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<h1 id="ctl00_cphBody_h1Title" itemprop="headline">Novel Heat Treatments Tune Microstructure of Selective Laser Melted Alloys</h1>
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src="https://www.azonetwork.com/themes/clients/images/team/taha_2.jpg" alt="Taha Khan" itemprop="image" class="article-meta-photo"></span><span class="article-meta-contents"><span class="article-meta-author">By
<a href="/authors/taha-khan" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">Taha Khan</span></a></span><span class="article-meta-date">Aug 3 2022</span><span class="article-meta-reviewer">Reviewed by
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<p><strong>In a preproof study from the journal </strong><em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897222006648" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Surface and Coatings Technology</strong></a></em><strong>,
researchers developed two heat treatment methods to tune the microstructure of selective laser melted Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-1Zr (Ti-55531) alloy, i.e., αβ phase region (αβ-STA) and supertransus triplex heat treatment (Triplex-HT).</strong>
</p>
<figure class="content-item-img content-item-img-full-width" style="width: 673px;">
<p>
<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0257897222006648" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span itemprop="image" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"><img src="https://d36nqgmw98q4v5.cloudfront.net/images/news/ImageForNews_27747_16590175452937652.jpg" srcset="https://d36nqgmw98q4v5.cloudfront.net/image-handler/ts/20220728101226/ri/1000/src/images/news/ImageForNews_27747_16590175452937652.jpg 1000w, https://d36nqgmw98q4v5.cloudfront.net/image-handler/ts/20220728101226/ri/950/src/images/news/ImageForNews_27747_16590175452937652.jpg 950w, https://d36nqgmw98q4v5.cloudfront.net/image-handler/ts/20220728101226/ri/750/src/images/news/ImageForNews_27747_16590175452937652.jpg 750w, https://d36nqgmw98q4v5.cloudfront.net/image-handler/ts/20220728101226/ri/550/src/images/news/ImageForNews_27747_16590175452937652.jpg 550w, https://d36nqgmw98q4v5.cloudfront.net/image-handler/ts/20220728101226/ri/450/src/images/news/ImageForNews_27747_16590175452937652.jpg 450w" sizes="(min-width: 1200px) 673px, (min-width: 1090px) 667px, (min-width: 992px) calc(66.6vw - 60px), (min-width: 480px) calc(100vw - 40px), calc(100vw - 30px)" width="1000" height="667" style=""><meta itemprop="url" content="https://d36nqgmw98q4v5.cloudfront.net/images/news/ImageForNews_27747_16590175452937652.jpg"><meta itemprop="width" content="1000"><meta itemprop="height" content="667"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Novel Heat Treatments Tune Microstructure of Selective Laser Melted Alloys"><span itemprop="thumbnail" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"><meta itemprop="url" content="https://d36nqgmw98q4v5.cloudfront.net/image-handler/ts/20220728101226/ri/200/src/images/news/ImageForNews_27747_16590175452937652.jpg"><meta itemprop="width" content="200"><meta itemprop="height" content="133"></span></span></a>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="color:#999999;">Study:
</span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0257897222006648" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color:#999999;">The effect of heat treatment on corrosion behavior of selective laser melted Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-1Zr alloy</span></a><span
style="color:#999999;">. Image Credit: Phonlamai Photo/Shutterstock.com</span></em></p>
</figure>
</div>
<p>Titanium has exceptional corrosion resistance due to the exterior natural oxide layer formed when exposed to oxygen. However, titanium still suffers various corrosion forms in severe operational environments, including erosion, fretting
corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, hydrogen embrittlement, pitting and crevice corrosion, and uniform corrosion.</p>
<p>Alloys of titanium also show corrosion-resistant properties in normal conditions, but similar to titanium metal, its alloys also corrode under actual service conditions. Scientists have developed several techniques and methods to identify
the causes and types of corrosion in titanium and presented various solutions for it. </p>
<h2>Near β titanium Alloy Thereinto, Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-1Zr (Ti-55531)</h2>
<p>The corrosion-resistant properties make titanium alloys very demanding in aerospace, marine, automotive, and other sectors. Especially near β titanium alloy Thereinto, Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-1Zr (Ti-55531) has drawn significant attention in the
aerospace industry due to its corrosion resistance, favorable ductility, and high tensile strength. However, producing complex-shaped titanium alloys is challenging due to low utilization in conventional manufacturing techniques, high cost,
and long construction periods.</p>
<h2>Additive Manufacturing (AM)</h2>
<p>Scientists have carried out a lot of work in developing various low-cost manufacturing techniques. Additive manufacturing (AM) can produce complex geometrical components fairly easily. A special technique used in additive manufacturing is
selective laser melting (SLM), which is advantageous due to high material utilization, fast molding speed, and high shaping accuracy. However, there have not been enough studies conducted on the corrosion behavior of SLM-prepared Ti-55531.
</p>
<p>Titanium alloys’ corrosion properties are highly affected by the size and shape of their microstructures. In selective laser melting, the molten pool experiences a significant temperature differential (104–105 °C/cm) due to a brief period
of laser activity. As a result, directed solidification promotes robust epitaxial grain development, creating coarse columnar β grains (C-β).</p>
<h2>How Were Experiments Conducted?</h2>
<p>The study discusses the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behavior of selective laser melted Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-1Zr alloy.</p>
<p>The researchers used the electrode induction melting-gas atomization technique to prepare Ti-55531 powders. Samples of 65×25×65 mm<sup>3</sup> dimensions were prepared using SLM. The sample’s density was measured by the Archimedes method.
</p>
<p>Samples were further cut into vertical and horizontal planes. An electric spark cutter was used to prepare pieces of 10x10x2 mm<sup>3</sup> for electrochemical experiments and microstructural analysis. Furthermore, a 25x10x4 mm<sup>3</sup>
sample was prepared for the weightless corrosion experiment, and 10x10x3 mm<sup>3</sup> was prepared for microscopic morphology.</p>
<p>Two types of heat treatment were introduced to the samples, including αβ solution and aging treatments (αβ-STA) and supertransus triplex heat treatment (Triplex-HT).</p>
<p>To perform triplex heat transfer treatment, an 870 ℃ temperature was maintained for one and a half hours, then brought down to 750 ℃ in 40 minutes, maintained for one hour, and finally aging at 600 ℃ for six hours.</p>
<p>Similarly, the αβ-STA sample was held at 790 ℃ for one and a half hours and aged at 600 ℃ for six hours. The air cooling mechanism was used in both heat treatment types. To imitate actual service conditions, 3.5wt.% NaCl was used in the
immersion experiment for 180 days.</p>
<h2>Findings of the Study</h2>
<p>This study discusses the heat treatment effects on the structural changes of SLMed Ti-55531 and investigates its corrosion behavior under the influence of 3.5% NaCl. The researchers have drawn few conclusions from the experimentation
conducted in the study.</p>
<p>Recrystallization of β grains in the vertical plane sample after triplex heat treatment shows the removal of columnar β grains. The researchers achieved a noteworthy reduction in anisotropy of corrosion resistance between vertical and
horizontal planes. The retention of columnar β grains is attributed to a lack of driving factor for recrystallization in αβ-STA samples.</p>
<p>αβ-STA specimens show better corrosion resistance than triplex heat transfer samples. Moreover, the electrochemical region's low polarization resistance (Rp) and high passive current density (lp) show higher chances of unstable passive
film formation by triplex heat transfer samples, indicating their reduced corrosion resistance.</p>
<p>In the triplex-HT element, segregation significantly impacts the formation of passive films and their subsequent disintegration. The defect formation becomes easier due to Al-rich coarse αp grains accumulating oxygen vacancies. Pitting
corrosion of Ti-55531 is caused by chloride ions that accumulate in these oxygen vacancies and defects. Hence, the presence of Al-rich coarse αp in the bi-lamellar structure proved that the corrosion resistance of the bimodal structure is
better than the bi-lamellar structure.</p>
<h2>Reference</h2>
<p>Hanyang Zuo, Hao Deng, Lvjun Zhou, Wenbin Qiu, Ping Xu, Yongqiang Wei, Huaqiao Peng, Zuxi Xi, Jun Tang (2022) The effect of heat treatment on corrosion behavior of selective laser melted Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-1Zr alloy. <em>Surface and
Coatings Technology</em>. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0257897222006648" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0257897222006648</a></p>
<p class="content-disclaimer content-disclaimer-author"> Disclaimer: The views expressed here are those of the author expressed in their private capacity and do not necessarily represent the views of AZoM.com Limited T/A AZoNetwork the owner
and operator of this website. This disclaimer forms part of the <a href="/terms">Terms and conditions</a> of use of this website. </p>
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<p>Written by</p>
<h3><a href="https://www.azooptics.com/authors/taha-khan">Taha Khan</a></h3>
<p>Taha graduated from HITEC University Taxila with a Bachelors in Mechanical Engineering. During his studies, he worked on several research projects related to Mechanics of Materials, Machine Design, Heat and Mass Transfer, and Robotics.
After graduating, Taha worked as a Research Executive for 2 years at an IT company (Immentia). He has also worked as a freelance content creator at Lancerhop. In the meantime, Taha did his NEBOSH IGC certification and expanded his career
opportunities. </p>
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More info. * Allow All * Reject All * Cookie Settings Skip to content * About * News * Articles * Equipment * Videos * Directory * Interviews * More... * Books * Events * Advertise * Contact * Newsletters * Search * Journals * Books * Events * Advertise * Contact * Newsletters * Journals * Search * LinkedIn * Facebook * Twitter Become a Member Search Menu Posted in | News | Laser * * 1 * * * NOVEL HEAT TREATMENTS TUNE MICROSTRUCTURE OF SELECTIVE LASER MELTED ALLOYS * Download PDF Copy By Taha KhanAug 3 2022Reviewed by Laura Thomson In a preproof study from the journal Surface and Coatings Technology, researchers developed two heat treatment methods to tune the microstructure of selective laser melted Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-1Zr (Ti-55531) alloy, i.e., αβ phase region (αβ-STA) and supertransus triplex heat treatment (Triplex-HT). Study: The effect of heat treatment on corrosion behavior of selective laser melted Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-1Zr alloy. Image Credit: Phonlamai Photo/Shutterstock.com Titanium has exceptional corrosion resistance due to the exterior natural oxide layer formed when exposed to oxygen. However, titanium still suffers various corrosion forms in severe operational environments, including erosion, fretting corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, hydrogen embrittlement, pitting and crevice corrosion, and uniform corrosion. Alloys of titanium also show corrosion-resistant properties in normal conditions, but similar to titanium metal, its alloys also corrode under actual service conditions. Scientists have developed several techniques and methods to identify the causes and types of corrosion in titanium and presented various solutions for it. NEAR Β TITANIUM ALLOY THEREINTO, TI-5AL-5MO-5V-3CR-1ZR (TI-55531) The corrosion-resistant properties make titanium alloys very demanding in aerospace, marine, automotive, and other sectors. Especially near β titanium alloy Thereinto, Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-1Zr (Ti-55531) has drawn significant attention in the aerospace industry due to its corrosion resistance, favorable ductility, and high tensile strength. However, producing complex-shaped titanium alloys is challenging due to low utilization in conventional manufacturing techniques, high cost, and long construction periods. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING (AM) Scientists have carried out a lot of work in developing various low-cost manufacturing techniques. Additive manufacturing (AM) can produce complex geometrical components fairly easily. A special technique used in additive manufacturing is selective laser melting (SLM), which is advantageous due to high material utilization, fast molding speed, and high shaping accuracy. However, there have not been enough studies conducted on the corrosion behavior of SLM-prepared Ti-55531. Titanium alloys’ corrosion properties are highly affected by the size and shape of their microstructures. In selective laser melting, the molten pool experiences a significant temperature differential (104–105 °C/cm) due to a brief period of laser activity. As a result, directed solidification promotes robust epitaxial grain development, creating coarse columnar β grains (C-β). HOW WERE EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED? The study discusses the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behavior of selective laser melted Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-1Zr alloy. The researchers used the electrode induction melting-gas atomization technique to prepare Ti-55531 powders. Samples of 65×25×65 mm3 dimensions were prepared using SLM. The sample’s density was measured by the Archimedes method. Samples were further cut into vertical and horizontal planes. An electric spark cutter was used to prepare pieces of 10x10x2 mm3 for electrochemical experiments and microstructural analysis. Furthermore, a 25x10x4 mm3 sample was prepared for the weightless corrosion experiment, and 10x10x3 mm3 was prepared for microscopic morphology. Two types of heat treatment were introduced to the samples, including αβ solution and aging treatments (αβ-STA) and supertransus triplex heat treatment (Triplex-HT). To perform triplex heat transfer treatment, an 870 ℃ temperature was maintained for one and a half hours, then brought down to 750 ℃ in 40 minutes, maintained for one hour, and finally aging at 600 ℃ for six hours. Similarly, the αβ-STA sample was held at 790 ℃ for one and a half hours and aged at 600 ℃ for six hours. The air cooling mechanism was used in both heat treatment types. To imitate actual service conditions, 3.5wt.% NaCl was used in the immersion experiment for 180 days. FINDINGS OF THE STUDY This study discusses the heat treatment effects on the structural changes of SLMed Ti-55531 and investigates its corrosion behavior under the influence of 3.5% NaCl. The researchers have drawn few conclusions from the experimentation conducted in the study. Recrystallization of β grains in the vertical plane sample after triplex heat treatment shows the removal of columnar β grains. The researchers achieved a noteworthy reduction in anisotropy of corrosion resistance between vertical and horizontal planes. The retention of columnar β grains is attributed to a lack of driving factor for recrystallization in αβ-STA samples. αβ-STA specimens show better corrosion resistance than triplex heat transfer samples. Moreover, the electrochemical region's low polarization resistance (Rp) and high passive current density (lp) show higher chances of unstable passive film formation by triplex heat transfer samples, indicating their reduced corrosion resistance. In the triplex-HT element, segregation significantly impacts the formation of passive films and their subsequent disintegration. The defect formation becomes easier due to Al-rich coarse αp grains accumulating oxygen vacancies. Pitting corrosion of Ti-55531 is caused by chloride ions that accumulate in these oxygen vacancies and defects. Hence, the presence of Al-rich coarse αp in the bi-lamellar structure proved that the corrosion resistance of the bimodal structure is better than the bi-lamellar structure. REFERENCE Hanyang Zuo, Hao Deng, Lvjun Zhou, Wenbin Qiu, Ping Xu, Yongqiang Wei, Huaqiao Peng, Zuxi Xi, Jun Tang (2022) The effect of heat treatment on corrosion behavior of selective laser melted Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-1Zr alloy. Surface and Coatings Technology. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0257897222006648 Disclaimer: The views expressed here are those of the author expressed in their private capacity and do not necessarily represent the views of AZoM.com Limited T/A AZoNetwork the owner and operator of this website. This disclaimer forms part of the Terms and conditions of use of this website. Written by TAHA KHAN Taha graduated from HITEC University Taxila with a Bachelors in Mechanical Engineering. During his studies, he worked on several research projects related to Mechanics of Materials, Machine Design, Heat and Mass Transfer, and Robotics. After graduating, Taha worked as a Research Executive for 2 years at an IT company (Immentia). He has also worked as a freelance content creator at Lancerhop. In the meantime, Taha did his NEBOSH IGC certification and expanded his career opportunities. * Download PDF Copy CITATIONS Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report: * APA Khan, Taha. (2022, July 28). Novel Heat Treatments Tune Microstructure of Selective Laser Melted Alloys. AZoOptics. Retrieved on August 29, 2022 from https://www.azooptics.com/News.aspx?newsID=27747. * MLA Khan, Taha. "Novel Heat Treatments Tune Microstructure of Selective Laser Melted Alloys". AZoOptics. 29 August 2022. <https://www.azooptics.com/News.aspx?newsID=27747>. * Chicago Khan, Taha. "Novel Heat Treatments Tune Microstructure of Selective Laser Melted Alloys". AZoOptics. https://www.azooptics.com/News.aspx?newsID=27747. (accessed August 29, 2022). * Harvard Khan, Taha. 2022. Novel Heat Treatments Tune Microstructure of Selective Laser Melted Alloys. AZoOptics, viewed 29 August 2022, https://www.azooptics.com/News.aspx?newsID=27747. COMMENTS TELL US WHAT YOU THINK Do you have a review, update or anything you would like to add to this news story? 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