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1. AWS
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3. Documentation
4. Amazon EC2
5. User Guide for Linux Instances
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AMAZON ELASTIC COMPUTE CLOUD
USER GUIDE FOR LINUX INSTANCES
* What is Amazon EC2?
* Set up
* Get started tutorial
* Best practices
* Tutorials
* Install LAMP
* Amazon Linux 2023
* Amazon Linux 2
* Amazon Linux
* Configure SSL/TLS
* Amazon Linux 2023
* Amazon Linux 2
* Amazon Linux
* Host a WordPress blog
* Amazon Linux 2023
* Amazon Linux 2
* Increase size of Amazon EBS volume
* Step 1: Launch an instance with added volume
* Step 2: Make the data volume available for use
* Step 3: Increase the size of the data volume
* Step 4: Extend the file system
* Step 5: Clean up
* Amazon Machine Images
* AMI types
* Virtualization types
* Boot modes
* Launch an instance
* AMI boot mode parameter
* Instance type boot mode
* Instance boot mode
* Operating system boot mode
* Set AMI boot mode
* UEFI variables
* UEFI Secure Boot
* How UEFI Secure Boot works
* Launch an instance with UEFI Secure Boot support
* Verify whether an instance is enabled for UEFI Secure Boot
* Create a Linux AMI to support UEFI Secure Boot
* Create three key pairs
* Option A: Add keys to the variable store from within the instance
* Option B: Create a binary blob containing a pre-filled variable
store
* How the AWS binary blob is created
* Find a Linux AMI
* Shared AMIs
* Find shared AMIs
* Make an AMI public
* Share an AMI with organizations or OUs
* Share an AMI with specific AWS accounts
* Cancel having an AMI shared with your account
* Use bookmarks
* Guidelines for shared Linux AMIs
* Paid AMIs
* AMI lifecycle
* Create an AMI
* Create an Amazon EBS-backed Linux AMI
* Create an instance store-backed Linux AMI
* Set up the AMI tools
* Create an AMI from an instance store-backed instance
* Convert to an Amazon EBS-Backed AMI
* AMI tools reference
* Modify an AMI
* Copy an AMI
* Store and restore an AMI
* Deprecate an AMI
* Deregister your AMI
* Recover AMIs from the Recycle Bin
* Automate the EBS-backed AMI lifecycle
* Use encryption with EBS-backed AMIs
* Monitor AMI events
* Understand AMI billing
* AMI billing fields
* Find AMI billing information
* Verify AMI charges on your bill
* Amazon Linux
* Run Amazon Linux 2 on premises
* Kernel Live Patching
* User provided kernels
* Configure the MATE desktop connection
* AMI quotas
* Instances
* Instances and AMIs
* Instance types
* General purpose
* Burstable performance instances
* Key concepts
* Unlimited mode
* Concepts
* Examples
* Standard mode
* Concepts
* Examples
* Work with burstable performance instances
* Monitor your CPU credits
* Compute optimized
* Memory optimized
* Storage optimized
* Accelerated computing
* Install NVIDIA drivers
* Install AMD drivers
* Dual 4k on G4ad
* Activate NVIDIA GRID Virtual Applications
* Optimize GPU settings
* Find an instance type
* Get recommendations
* Change the instance type
* Compatibility
* Troubleshoot
* Instance store-backed instances
* Mac instances
* Instance purchasing options
* On-Demand Instances
* Reserved Instances
* Regional and zonal Reserved Instances (scope)
* Types of Reserved Instances (offering classes)
* How Reserved Instances are applied
* Use your Reserved Instances
* How you are billed
* Buy Reserved Instances
* Sell in the Reserved Instance Marketplace
* Modify Reserved Instances
* Exchange Convertible Reserved Instances
* Reserved Instance quotas
* Scheduled Instances
* Spot Instances
* Best practices
* How Spot Instances work
* Spot Instance pricing history
* Savings
* Work with Spot Instances
* Example launch specifications
* Spot request status
* Rebalance recommendations
* Spot Instance interruptions
* Reasons for interruption
* Interruption behavior
* Stop
* Hibernate
* Terminate
* Prepare for interruptions
* Initiate a Spot Instance interruption
* Spot Instance interruption notices
* Find interrupted Spot Instances
* Determine whether Amazon EC2 terminated a Spot Instance
* Billing
* Spot placement score
* Spot Instance data feed
* Spot Instance quotas
* Burstable performance instances
* Dedicated Hosts
* Work with Dedicated Hosts
* Work with shared Dedicated Hosts
* Dedicated Hosts on AWS Outposts
* Host recovery
* Host maintenance
* Track configuration changes
* Dedicated Instances
* Work with Dedicated Instances
* On-Demand Capacity Reservations
* Capacity Reservation pricing and billing
* Work with Capacity Reservations
* Work with Capacity Reservation groups
* Capacity Reservations in cluster placement groups
* Capacity Reservations in Local Zones
* Capacity Reservations in Wavelength Zones
* Capacity Reservations on AWS Outposts
* Work with shared Capacity Reservations
* Capacity Reservation Fleets
* Capacity Reservation Fleet concepts
* Work with Capacity Reservation Fleets
* Example configurations
* Using service-linked roles
* Monitoring Capacity Reservations
* CloudWatch metrics
* EventBridge events
* Utilization notifications
* Instance lifecycle
* Launch
* Launch using the launch instance wizard
* Old launch instance wizard
* Launch using a launch template
* Restrictions
* Control launching instances
* Create
* Modify (manage versions)
* Delete
* Launch instances
* Launch an instance from an existing instance
* Use an AWS Marketplace instance
* Stop and start
* Hibernate
* Overview
* Prerequisites
* Limitations
* Configure an AMI to support hibernation
* Enable hibernation for an instance
* Disable KASLR on an instance (Ubuntu only)
* Hibernate an instance
* Start a hibernated instance
* Troubleshoot
* Reboot
* Retire
* Terminate
* Recover
* Connect
* Connect to your instance
* Set up to connect
* Connect using SSH
* Connect using EC2 Instance Connect
* Prerequisites
* Permissions
* Install EC2 Instance Connect
* Connect using EC2 Instance Connect
* Uninstall EC2 Instance Connect
* Connect from Windows using OpenSSH (Recommended)
* Connect from Windows using PuTTY
* Connect from Windows using WSL
* Connect using Session Manager
* Connect to instances without requiring a public IPv4 address
* Permissions
* Security groups
* Create an EC2 Instance Connect Endpoint
* Connect to an instance
* Log connections
* Remove EC2 Instance Connect Endpoint
* Service-linked role
* Quotas
* Connect your instance to a resource
* Tutorial: Connect an EC2 instance to an RDS database
* Option 1: Automatically connect – EC2 console
* Task 1: Create an RDS database – optional
* Task 2: Launch an EC2 instance – optional
* Task 3: Automatically connect your EC2 instance to your RDS
database
* Task 4: Verify the connection configuration
* Option 2: Automatically connect – RDS console
* Task 1: Launch an EC2 instance – optional
* Task 2: Create an RDS database and automatically connect it to
your EC2 instance
* Task 3: Verify the connection configuration
* Option 3: Manually connect (create security groups)
* Task 1: Launch an EC2 instance – optional
* Task 2: Create an RDS database – optional
* Task 3: Manually connect your EC2 instance to your RDS
database
* Clean up
* Configure instances
* Manage software
* Update software
* Add repositories
* Find and install software packages
* Prepare to compile software
* Manage users
* Processor state control
* I/O scheduler
* Set the time
* Optimize CPU options
* Rules for specifying CPU options
* CPU cores and threads per CPU core per instance type
* Specify CPU options for your instance
* View the CPU options for your instance
* CPU features
* AMD SEV-SNP
* Requirements
* Considerations
* Concepts and terminology
* Working with AMD SEV-SNP
* Attestation with AMD SEV-SNP
* Change the hostname
* Set up dynamic DNS
* Run commands at launch
* Instance metadata and user data
* Use IMDSv2
* How IMDSv2 works
* Transition to using IMDSv2
* Supported SDKs
* Configure the instance metadata options
* For new instances
* For existing instances
* Retrieve instance metadata
* Work with instance user data
* Retrieve dynamic data
* Instance metadata categories
* Example: AMI launch index value
* Instance identity documents
* Verify using the PKCS7 signature
* Verify using the base64-encoded signature
* Verify using the RSA-2048 signature
* Instance identity roles
* Amazon EI
* Identify instances
* Fleets
* EC2 Fleet
* EC2 Fleet request types
* EC2 Fleet 'instant' type
* EC2 Fleet configuration strategies
* Plan an EC2 Fleet
* Allocation strategies for Spot Instances
* Attribute-based instance type selection
* On-Demand backup
* Capacity Rebalancing
* Maximum price overrides
* Control spending
* Instance weighting
* Work with EC2 Fleets
* Spot Fleet
* Spot Fleet request types
* Spot Fleet configuration strategies
* Plan a Spot Fleet request
* Allocation strategies for Spot Instances
* Attribute-based instance type selection
* On-Demand in Spot Fleet
* Capacity Rebalancing
* Spot price overrides
* Control spending
* Instance weighting
* Work with Spot Fleets
* CloudWatch metrics for Spot Fleet
* Automatic scaling for Spot Fleet
* Target tracking scaling policies
* Step scaling policies
* Scheduled scaling
* Monitor fleet events
* EC2 Fleet event types
* Spot Fleet event types
* Create EventBridge rules
* For EC2 Fleet events
* For Spot Fleet events
* Tutorials
* Tutorial: Use EC2 Fleet with instance weighting
* Tutorial: Use EC2 Fleet with On-Demand as the primary capacity
* Tutorial: Launch On-Demand Instances using targeted Capacity
Reservations
* Tutorial: Use Spot Fleet with instance weighting
* Example configurations
* EC2 Fleet example configurations
* Spot Fleet example configurations
* Fleet quotas
* Monitor
* Automated and manual monitoring
* Best practices for monitoring
* Monitor the status of your instances
* Instance status checks
* State change events
* Scheduled events
* Define event windows for scheduled events
* Monitor your instances using CloudWatch
* Enable detailed monitoring
* List available metrics
* Get statistics for metrics
* Get statistics for a specific instance
* Aggregate statistics across instances
* Aggregate statistics by Auto Scaling group
* Aggregate statistics by AMI
* Graph metrics
* Create an alarm
* Create alarms that stop, terminate, reboot, or recover an instance
* Automate using EventBridge
* Monitor memory and disk metrics
* Deprecated: Collect metrics using the CloudWatch monitoring scripts
* Log API calls with AWS CloudTrail
* Networking
* Regions and Zones
* Instance IP addressing
* Multiple IP addresses
* Instance hostname types
* Bring your own IP addresses
* Assigning prefixes
* Work with prefixes
* Elastic IP addresses
* Network interfaces
* Best practices for configuring network interfaces
* Scenarios for network interfaces
* Requester-managed network interfaces
* Network bandwidth
* Enhanced networking
* Elastic Network Adapter (ENA)
* ENA Express
* Intel 82599 VF
* Operating system optimizations
* Network performance metrics
* Troubleshoot ENA
* Elastic Fabric Adapter
* Get started with EFA and MPI
* Get started with EFA and NCCL
* Use a base AMI
* Use an AWS Deep Learning AMI
* Work with EFA
* Monitor an EFA
* Verify the EFA installer using a checksum
* Placement groups
* Share a placement group
* Placement groups on AWS Outposts
* Network MTU
* Virtual private clouds
* EC2-Classic
* ClassicLink
* Migrate from EC2-Classic to a VPC
* Security
* Infrastructure security
* Resilience
* Data protection
* Identity and access management
* IAM policies
* Policy structure
* Tag resources during creation
* Control access to EC2 resources using resource tags
* Example policies for CLI or SDK
* Example policies for the console
* AWS managed policies
* IAM roles
* Network access
* Key pairs
* Create key pairs
* Tag a public key
* Describe public keys
* Delete a public key
* Add or remove a public key on your instance
* Verify keys
* Security groups
* Security group rules
* Connection tracking
* Default and custom security groups
* Work with security groups
* Security group rules for different use cases
* AWS PrivateLink
* Update management
* Compliance validation
* NitroTPM
* Considerations
* Prerequisites
* Create a Linux AMI for NitroTPM support
* Verify whether an AMI is enabled for NitroTPM
* Enable or stop using NitroTPM on an instance
* Storage
* Amazon EBS
* EBS volumes
* EBS volume types
* General Purpose SSD volumes
* Provisioned IOPS SSD volumes
* Throughput Optimized HDD and Cold HDD volumes
* Size and configuration constraints
* Create a volume
* Attach a volume to an instance
* Attach a volume to multiple instances
* Make a volume available for use
* View volume details
* Replace a volume
* Replace a root volume
* Monitor the status of your volumes
* Detach a volume from an instance
* Delete a volume
* Fault testing
* EBS snapshots
* Create snapshots
* Delete a snapshot
* Copy a snapshot
* Archive snapshots
* Guidelines and best practices for archiving snapshots
* Required IAM permissions
* Work with snapshot archiving
* Monitor snapshot archiving
* View snapshot information
* Share a snapshot
* Recover snapshots from the Recycle Bin
* Local snapshots on Outposts
* Amazon EBS direct APIs
* IAM permissions for EBS direct APIs
* Use EBS direct APIs
* Read snapshots
* Write snapshots
* Use encryption
* Use Signature Version 4 signing
* Use checksums
* Idempotency for StartSnapshot API
* Error retries
* Optimize performance
* EBS direct APIs service endpoints
* Interface VPC endpoints
* Log API calls with AWS CloudTrail
* Frequently asked questions
* Automate the snapshot lifecycle
* Amazon Data Lifecycle Manager
* Automate snapshot lifecycles
* Automate AMI lifecycles
* Automate cross-account snapshot copies
* View, modify, and delete lifecycle policies
* AWS Identity and Access Management
* AWS managed policies
* IAM service roles
* Permissions for users
* Permissions for encryption
* Monitor the lifecycle of snapshots and AMIs
* Monitor your policies using CloudWatch Events
* Monitor your policies using Amazon CloudWatch
* EBS data services
* Elastic volumes
* Requirements
* Request volume modifications
* Monitor modifications
* Extend a file system
* EBS encryption
* Fast snapshot restore
* EBS volumes and NVMe
* EBS optimization
* EBS performance
* I/O characteristics and monitoring
* Initialize volumes
* RAID configuration
* Benchmark EBS volumes
* EBS CloudWatch metrics
* EBS EventBridge events
* EBS quotas
* Instance store
* Instance store volumes
* Add instance store volumes
* SSD instance store volumes
* Instance store swap volumes
* Optimize disk performance
* File storage
* Amazon S3
* Amazon EFS
* Amazon FSx
* Instance volume limits
* Root device volume
* Device names
* Block device mappings
* Torn write prevention
* Resources and tags
* Recycle Bin
* Considerations
* Required IAM permissions
* Condition keys for Recycle Bin
* Work with retention rules
* Work with resources in the Recycle Bin
* Monitor Recycle Bin
* Monitor using EventBridge
* Monitor using CloudTrail
* Resource locations
* Resource IDs
* List and filter your resources
* Tag your resources
* Service quotas
* Usage reports
* Troubleshoot
* Troubleshoot launch issues
* Connect to your instance
* Stop your instance
* Terminate your instance
* Failed status checks
* Troubleshoot an unreachable instance
* Boot from the wrong volume
* EC2Rescue for Linux
* Install EC2Rescue for Linux
* (Optional) Verify the signature of EC2Rescue for Linux
* Work with EC2Rescue for Linux
* Develop EC2Rescue modules
* EC2 Serial Console
* Prerequisites
* Configure access to the EC2 Serial Console
* Connect to the EC2 Serial Console
* Terminate an EC2 Serial Console session
* Troubleshoot your instance using the EC2 Serial Console
* Troubleshoot your Linux instance using GRUB
* Troubleshoot your Linux instance using SysRq
* Send a diagnostic interrupt
* Related information
* Document history
What is Amazon EC2? - Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
AWSDocumentationAmazon EC2User Guide for Linux Instances
Features of Amazon EC2How to get started with Amazon EC2Related servicesAccess
Amazon EC2Pricing for Amazon EC2PCI DSS compliance
WHAT IS AMAZON EC2?
PDFRSS
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) provides scalable computing capacity
in the Amazon Web Services (AWS) Cloud. Using Amazon EC2 eliminates your need to
invest in hardware up front, so you can develop and deploy applications faster.
You can use Amazon EC2 to launch as many or as few virtual servers as you need,
configure security and networking, and manage storage. Amazon EC2 enables you to
scale up or down to handle changes in requirements or spikes in popularity,
reducing your need to forecast traffic.
For more information about cloud computing, see What is cloud computing?
FEATURES OF AMAZON EC2
Amazon EC2 provides the following features:
* Virtual computing environments, known as instances
* Preconfigured templates for your instances, known as Amazon Machine Images
(AMIs), that package the bits you need for your server (including the
operating system and additional software)
* Various configurations of CPU, memory, storage, and networking capacity for
your instances, known as instance types
* Secure login information for your instances using key pairs (AWS stores the
public key, and you store the private key in a secure place)
* Storage volumes for temporary data that's deleted when you stop, hibernate,
or terminate your instance, known as instance store volumes
* Persistent storage volumes for your data using Amazon Elastic Block Store
(Amazon EBS), known as Amazon EBS volumes
* Multiple physical locations for your resources, such as instances and Amazon
EBS volumes, known as Regions and Availability Zones
* A firewall that enables you to specify the protocols, ports, and source IP
ranges that can reach your instances using security groups
* Static IPv4 addresses for dynamic cloud computing, known as Elastic IP
addresses
* Metadata, known as tags, that you can create and assign to your Amazon EC2
resources
* Virtual networks you can create that are logically isolated from the rest of
the AWS Cloud, and that you can optionally connect to your own network, known
as virtual private clouds (VPCs)
For more information about the features of Amazon EC2, see the Amazon EC2
product page.
For more information about running your website on AWS, see Web Hosting.
HOW TO GET STARTED WITH AMAZON EC2
First, you need to get set up to use Amazon EC2. After you are set up, you are
ready to complete the Get Started tutorial for Amazon EC2. Whenever you need
more information about an Amazon EC2 feature, you can read the technical
documentation.
GET UP AND RUNNING
* Set up to use Amazon EC2
* Tutorial: Get started with Amazon EC2 Linux instances
BASICS
* Instances and AMIs
* Regions and Zones
* Instance types
* Tags
NETWORKING AND SECURITY
* Key pairs
* Security groups
* Elastic IP addresses
* Virtual private clouds
STORAGE
* Amazon EBS
* Instance store
WORKING WITH LINUX INSTANCES
* AWS Systems Manager Run Command in the AWS Systems Manager User Guide
* Install LAMP on Amazon Linux 2
* Configure SSL/TLS on Amazon Linux 2
If you have questions about whether AWS is right for you, contact AWS Sales. If
you have technical questions about Amazon EC2, use AWS re:Post.
RELATED SERVICES
You can provision Amazon EC2 resources, such as instances and volumes, directly
using Amazon EC2. You can also provision Amazon EC2 resources using other
services in AWS. For more information, see the following documentation:
* Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling User Guide
* AWS CloudFormation User Guide
* AWS Elastic Beanstalk Developer Guide
* AWS OpsWorks User Guide
To build websites or web applications, you can deploy and manage basic cloud
resources using Amazon Lightsail. To compare the features of Amazon EC2 and
Lightsail for your use case, see Amazon Lightsail or Amazon EC2.
To automatically distribute incoming application traffic across multiple
instances, use Elastic Load Balancing. For more information, see the Elastic
Load Balancing User Guide.
To get a managed relational database in the cloud, use Amazon Relational
Database Service (Amazon RDS) to launch a database instance. Although you can
set up a database on an EC2 instance, Amazon RDS offers the advantage of
handling your database management tasks, such as patching the software, backing
up, and storing the backups. For more information, see the Amazon Relational
Database Service Developer Guide.
To make it easier to manage Docker containers on a cluster of EC2 instances, use
Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS). For more information, see the
Amazon Elastic Container Service Developer Guide or the Amazon Elastic Container
Service User Guide for AWS Fargate.
To monitor basic statistics for your instances and Amazon EBS volumes, use
Amazon CloudWatch. For more information, see the Amazon CloudWatch User Guide.
To detect potentially unauthorized or malicious use of your EC2 instances, use
Amazon GuardDuty. For more information see the Amazon GuardDuty User Guide.
ACCESS AMAZON EC2
Amazon EC2 provides a web-based user interface, the Amazon EC2 console. If
you've signed up for an AWS account, you can access the Amazon EC2 console by
signing into the AWS Management Console and selecting EC2 from the console home
page.
If you prefer to use a command line interface, you have the following options:
AWS Command Line Interface (CLI)
Provides commands for a broad set of AWS products, and is supported on Windows,
Mac, and Linux. To get started, see AWS Command Line Interface User Guide. For
more information about the commands for Amazon EC2, see ec2 in the AWS CLI
Command Reference.
AWS Tools for Windows PowerShell
Provides commands for a broad set of AWS products for those who script in the
PowerShell environment. To get started, see the AWS Tools for Windows PowerShell
User Guide. For more information about the cmdlets for Amazon EC2, see the AWS
Tools for PowerShell Cmdlet Reference.
Amazon EC2 supports creating resources using AWS CloudFormation. You create a
template, in JSON or YAML, that describes your AWS resources, and AWS
CloudFormation provisions and configures those resources for you. You can reuse
your CloudFormation templates to provision the same resources multiple times,
whether in the same Region and account or in multiple Regions and accounts. For
more information about the resource types and properties for Amazon EC2, see EC2
resource type reference in the AWS CloudFormation User Guide.
Amazon EC2 provides a Query API. These requests are HTTP or HTTPS requests that
use the HTTP verbs GET or POST and a Query parameter named Action. For more
information about the API actions for Amazon EC2, see Actions in the Amazon EC2
API Reference.
If you prefer to build applications using language-specific APIs instead of
submitting a request over HTTP or HTTPS, AWS provides libraries, sample code,
tutorials, and other resources for software developers. These libraries provide
basic functions that automate tasks such as cryptographically signing your
requests, retrying requests, and handling error responses, making it easier for
you to get started. For more information, see Tools to Build on AWS.
PRICING FOR AMAZON EC2
When you sign up for AWS, you can get started with Amazon EC2 for free using the
AWS Free Tier.
Amazon EC2 provides the following purchasing options for instances:
On-Demand Instances
Pay for the instances that you use by the second, with a minimum of 60 seconds,
with no long-term commitments or upfront payments.
Savings Plans
You can reduce your Amazon EC2 costs by making a commitment to a consistent
amount of usage, in USD per hour, for a term of 1 or 3 years.
Reserved Instances
You can reduce your Amazon EC2 costs by making a commitment to a specific
instance configuration, including instance type and Region, for a term of 1 or 3
years.
Spot Instances
Request unused EC2 instances, which can reduce your Amazon EC2 costs
significantly.
For a complete list of charges and prices for Amazon EC2, see Amazon EC2
pricing.
When calculating the cost of a provisioned environment, remember to include
incidental costs such as snapshot storage for EBS volumes. To calculate the cost
of a sample provisioned environment, see Cloud Economics Center.
To see your bill, go to the Billing and Cost Management Dashboard in the AWS
Billing and Cost Management console. Your bill contains links to usage reports
that provide details about your bill. To learn more about AWS account billing,
see AWS Billing and Cost Management User Guide.
If you have questions concerning AWS billing, accounts, and events, contact AWS
Support.
For an overview of Trusted Advisor, a service that helps you optimize the costs,
security, and performance of your AWS environment, see AWS Trusted Advisor.
PCI DSS COMPLIANCE
Amazon EC2 supports the processing, storage, and transmission of credit card
data by a merchant or service provider, and has been validated as being
compliant with Payment Card Industry (PCI) Data Security Standard (DSS). For
more information about PCI DSS, including how to request a copy of the AWS PCI
Compliance Package, see PCI DSS Level 1.
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* Features of Amazon EC2
* How to get started with Amazon EC2
* Related services
* Access Amazon EC2
* Pricing for Amazon EC2
* PCI DSS compliance
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