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NOTE:

You will need a
JAVA enabled
browser
to use these
interactive games.

 


INTERACTIVES


PERIODIC PUZZLE




Periodic Table:

The periodic table is a chart of all the atoms currently known. The chart is
carefully organized: each atom is listed in order of how many protons it has and
in such a way that elements in each column have similar characteristics. For
example, on the far right of the periodic table all the elements are gases,
known as Noble Gases, which don't mix easily with other materials. On the bit of
the chart shown in the periodic puzzle, silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge) (shown
in the color red) are both in the same column and are both semiconductors --
materials which can be made to conduct electricity or not as needed. To grow the
crystals in the heart of a transistor, chemists mix in elements from nearby
columns to make a material with the proper conductivity.


WAFER MAKER



Forming Crystals:

One of the toughest problems on the road to commercial transistors was growing
semiconductor crystals. To work, the crystal needed precise layers of different
kinds of semiconductors (known as N-type and P-type). An early way to do this
was to dip a seed crystal into a melt of germanium or silicon and to slowly pull
it out as a crystal formed around the seed. Materials were added to the melt
during the process, so the final crystal was made of the right kinds of layers.
Just like in this game, the right temperature and speed were crucial for a
perfect finished product.

 

     

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