVASION For its defense evasion, Akira ransomware actors have been observed using PowerTool or a KillAV tool that abuses the Zemana AntiMalware driver to terminate AV-related processes. DISCOVERY The actors behind the Akira ransomware have been observed using the following to gain knowledge on the victim's system and its connected network: * PCHunter and SharpHound to gather system information * AdFind alongside the net Windows command and nltest to obtain domain information * Advanced IP Scanner and MASSCAN to discover other remote systems CREDENTIAL ACCESS Akira ransomware operators use Mimikatz, LaZagne, or a specific command line to gather credentials. LATERAL MOVEMENT Akira actors use Windows RDP to move laterally within the victim's network. COMMAND AND CONTROL Akira ransomware operators have been observed using the third-party tool and web service RClone to exfiltrate stolen information. Moreover, they have also been observed using either FileZilla or WinSCP to exfiltrate stolen information via File Transfer Protocol (FTP). * AnyDesk * Radmin * Cloudflare Tunnel * MobaXterm * RustDesk * Ngrok EXFILTRATION Akira ransomware operators have been observed using the third-party tool and web service RClone to exfiltrate stolen information. Moreover, they have also been observed using either FileZilla or WinSCP to exfiltrate stolen information via File Transfer Protocol (FTP). IMPACT Akira ransomware encrypts targeted systems using a hybrid encryption algorithm that combines Chacha20 and RSA. Additionally, the Akira ransomware binary, like most modern ransomware binaries, has a feature that allows it to inhibit system recovery by deleting shadow copies from the affected system. OTHER TECHNICAL DETAILS * It avoids encrypting the following directories: * winnt * tmp * temp * thumb * $Recycle.Bin * $RECYCLE.BIN * System Volume Information * Boot * Windows * Trend Micro * ProgramData * It avoids encrypting files with the following extensions: * .exe * .dll * .lnk * .sys * .msi * .akira * It encrypts the whole file, regardless of size, if the file extension is any of the following: * .4dd * .4dl * .accdb * .accdc * .accde * .accdr * .accdt * .accft * .adb * .ade * .adf * .adp * .arc * .ora * .alf * .ask * .btr * .bdf * .cat * .cdb * .ckp * .cma * .cpd * .dacpac * .dad * .dadiagrams * .daschema * .db * .db-shm * .db-wal * .db3 * .dbc * .dbf * .dbs * .dbt * .dbv * .dbx * .dcb * .dct * .dcx * ddl * .dlis * .dp1 * .dqy * .dsk * .dsn * .dtsx * .dxl * .eco * .ecx * .edb * .epim * .exb * .fcd * .fdb * .fic * .fmp * .fmp12 * .fmpsl * .fol * .fol * .fp4 * .fp5 * .fp7 * .fpt * .frm * .gdb * .grdb * .gwi * .hdb * .his * .ib * .idb * .ihx * .itdb * .itw * .jet * .jtx * .kdb * .kexi * .kexic * .kexis * .lgc * .lwx * .maf * .maq * .mar * .mas * .mav * .mdb * .mdf * .mpd * .mrg * .mud * .mwb * .myd * .ndf * .nnt * .nrmlib * .ns2 * .ns3 * .ns4 * .nsf * .nv * .nv2 * .nwdb * .nyf * .odb * .oqy * .orx * .owc * .p96 * .p97 * .pan * .pdb * .pdm * .pnz * .qry * .qvd * .rbf * .rctd * .rod * .rodx * .rpd * .rsd * .sas7bdat * .sbf * .scx * .sdb * .sdc * .sdf * .sis * .spq * .sql * .sqlite * .sqlite3 * .sqlitedb * .te * .temx * .tmd * .tps * .trc * .trm * .udb * .udl * .usr * .v12 * .vis * .vpd * .vvv * .wdb * .wmdb * .wrk * .xdb * .xld * .xmlff * .abcddb * .abs * .abx * .accdw * .adn * .db2 * .fm5 * .hjt * .icg * .icr * kdb * .lut * .maw * .mdn * .mdt * It avoids encrypting files with the following extensions: * .PLAY * .exe * .msi * .dll * .lnk * .sys * It drops a ransom note: akira_readme.txt * It encrypts files using Chacha20 and encrypts the key using RSA encryption. * Key generation: * A ChaCha20 key and nonce are generated using CryptGenRandom * Key encryption: * It uses the embedded RSA public key to encrypt the generated Chacha20 key * File encryption * Files are encrypted using ChaCha20 encryption. * The Akira ransomware supports three encryption modes depending on the file type and size: * Full encryption * Partial encryption * Spot encryption * It appends this extension to encrypted files: * .akira * Hacktools * PowerTool * ADFind MITRE TACTICS AND TECHNIQUES Initial AccessPersistenceExecutionDefense EvasionCredential AccessDiscoveryCommand and ControlLateral MovementExfiltrationImpact T1078 - Valid Accounts Uses compromised VPN credentialsl T1190 - Exploit Public-Facing Application Targets vulnerable Cisco devices via CVE-2023-20269 T1136.002 - Create Account: Domain Account Once initial access is established, Akira operators will create a domain account on the compromised system T1059 - Command and Scripting Interpreters Accepts parameters for its routines such as “-n 10” (for encryption percent) or “-s {filename}” (for shared folder encryption) T1562.001 - Impair Defenses: Disable or Modify Tools It has been observed to use PowerTool or a KillAV tool that abuses Zemana AntiMalware driver to terminate AV-related processes T1003.001 - OS Credential Dumping: LSASS Memory Uses Mimikatz, LaZagne, or a command line to dump LSASS from memory T1082 - System Information Discovery Uses PCHunter and SharpHound to gather system information T1069.002 - Permission Groups Discovery: Domain Groups Uses AdFind, net Windows command, and nltest to gather domain information T1018 - Remote System Discovery Uses Advanced IP Scanner and MASSCAN to discover remote systems T1219 - Remote Access Software May use either AnyDesk, Radmin, Cloudflare Tunnel, MobaXterm, RustDesk, or Ngrok to gain remote access on targeted systems T1570 - Lateral Tool Transfer Uses RDP to move laterally within the victim’s network T1567.002 - Exfiltration Over Web Service: Exfiltration to Cloud Storage Uses RClone to exfiltrate stolen information over web service T1048.003 - Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol: Exfiltration Over Unencrypted Non-C2 Protocol Uses FileZilla or WinSCP to exfiltrate stolen information via FTP T1490 - Inhibit System Recovery Deletes shadow copies to inhibit recovery T1486 - Data Encrypted for Impact Akira ransomware is used to encrypt files SUMMARY OF MALWARE, TOOLS, AND EXPLOITS USED Initial AccessDefense EvasionDiscoveryCredential AccessCommand and ControlLateral MovementExfiltration * VPN via compromised accounts * PowerTool * AdFind * Mimikatz * AnyDesk * RDP * WinSCP * CVE-2023-20269 * KillAV (Terminator from GitHub) * PCHunter * LaZagne * Radmin * Rclone * Advanced IP Scanner * LSASS dump * Cloudflare Tunnel * FileZilla * SharpHound * MobaXterm * MASSCAN * RustDesk * ngrok SECURITY RECOMMENDATIONS < As experienced ransomware actors develop increasingly sophisticated ransomware families, organizations need to proactively protect themselves from evolving threats. As ransomware threats evolve and exploit vulnerabilities to target businesses around the world, organizations need to improve their security posture to avoid financial and reputational harm. Here are some security best practices that can help organizations protect their mission-critical data from ransomware attacks: AUDIT AND INVENTORY * Take an inventory of assets and data. * Identify authorized and unauthorized devices and software. * Make an audit of event and incident logs. CONFIGURE AND MONITOR * Manage hardware and software configurations. * Grant admin privileges and access only when necessary to an employee’s role. * Monitor network ports, protocols, and services. * Activate security configurations on network infrastructure devices such as firewalls and routers. * Establish a software allowlist that executes only legitimate applications. PATCH AND UPDATE * Conduct regular vulnerability assessments. * Perform patching or virtual patching for operating systems and applications. * Update software and applications to their latest versions. PROTECT AND RECOVER * Implement data protection, backup, and recovery measures. * Enable multifactor authentication (MFA). SECURE AND DEFEND * Employ sandbox analysis to block malicious emails. * Deploy the latest versions of security solutions to all layers of the system, including email, endpoint, web, and network. * Detect early signs of an attack such as the presence of suspicious tools in the system. * Use advanced detection technologies such as those powered by artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. TRAIN AND TEST * Regularly train and assess employees in security skills. * Conduct red-team exercises and penetration tests. A multilayered approach can help organizations guard possible entry points into the system (endpoint, email, web, and network). Security solutions that can detect malicious components and suspicious behavior can also help protect enterprises. * Trend Micro Vision One™ provides multilayered protection and behavior detection, which helps block questionable behavior and tools early on before the ransomware can do irreversible damage to the system. * Trend Micro Cloud One™ Workload Security protects systems against both known and unknown threats that exploit vulnerabilities. This protection is made possible through techniques such as virtual patching and machine learning. * Trend Micro™ Deep Discovery™ Email Inspector employs custom sandboxing and advanced analysis techniques to effectively block malicious emails, including phishing emails that can serve as entry points for ransomware. * Trend Micro Apex One™ offers next-level automated threat detection and response against advanced concerns such as fileless threats and ransomware, ensuring the protection of endpoints. INDICATORS OF COMPROMISE (IOCS) The IOCs for this article can be found here. Actual indicators might vary per attack. HIDE Like it? Add this infographic to your site: 1. Click on the box below. 2. Press Ctrl+A to select all. 3. Press Ctrl+C to copy. 4. Paste the code into your page (Ctrl+V). Image will appear the same size as you see above. Posted in Ransomware Spotlight, Ransomware RELATED POSTS * Trend Micro Security Predictions for 2024: Critical Scalability * Ransomware Spotlight: Trigona * LockBit, BlackCat, and Clop Prevail as Top RAAS Groups: Ransomware in 1H 2023 * Stepping Ahead of Risk: Trend Micro 2023 Midyear Cybersecurity Threat Report * Ransomware Spotlight: Royal RECENT POSTS * Threat Modeling API Gateways: A New Target for Threat Actors? * Rising Security Weaknesses in the Automotive Industry and What It Can Do on the Road Ahead * Trend Micro Security Predictions for 2024: Critical Scalability * Ransomware Spotlight: Trigona * Steering Clear of Security Blind Spots: What SOCs Need to Know WE RECOMMEND * Internet of Things * Virtualization & Cloud * Ransomware * Securing Home Routers * MQTT and M2M: Do You Know Who Owns Your Machine’s Data? * Addressing CAPTCHA-Evading Phishing Threats With Behavior-Based AI Protection * A Deep Dive into the Packet Reflection Vulnerability Allowing Attackers to Plague Private 5G Networks * Understanding the Kubernetes Security Triad: Image Scanning, Admission Controllers, and Runtime Security * Mining Through Mountains of Information and Risk: Containers and Exposed Container Registries * Exposed Container Registries: A Potential Vector for Supply-Chain Attacks * Trend Micro Security Predictions for 2024: Critical Scalability * Ransomware Spotlight: Trigona * Ransomware Spotlight: Akira * Alexa and Google Home Devices can be Abused to Phish and Eavesdrop on Users, Research Finds * Mirai Variant Spotted Using Multiple Exploits, Targets Various Routers * A Look Into the Most Noteworthy Home Network Security Threats of 2017 CRITICAL SCALABILITY: TREND MICRO SECURITY PREDICTIONS FOR 2024 2024 is poised to be a hotbed for new challenges in cybersecurity as the economic and political terrains continue to undergo digitization and enterprises increasingly leverage artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML), the cloud, and Web3 technologies. View the 2024 Trend Micro Security Predictions TREND MICRO 2023 MIDYEAR CYBERSECURITY THREAT REPORT We look at the major events in the first half of 2023 and draw a picture of the threat landscape from behaviors and patterns observed in the threat landscape to stay ahead and prepare for risks in the second half of the year. 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