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Submission: On October 09 via api from GB — Scanned from GB
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Submission: On October 09 via api from GB — Scanned from GB
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Recent Webinar: Building an Adaptive Cyber Resilient Cloud Watch now * Support * Partners * Under Attack? * Products * Product Overview * Morphisec for Managed Services * Adaptive Exposure Management * Morphisec for Windows Endpoints * Morphisec for Windows Servers & Workloads * Morphisec for Linux Server Protection * Incident Response Services * About Moving Target Defense * Solutions * By Industry * Managed Services * Finance * Hedge Funds * Healthcare * Technology * Manufacturing * Legal * K-12 Education * SMB * By Use Case * Microsoft Defender AV * Microsoft Defender for Endpoint * Virtual Desktop Protection * Cloud Workload Protection * Remote Employee Security * Ransomware Prevention * Virtual Patching and Compliance * Supply Chain Attack Protection * Browser Attack Protection * Company * About Us * News & Events * Careers * Contact Us * Resources * Blog * Learning Center * Customer Stories Read the Blog Get A Demo * Products * Main Menu * Products * Product Overview * Adaptive Exposure Management * Morphisec for Windows Endpoints * Morphisec for Windows Servers & Workloads * Morphisec for Linux Server Protection * Incident Response Services * About Moving Target Defense * Solutions * Main Menu * Solutions * By Industry * Finance * Hedge Funds * Healthcare * Technology * Manufacturing * Legal * K-12 Education * SMB * By Use Case * Microsoft Defender AV * Microsoft Defender for Endpoint * Virtual Desktop Protection * Cloud Workload Protection * Remote Employee Security * Ransomware Prevention * Virtual Patching and Compliance * Supply Chain Attack Protection * Browser Attack Protection * Company * Main Menu * Company * About Us * News & Events * Careers * Contact Us * Resources * Main Menu * Resources * Learning Center * Customer Stories * Blog * Support * Partners * Under Attack? * Read the Blog * Get A Demo Cybersecurity Blog Cybersecurity News, Threat Research, and more from the Team Spearheading the Evolution of Endpoint Security NOT ALL FUN AND GAMES: LUA MALWARE TARGETS EDUCATIONAL SECTOR AND STUDENT GAMING ENGINES Posted by Shmuel Uzan on October 8, 2024 * * Share * Recently, Morphisec Threat Labs identified and prevented multiple sophisticated Lua malware variants targeting the educational sector. These attacks capitalize on the popularity of Lua gaming engine supplements within the student gamer community. INTRODUCTION In March 2024, OALabs reported on a new packed Lua loader aimed at the gaming community. This report was followed in April by additional threat insights by McAfee. In the months since, Morphisec Threat Labs observed its continued spread and evolution, with telemetry data indicating that this malware strain is highly prevalent across North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and even Australia. This post provides an analysis of the loader associated with this persistent attack. Over the past year, the delivery of Lua malware appears to have undergone simplification, possibly to reduce exposure to detection mechanisms. The malware is frequently delivered using obfuscated Lua scripts instead of compiled Lua bytecode, as the latter can trigger suspicion more easily. We would like to credit @Herrcore for their assistance in some of the deobfuscation efforts. TECHNICAL INTRODUCTION We have observed that users searching for game cheats often end up downloading files from platforms like GitHub or similar sources. Today, Lua malware is typically delivered in the form of an installer or a ZIP archive. The ZIP archive usually contains four components: a Lua compiler, a Lua DLL file, an obfuscated Lua script, and a batch file. The batch file executes the Lua script by passing arguments to the Lua compiler. * Lua51.dll - LuaJIT Runtime interpreter * Compiler.exe - a thin compiled Lua loader * Lua script – Malicious Lua script * Launcher.bat - Batch script used to run Compiler.exe with the malicious script as parameter Post execution of the batch file, the loader establishes communication with a C2 server, sending details about the infected machine. In response, the server provides tasks divided into two categories: Lua loader tasks, which involve actions such as maintaining persistence or hiding processes, and task payloads, which focus on downloading new payloads and applying configurations to them. We will get into more details throughout this post. DELIVERY TECHNIQUES The delivery techniques, such as SEO poisoning, remain largely unchanged from those previously described by OALabs and McAfee. Notably, we identified an advertisement for the Solara and Electron executors - popular cheating script engines frequently associated with Roblox—leading to various Lua malware variants hosted across multiple GitHub repositories. Most of the download links are associated with github.com/user-attachments push requests. COMPILER.EXE AND LUA51.DLL The lua51.dll is a widely recognized runtime interpreter for Lua, often employed as an “SDK” to extend the functionality of existing software through an accessible and flexible scripting engine. The Compiler.exe acts as a lightweight loader, responsible for loading lua51.dll and invoking its “SDK” exported functions to process the specified script. In earlier campaigns, Compiler.exe was designed to load and execute Lua bytecode using lua51.dll. However, in the more recent campaigns, it loads a plain Lua script file instead, leveraging Lua's runtime capabilities to interpret the obfuscated script dynamically, allowing for greater flexibility in executing malicious logic. LUA SCRIPT (CONFIG) As previously identified by OALabs, the script is obfuscated using the Prometheus obfuscator. In their analysis, they needed to decompile the bytecode; however, in the recent campaigns described here, the parameter is no longer a bytecode file but rather a directly obfuscated script file. Prometheus Obfuscator is a tool designed to enhance software security by employing advanced obfuscation techniques. Its primary purpose is to protect applications from reverse engineering and unauthorized access, making it significantly more difficult for researchers to analyze and understand the code. With capabilities such as code transformation and control flow obfuscation, Prometheus ensures that the underlying logic remains concealed from scrutiny. The content of the Lua obfuscated script is seen below: A simple beautification of the script will result in (similar string structure is identified at the bytecode file samples): Post deobfuscation, we can easily dump the strings from memory: ANTI-REVERSING The obfuscated code is initially written in a single line, and when using formatting tools to reorganize the code structure for readability, an error message “Tamper Detected!” appears during code execution. The obfuscator's method involves line detection, where it deliberately triggers an error at least twice from different locations. It then verifies whether the line numbers are the same for both areas of the code. An example that demonstrates the technique: 1. The attacker defines a function that deliberately throws an error (division by zero). 2. The function throws an error and parses the line of the error to know from which line in the code it occurred. The pcall function makes a call to another function and returns an array. The first element indicates success, and the second element contains the error message if it failed. In this case, the error format in Lua is structured as `filename:line_number:message`. 3. An additional inline function is generated to ensure that the error is thrown from a different location in the code. Upon execution the function checks whether the line number in the error message matches the previous line number to determine if the code has been edited. Prometheus obfuscator implementation for this anti-reformatting / anti-beautify functionality is well described here. The attacker utilizes the `ffi` library for the direct execution of C code. WHAT IS FFI? The FFI library allows Lua code to call C functions and use C data structures directly without needing to write C wrapper code. This is particularly useful for integrating Lua with C libraries or for improving the performance of certain operations by leveraging native C functions. IMPORT MODULES AND FUNCTIONS The script imports the modules by traversing the PEB (Process Environment Block), and then uses the module's EXPORT table: Module Functions shell32.dll SHGetFolderPathW , SHCreateDirectoryExW , PathFileExistsW advapi32.dll RegCreateKeyExW , RegSetValueExW , RegCloseKey , RegGetValueW , RegCreateKeyExW , RegSetValueExW , RegCloseKey , RegGetValueW , RegGetValueW , RegQueryValueExW , OpenProcessToken , GetTokenInformation , CryptAcquireContextW , CryptGenRandom , CryptReleaseContext , GetUserNameW shlwapi.dll PathFileExistsW winbrand.dll BrandingFormatString kernel32.dll WinExec , CreateMutexW , SetFileAttributesW , GetModuleFileNameW , CopyFileW wininet.dll InternetOpenW , InternetConnectW , HttpOpenRequestW , InternetOpenUrlW , HttpSendRequestW , InternetReadFile , InternetCloseHandle MUTEX-BASED The script uses a mutex using a long constant string In some cases, this string includes a concatenated, predefined number. PERSISTENCE The script establishes persistence by generating a random task name from a predefined list using the following command: `schtasks /create /sc daily /st %02d:%02d /f <Name> /tn <App> /tr <Path>` Potential task name list: INFORMATION GATHERING In the first stage, the script sets the same name for the `UserAgent` as the one defined for the `mutex`, then initiates a GET request to `http://ip-api[.]com/json/` to retrieve information about the victim. During this process, the script validates network connection by attempting to communicate with `https://www.microsoft.com`. Then the script retrieves the `MachineGuid` from the attacker's machine (located at `Computer\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Cryptography`). This string is concatinated along with the `loaderId`, `GUID`, `computer name`, `user name`, `IP`, `country`, `city`, `timezone`, `operating system`, and `architecture`. Afterward, the script encodes the string using a simple symmetric encryption method that combines a basic form of a stream cipher or XOR cipher with byte addition. After encryption, the script converts the bytes to Base64 format. Finally, the script captures a screenshot of the compromised computer and sends the adversary C2, the collected data from the computer along with screenshots. C2 COMMUNICATION After the data is sent to the attacker's server, the server can respond in one of two ways: 1. Blocked – indicating the request is denied. 2. JSON Response – commands of the following categories; `loader` and `tasks`. * Loader - These are actions for the "lua loader" to execute, such as hiding, restarting, maintaining persistence, etc. * Tasks - These are meant to load additional payloads and define which configurations should be applied when loading them. If the server returns a "blocked" response, the malware attempts to connect to an alternate predefined address. If that is also blocked, it accesses pastebin[.]com/raw/mmABULhh to retrieve a new address. If all attempts fail, the process terminates. If a valid response is received, the `lua loader` saves the output in the `C:\Users\<User>\Pictures\` folder, using the machine’s `GUID` as the filename. After saving the file, the loader executes the required tasks and then sends a response back to the server with the task ID (that was initially provided. The payloads are CypherIT Loader / Crypter , Redline). LOADER CONFIG Command Description bypass_defender `powershell "Start-Process <#rand name> powershell <#rand name> -Verb <#rand name> runAs" -WindowStyle hidden -Argument 'Add-MpPreference -ExclusionPath $env:SystemDrive -ExclusionExtension .exe, .dll -Force` autorun Create task `schtasks /create /sc daily /st <time> /f /tn <generated name> /tr "<compiler file> <script file>"` relaunch implements a delay using a loop (`Sleep (1000);`) tablet pop up message with `MessageBoxW` hide Set `SetFileAttributesW` to flag `FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY|FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN|FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SYSTEM` to files persistence The script copies itself files to the directory `C:\Users\john\AppData\Local\<folder>\` and creates a scheduled task using the following command: `schtasks /create /sc daily /st <time> /f /tn <generated name> /tr "<compiler file> <script file>"` If the current process has elevated privileges, additional steps are taken to bypass Windows Defender. `powershell -WindowStyle hidden Add-MpPreference -ExclusionPath <path> -Force` TASK CONFIG Command Description id Task number link Link to download additional payloads file_path which folder to write (`AppData,Desktop ..`) file_name File location to be written start Whether to run the file or not `exe` - create task and run `powershell -Command \"Register-ScheduledTask -TaskName 'task' -Action (New-ScheduledTaskAction -Execute '<task>') -Trigger (New-ScheduledTaskTrigger -At (Get-Date).AddMinutes(1) -Once) -Settings (New-ScheduledTaskSettingsSet -AllowStartIfOnBatteries -DontStopIfGoingOnBatteries -StartWhenAvailable) -Force\""` or using `WinExec` `DLL` - using `loadlibrary` and export function in `cfg` (run time) or run command `rundll32 <dll>, <export>` `ps1` - `powershell -WindowStyle Hidden -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File <file>` `cmd` or `bat` - `cmd /c <file>` autorun execute the file with task hide Set `SetFileAttributesW` to flag `FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN` to files pump increase the size of file dll_loader using for loading DLL file and specific export query If there is a query for the link Python code snippet for decoding the strings: CONCLUSION Based on our investigation, the malware ultimately leads to the deployment of Infostealers, notably Redline Infostealers. Infostealers are gaining prominence in the landscape as the harvested credentials from these attacks are sold to more sophisticated groups to be used in later stages of the attack. Redline notably has a huge market in Dark web selling these harvested credentials. HOW MORPHISEC HELPS Automated Moving Target Defense (AMTD) from Morphisec effectively stops malware attacks at various stages of the attack chain. Morphisec doesn’t rely on signature or behavioral patterns. Instead, it uses its patented AMTD technology to prevent the attack at its earliest stages, preemptively blocking attacks on memory and applications, and effectively remediating the need for response. Schedule a demo today to see how Morphisec stops Lua malware and other new and emerging threats. IOCS 77.73.129[.]64 C2 Lua loader 185.221.198[.]82 C2 lua loader 146.19.128[.]146 C2 Lua loader 212.193.4[.]66 C2 Lua loader 185.236.228[.]12 RedLine 185.208.158[.]36 RedLine Solaraexec[.]cc Fake website electronexec[.]com Fake website github[.]com/user-attachments/files/16201677/getter.json Task Payload github[.]com/user-attachments/files/16968308/socket.json Task Payload github[.]com/user-attachments/files/17057089/SolaraV3.zip Lua Loader github[.]com/user-attachments/files/16737781/Electron.zip Lua Loader `schtasks /create /sc daily /st <time> /f /tn <generated name> /tr "<compiler file> <script file>"` `powershell -Command \"Register-ScheduledTask -TaskName 'task' -Action (New-ScheduledTaskAction -Execute '<task>') -Trigger (New-ScheduledTaskTrigger -At (Get-Date).AddMinutes(1) -Once) -Settings (New-ScheduledTaskSettingsSet -AllowStartIfOnBatteries -DontStopIfGoingOnBatteries -StartWhenAvailable) -Force\""` Persistent pastebin[.]com/raw/mmABULhh C2 lua loader `1crorgz4bo93e47pxiiyklanj0mfswyjtxeg56nahc5sm58` Mutex Computer\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Cryptography Registry HASHES B3ecbe4132598ef746e2111ba29f46af06886677d18595b6845849577121707a CypherIT 3B515469ABA46A0A08D8FCBD8FEB98CE9BCEBFA1A48D56BE586DC9AA4584C0C2 CypherIT 308721F4DC7818AED5F0282A3EFA5944C1D16E97B0CB3BB5786009A186EA9791 CyperIT B3ECBE4132598EF746E2111BA29F46AF06886677D18595B6845849577121707A CyperIT 98418f7079cc11970899a18098425d22414663301dbbad1c892a8c702b90223f Lua Loader 9aacf8f59b8daff24161549378c95174dac40b2fb01d7b8a78b513d3d35f6411 Lua Loader Afd731bb658525845c8ee4216b05ce0c9c8b2e8b745884fbefeb01ef331163a1 Lua Loade 8e59a9de633fc1e0a9da10268c606b898e7d5a6645ee21851465e027aefbaec9 Lua Loade AECDAA94885C3FCD856C3516311BF366AC5EE13B43C28560EADC1F637EFCF432 Lua Loade E09370c9adc09c15eb8d05301bd3c74ef76e98b8a2fa2089df9c4ec5d7b4e047 Redline RESOURCES * GitHub Bug Used to Infect Game Hackers With Lua Malware (openanalysis.net) * Redline Stealer: A Novel Approach (mcafee.com) * Hooking LuaJIT (nickcano.com) * Threat Thursday: SunSeed Malware Targets Ukraine Refugee Aid Efforts (blackberry.com) SUBSCRIBE TO OUR BLOG Stay in the loop with industry insight, cyber security trends, and cyber attack information and company updates. 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