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Submission: On August 03 via manual from US — Scanned from US
Effective URL: https://www.pbs.org/transistor/interactives/
Submission: On August 03 via manual from US — Scanned from US
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CONFIRM YOUR LOCAL STATION To help you find your favorite shows and great local content, we've selected a PBS station in your area. Please confirm that PBS SoCal is your preferred local station, or choose another station below. There are no stations available for your selected ZIP Code. PBS SOCAL Los Angeles, CA KLCS Los Angeles, CA KVCR San Bernardino, CA More StationsConfirm Station Back FIND YOUR LOCAL STATION: Search by ZIP Code Please enter a valid ZIP Code Select StateAlabamaAlaskaAmerican SamoaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDelawareDistrict of ColumbiaFloridaGeorgiaGuamHawaiiIdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaPuerto RicoRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirgin IslandsVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyomingSearch by State Please select a region PBS * Shows * Explore * TV Schedules * Shop * Donate Is PBS SoCal your local station? Yes PBS SoCal is my local stationChange NOTE: You will need a JAVA enabled browser to use these interactive games. INTERACTIVES PERIODIC PUZZLE Periodic Table: The periodic table is a chart of all the atoms currently known. The chart is carefully organized: each atom is listed in order of how many protons it has and in such a way that elements in each column have similar characteristics. For example, on the far right of the periodic table all the elements are gases, known as Noble Gases, which don't mix easily with other materials. On the bit of the chart shown in the periodic puzzle, silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge) (shown in the color red) are both in the same column and are both semiconductors -- materials which can be made to conduct electricity or not as needed. To grow the crystals in the heart of a transistor, chemists mix in elements from nearby columns to make a material with the proper conductivity. WAFER MAKER Forming Crystals: One of the toughest problems on the road to commercial transistors was growing semiconductor crystals. To work, the crystal needed precise layers of different kinds of semiconductors (known as N-type and P-type). An early way to do this was to dip a seed crystal into a melt of germanium or silicon and to slowly pull it out as a crystal formed around the seed. Materials were added to the melt during the process, so the final crystal was made of the right kinds of layers. Just like in this game, the right temperature and speed were crucial for a perfect finished product. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -PBS Online- -Site Credits- -Feedback- Copyright 1999, ScienCentral, Inc, and The American Institute of Physics. No portion of this web site may be reproduced without written permission. All Rights Reserved.