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 1. AWS
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 5. User Guide for Linux Instances

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Amazon EBS encryption - Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
AWSDocumentationAmazon EC2User Guide for Linux Instances
How EBS encryption worksRequirementsDefault KMS key for EBS encryptionEncryption
by defaultEncrypt EBS resourcesEncryption scenariosSet encryption defaults using
the API and CLI


AMAZON EBS ENCRYPTION

PDFRSS

Use Amazon EBS encryption as a straight-forward encryption solution for your EBS
resources associated with your EC2 instances. With Amazon EBS encryption, you
aren't required to build, maintain, and secure your own key management
infrastructure. Amazon EBS encryption uses AWS KMS keys when creating encrypted
volumes and snapshots.

Encryption operations occur on the servers that host EC2 instances, ensuring the
security of both data-at-rest and data-in-transit between an instance and its
attached EBS storage.

You can attach both encrypted and unencrypted volumes to an instance
simultaneously.

Contents

 * How EBS encryption works
 * Requirements
 * Default KMS key for EBS encryption
 * Encryption by default
 * Encrypt EBS resources
 * Encryption scenarios
 * Set encryption defaults using the API and CLI


HOW EBS ENCRYPTION WORKS

You can encrypt both the boot and data volumes of an EC2 instance.

When you create an encrypted EBS volume and attach it to a supported instance
type, the following types of data are encrypted:

 * Data at rest inside the volume

 * All data moving between the volume and the instance

 * All snapshots created from the volume

 * All volumes created from those snapshots

EBS encrypts your volume with a data key using the industry-standard AES-256
algorithm. Your data key is stored on disk with your encrypted data, but not
before EBS encrypts it with your KMS key. Your data key never appears on disk in
plaintext.The same data key is shared by snapshots of the volume and any
subsequent volumes created from those snapshots if the volumes are encrypted
using the same KMS key as the snapshot. For more information, see Data keys in
the AWS Key Management Service Developer Guide.

Amazon EC2 works with AWS KMS to encrypt and decrypt your EBS volumes in
slightly different ways depending on whether the snapshot from which you create
an encrypted volume is encrypted or unencrypted.


HOW EBS ENCRYPTION WORKS WHEN THE SNAPSHOT IS ENCRYPTED

When you create an encrypted volume from an encrypted snapshot that you own,
Amazon EC2 works with AWS KMS to encrypt and decrypt your EBS volumes as
follows:

 1. Amazon EC2 sends a GenerateDataKeyWithoutPlaintext request to AWS KMS,
    specifying the KMS key that you chose for volume encryption.

 2. If the volume is encrypted using the same KMS key as the snapshot, AWS KMS
    uses the same data key as the snapshot and encrypts it under that same KMS
    key. If the volume is encrypted using a different KMS key, AWS KMS generates
    a new data key and encrypts it under the KMS key that you specified. The
    encrypted data key is sent to Amazon EBS to be stored with the volume
    metadata.

 3. When you attach the encrypted volume to an instance, Amazon EC2 sends a
    CreateGrant request to AWS KMS so that it can decrypt the data key.

 4. AWS KMS decrypts the encrypted data key and sends the decrypted data key to
    Amazon EC2.

 5. Amazon EC2 uses the plaintext data key in hypervisor memory to encrypt disk
    I/O to the volume. The plaintext data key persists in memory as long as the
    volume is attached to the instance.


HOW EBS ENCRYPTION WORKS WHEN THE SNAPSHOT IS UNENCRYPTED

When you create an encrypted volume from unencrypted snapshot, Amazon EC2 works
with AWS KMS to encrypt and decrypt your EBS volumes as follows:

 1. Amazon EC2 sends a CreateGrant request to AWS KMS, so that it can encrypt
    the volume that is created from the snapshot.

 2. Amazon EC2 sends a GenerateDataKeyWithoutPlaintext request to AWS KMS,
    specifying the KMS key that you chose for volume encryption.

 3. AWS KMS generates a new data key, encrypts it under the KMS key that you
    chose for volume encryption, and sends the encrypted data key to Amazon EBS
    to be stored with the volume metadata.

 4. Amazon EC2 sends a Decrypt request to AWS KMS to get the encryption key to
    encrypt the volume data.

 5. When you attach the encrypted volume to an instance, Amazon EC2 sends a
    CreateGrant request to AWS KMS, so that it can decrypt the data key.

 6. When you attach the encrypted volume to an instance, Amazon EC2 sends a
    Decrypt request to AWS KMS, specifying the encrypted data key.

 7. AWS KMS decrypts the encrypted data key and sends the decrypted data key to
    Amazon EC2.

 8. Amazon EC2 uses the plaintext data key in hypervisor memory to encrypt disk
    I/O to the volume. The plaintext data key persists in memory as long as the
    volume is attached to the instance.

For more information, see How Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) uses AWS
KMS and Amazon EC2 example two in the AWS Key Management Service Developer
Guide.


REQUIREMENTS

Before you begin, verify that the following requirements are met.


SUPPORTED VOLUME TYPES

Encryption is supported by all EBS volume types. You can expect the same IOPS
performance on encrypted volumes as on unencrypted volumes, with a minimal
effect on latency. You can access encrypted volumes the same way that you access
unencrypted volumes. Encryption and decryption are handled transparently, and
they require no additional action from you or your applications.


SUPPORTED INSTANCE TYPES

Amazon EBS encryption is available on all current generation instance types and
the following previous generation instance types: A1, C3, cr1.8xlarge, G2, I2,
M3, and R3.


PERMISSIONS FOR IAM USERS

When you configure a KMS key as the default key for EBS encryption, the default
KMS key policy allows any IAM user with access to the required KMS actions to
use this KMS key to encrypt or decrypt EBS resources. You must grant IAM users
permission to call the following actions in order to use EBS encryption:

 * kms:CreateGrant

 * kms:Decrypt

 * kms:DescribeKey

 * kms:GenerateDataKeyWithoutPlainText

 * kms:ReEncrypt

To follow the principle of least privilege, do not allow full access to
kms:CreateGrant. Instead, allow the user to create grants on the KMS key only
when the grant is created on the user's behalf by an AWS service, as shown in
the following example.

{
    "Version": "2012-10-17",
    "Statement": [
        {
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Action": "kms:CreateGrant",
            "Resource": [
                "arn:aws:kms:us-east-2:123456789012:key/abcd1234-a123-456d-a12b-a123b4cd56ef"
            ],
            "Condition": {
                "Bool": {
                    "kms:GrantIsForAWSResource": true
                }
            }
        }
    ]
}

For more information, see Allows access to the AWS account and enables IAM
policies in the Default key policy section in the AWS Key Management Service
Developer Guide.


DEFAULT KMS KEY FOR EBS ENCRYPTION

Amazon EBS automatically creates a unique AWS managed key in each Region where
you store AWS resources. This KMS key has the alias alias/aws/ebs. By default,
Amazon EBS uses this KMS key for encryption. Alternatively, you can specify a
symmetric customer managed encryption key that you created as the default KMS
key for EBS encryption. Using your own KMS key gives you more flexibility,
including the ability to create, rotate, and disable KMS keys.

Important

Amazon EBS does not support asymmetric encryption KMS keys. For more
information, see Using symmetric and asymmetric encryption KMS keys in the AWS
Key Management Service Developer Guide.

New console

To configure the default KMS key for EBS encryption for a Region

 1. Open the Amazon EC2 console at https://console.aws.amazon.com/ec2/.

 2. From the navigation bar, select the Region.

 3. From the navigation pane, select EC2 Dashboard.

 4. In the upper-right corner of the page, choose Account Attributes, EBS
    encryption.

 5. Choose Manage.

 6. For Default encryption key, choose a symmetric customer managed encryption
    key.

 7. Choose Update EBS encryption.

Old console

To configure the default KMS key for EBS encryption for a Region

 1. Open the Amazon EC2 console at https://console.aws.amazon.com/ec2/.

 2. From the navigation bar, select the Region.

 3. From the navigation pane, select EC2 Dashboard.

 4. In the upper-right corner of the page, choose Account Attributes, Settings.

 5. Choose Change the default key and then choose an available KMS key.

 6. Choose Save settings.

anchoranchor
 * New console
 * Old console

To configure the default KMS key for EBS encryption for a Region

 1. Open the Amazon EC2 console at https://console.aws.amazon.com/ec2/.

 2. From the navigation bar, select the Region.

 3. From the navigation pane, select EC2 Dashboard.

 4. In the upper-right corner of the page, choose Account Attributes, EBS
    encryption.

 5. Choose Manage.

 6. For Default encryption key, choose a symmetric customer managed encryption
    key.

 7. Choose Update EBS encryption.




ENCRYPTION BY DEFAULT

You can configure your AWS account to enforce the encryption of the new EBS
volumes and snapshot copies that you create. For example, Amazon EBS encrypts
the EBS volumes created when you launch an instance and the snapshots that you
copy from an unencrypted snapshot. For examples of transitioning from
unencrypted to encrypted EBS resources, see Encrypt unencrypted resources.

Encryption by default has no effect on existing EBS volumes or snapshots.

Considerations

 * Encryption by default is a Region-specific setting. If you enable it for a
   Region, you cannot disable it for individual volumes or snapshots in that
   Region.

 * When you enable encryption by default, you can launch an instance only if the
   instance type supports EBS encryption. For more information, see Supported
   instance types.

 * If you copy a snapshot and encrypt it to a new KMS key, a complete
   (non-incremental) copy is created. This results in additional storage costs.

 * When migrating servers using AWS Server Migration Service (SMS), do not turn
   on encryption by default. If encryption by default is already on and you are
   experiencing delta replication failures, turn off encryption by default.
   Instead, enable AMI encryption when you create the replication job.

New console

To enable encryption by default for a Region

 1. Open the Amazon EC2 console at https://console.aws.amazon.com/ec2/.

 2. From the navigation bar, select the Region.

 3. From the navigation pane, select EC2 Dashboard.

 4. In the upper-right corner of the page, choose Account Attributes, EBS
    encryption.

 5. Choose Manage.

 6. Select Enable. You keep the AWS managed key with the alias alias/aws/ebs
    created on your behalf as the default encryption key, or choose a symmetric
    customer managed encryption key.

 7. Choose Update EBS encryption.

Old console

To enable encryption by default for a Region

 1. Open the Amazon EC2 console at https://console.aws.amazon.com/ec2/.

 2. From the navigation bar, select the Region.

 3. From the navigation pane, select EC2 Dashboard.

 4. In the upper-right corner of the page, choose Account Attributes, Settings.

 5. Under EBS Storage, select Always encrypt new EBS volumes.

 6. Choose Save settings.

anchoranchor
 * New console
 * Old console

To enable encryption by default for a Region

 1. Open the Amazon EC2 console at https://console.aws.amazon.com/ec2/.

 2. From the navigation bar, select the Region.

 3. From the navigation pane, select EC2 Dashboard.

 4. In the upper-right corner of the page, choose Account Attributes, EBS
    encryption.

 5. Choose Manage.

 6. Select Enable. You keep the AWS managed key with the alias alias/aws/ebs
    created on your behalf as the default encryption key, or choose a symmetric
    customer managed encryption key.

 7. Choose Update EBS encryption.



You cannot change the KMS key that is associated with an existing snapshot or
encrypted volume. However, you can associate a different KMS key during a
snapshot copy operation so that the resulting copied snapshot is encrypted by
the new KMS key.


ENCRYPT EBS RESOURCES

You encrypt EBS volumes by enabling encryption, either using encryption by
default or by enabling encryption when you create a volume that you want to
encrypt.

When you encrypt a volume, you can specify the symmetric encryption KMS key to
use to encrypt the volume. If you do not specify a KMS key, the KMS key that is
used for encryption depends on the encryption state of the source snapshot and
its ownership. For more information, see the encryption outcomes table.

Note

If you are using the API or AWS CLI to specify a KMS key, be aware that AWS
authenticates the KMS key asynchronously. If you specify a KMS key ID, an alias,
or an ARN that is not valid, the action can appear to complete, but it
eventually fails.

You cannot change the KMS key that is associated with an existing snapshot or
volume. However, you can associate a different KMS key during a snapshot copy
operation so that the resulting copied snapshot is encrypted by the new KMS key.


ENCRYPT AN EMPTY VOLUME ON CREATION

When you create a new, empty EBS volume, you can encrypt it by enabling
encryption for the specific volume creation operation. If you enabled EBS
encryption by default, the volume is automatically encrypted using your default
KMS key for EBS encryption. Alternatively, you can specify a different symmetric
encryption KMS key for the specific volume creation operation. The volume is
encrypted by the time it is first available, so your data is always secured. For
detailed procedures, see Create an Amazon EBS volume.

By default, the KMS key that you selected when creating a volume encrypts the
snapshots that you make from the volume and the volumes that you restore from
those encrypted snapshots. You cannot remove encryption from an encrypted volume
or snapshot, which means that a volume restored from an encrypted snapshot, or a
copy of an encrypted snapshot, is always encrypted.

Public snapshots of encrypted volumes are not supported, but you can share an
encrypted snapshot with specific accounts. For detailed directions, see Share an
Amazon EBS snapshot.


ENCRYPT UNENCRYPTED RESOURCES

You cannot directly encrypt existing unencrypted volumes or snapshots. However,
you can create encrypted volumes or snapshots from unencrypted volumes or
snapshots. If you enable encryption by default, Amazon EBS automatically
encrypts new volumes and snapshots using your default KMS key for EBS
encryption. Otherwise, you can enable encryption when you create an individual
volume or snapshot, using either the default KMS key for Amazon EBS encryption
or a symmetric customer managed encryption key. For more information, see Create
an Amazon EBS volume and Copy an Amazon EBS snapshot.

To encrypt the snapshot copy to a customer managed key, you must both enable
encryption and specify the KMS key, as shown in Copy an unencrypted snapshot
(encryption by default not enabled).

Important

Amazon EBS does not support asymmetric encryption KMS keys. For more
information, see Using Symmetric and Asymmetric encryption KMS keys in the AWS
Key Management Service Developer Guide.

You can also apply new encryption states when launching an instance from an
EBS-backed AMI. This is because EBS-backed AMIs include snapshots of EBS volumes
that can be encrypted as described. For more information, see Use encryption
with EBS-backed AMIs.


ENCRYPTION SCENARIOS

When you create an encrypted EBS resource, it is encrypted by your account's
default KMS key for EBS encryption unless you specify a different customer
managed key in the volume creation parameters or the block device mapping for
the AMI or instance. For more information, see Default KMS key for EBS
encryption.

The following examples illustrate how you can manage the encryption state of
your volumes and snapshots. For a full list of encryption cases, see the
encryption outcomes table.

Examples

 * Restore an unencrypted volume (encryption by default not enabled)
 * Restore an unencrypted volume (encryption by default enabled)
 * Copy an unencrypted snapshot (encryption by default not enabled)
 * Copy an unencrypted snapshot (encryption by default enabled)
 * Re-encrypt an encrypted volume
 * Re-encrypt an encrypted snapshot
 * Migrate data between encrypted and unencrypted volumes
 * Encryption outcomes


RESTORE AN UNENCRYPTED VOLUME (ENCRYPTION BY DEFAULT NOT ENABLED)

Without encryption by default enabled, a volume restored from an unencrypted
snapshot is unencrypted by default. However, you can encrypt the resulting
volume by setting the Encrypted parameter and, optionally, the KmsKeyId
parameter. The following diagram illustrates the process.



If you leave out the KmsKeyId parameter, the resulting volume is encrypted using
your default KMS key for EBS encryption. You must specify a KMS key ID to
encrypt the volume to a different KMS key.

For more information, see Create a volume from a snapshot.


RESTORE AN UNENCRYPTED VOLUME (ENCRYPTION BY DEFAULT ENABLED)

When you have enabled encryption by default, encryption is mandatory for volumes
restored from unencrypted snapshots, and no encryption parameters are required
for your default KMS key to be used. The following diagram shows this simple
default case:



If you want to encrypt the restored volume to a symmetric customer managed
encryption key, you must supply both the Encrypted and KmsKeyId parameters as
shown in Restore an unencrypted volume (encryption by default not enabled).


COPY AN UNENCRYPTED SNAPSHOT (ENCRYPTION BY DEFAULT NOT ENABLED)

Without encryption by default enabled, a copy of an unencrypted snapshot is
unencrypted by default. However, you can encrypt the resulting snapshot by
setting the Encrypted parameter and, optionally, the KmsKeyId parameter. If you
omit KmsKeyId, the resulting snapshot is encrypted by your default KMS key. You
must specify a KMS key ID to encrypt the volume to a different symmetric
encryption KMS key.

The following diagram illustrates the process.



You can encrypt an EBS volume by copying an unencrypted snapshot to an encrypted
snapshot and then creating a volume from the encrypted snapshot. For more
information, see Copy an Amazon EBS snapshot.


COPY AN UNENCRYPTED SNAPSHOT (ENCRYPTION BY DEFAULT ENABLED)

When you have enabled encryption by default, encryption is mandatory for copies
of unencrypted snapshots, and no encryption parameters are required if your
default KMS key is used. The following diagram illustrates this default case:




RE-ENCRYPT AN ENCRYPTED VOLUME

When the CreateVolume action operates on an encrypted snapshot, you have the
option of re-encrypting it with a different KMS key. The following diagram
illustrates the process. In this example, you own two KMS keys, KMS key A and
KMS key B. The source snapshot is encrypted by KMS key A. During volume
creation, with the KMS key ID of KMS key B specified as a parameter, the source
data is automatically decrypted, then re-encrypted by KMS key B.



For more information, see Create a volume from a snapshot.


RE-ENCRYPT AN ENCRYPTED SNAPSHOT

The ability to encrypt a snapshot during copying allows you to apply a new
symmetric encryption KMS key to an already-encrypted snapshot that you own.
Volumes restored from the resulting copy are only accessible using the new KMS
key. The following diagram illustrates the process. In this example, you own two
KMS keys, KMS key A and KMS key B. The source snapshot is encrypted by KMS key
A. During copy, with the KMS key ID of KMS key B specified as a parameter, the
source data is automatically re-encrypted by KMS key B.



In a related scenario, you can choose to apply new encryption parameters to a
copy of a snapshot that has been shared with you. By default, the copy is
encrypted with a KMS key shared by the snapshot's owner. However, we recommend
that you create a copy of the shared snapshot using a different KMS key that you
control. This protects your access to the volume if the original KMS key is
compromised, or if the owner revokes the KMS key for any reason. For more
information, see Encryption and snapshot copying.


MIGRATE DATA BETWEEN ENCRYPTED AND UNENCRYPTED VOLUMES

When you have access to both an encrypted and unencrypted volume, you can freely
transfer data between them. EC2 carries out the encryption and decryption
operations transparently.

For example, use the rsync command to copy the data. In the following command,
the source data is located in /mnt/source and the destination volume is mounted
at /mnt/destination.

[ec2-user ~]$ sudo rsync -avh --progress /mnt/source/ /mnt/destination/


ENCRYPTION OUTCOMES



The following table describes the encryption outcome for each possible
combination of settings.

Is encryption enabled? Is encryption by default enabled? Source of volume
Default (no customer managed key specified) Custom (customer managed key
specified) No No New (empty) volume Unencrypted N/A No No Unencrypted snapshot
that you own Unencrypted No No Encrypted snapshot that you own Encrypted by same
key No No Unencrypted snapshot that is shared with you Unencrypted No No
Encrypted snapshot that is shared with you Encrypted by default customer managed
key* Yes No New volume Encrypted by default customer managed key Encrypted by a
specified customer managed key** Yes No Unencrypted snapshot that you own
Encrypted by default customer managed key Yes No Encrypted snapshot that you own
Encrypted by same key Yes No Unencrypted snapshot that is shared with you
Encrypted by default customer managed key Yes No Encrypted snapshot that is
shared with you Encrypted by default customer managed key No Yes New (empty)
volume Encrypted by default customer managed key N/A No Yes Unencrypted snapshot
that you own Encrypted by default customer managed key No Yes Encrypted snapshot
that you own Encrypted by same key No Yes Unencrypted snapshot that is shared
with you Encrypted by default customer managed key No Yes Encrypted snapshot
that is shared with you Encrypted by default customer managed key Yes Yes New
volume Encrypted by default customer managed key Encrypted by a specified
customer managed key Yes Yes Unencrypted snapshot that you own Encrypted by
default customer managed key Yes Yes Encrypted snapshot that you own Encrypted
by same key Yes Yes Unencrypted snapshot that is shared with you Encrypted by
default customer managed key Yes Yes Encrypted snapshot that is shared with you
Encrypted by default customer managed key

* This is the default customer managed key used for EBS encryption for the AWS
account and Region. By default this is a unique AWS managed key for EBS, or you
can specify a customer managed key. For more information, see Default KMS key
for EBS encryption.

** This is a customer managed key specified for the volume at launch time. This
customer managed key is used instead of the default customer managed key for the
AWS account and Region.


SET ENCRYPTION DEFAULTS USING THE API AND CLI

You can manage encryption by default and the default KMS key using the following
API actions and CLI commands.

API action CLI command Description

DisableEbsEncryptionByDefault

disable-ebs-encryption-by-default

Disables encryption by default.

EnableEbsEncryptionByDefault

enable-ebs-encryption-by-default

Enables encryption by default.

GetEbsDefaultKmsKeyId

get-ebs-default-kms-key-id

Describes the default KMS key.

GetEbsEncryptionByDefault

get-ebs-encryption-by-default

Indicates whether encryption by default is enabled.

ModifyEbsDefaultKmsKeyId

modify-ebs-default-kms-key-id

Changes the default KMS key used to encrypt EBS volumes.

ResetEbsDefaultKmsKeyId

reset-ebs-default-kms-key-id

Resets the AWS managed key as the default KMS key used to encrypt EBS volumes.

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On this page

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 * How EBS encryption works
 * Requirements
 * Default KMS key for EBS encryption
 * Encryption by default
 * Encrypt EBS resources
 * Encryption scenarios
 * Set encryption defaults using the API and CLI





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