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TECHNICUS
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Hardware
DIGITIZE OLD PHOTOS AND VIDEOS
August 25, 2023 nicholas Leave a comment
Here is a list of hardware and software that I use to digitize old home movies,
tapes, and family pictures:
HARDWARE
35mm film scanner: Pacific Image PowerFilm Plus 35mm Film Scanner
Document / picture scanner: Brother ADS-2700W
Flatbed scanner: Epson DS-50000 Large-Format Document Scanner
Audiocasette player with a 3.5mm output jack
Laptop / computer with 3.5mm input jack (headphone/microphone)
VHS player
USB VHS to Digital Converter
Soft tip silicone air blower
SOFTWARE
Video capture: OBS Studio
Photo editing: GIMP
Audio capture: Audacity
Digitizing these precious memories makes them available for future generations.
They are much more useful to everyone online than they ever were sitting in a
box.
hardwarescanning
CLI
REPLACE UNAVAIL DISK IN ZFS
August 24, 2023 nicholas Leave a comment
I had an issue where I removed a drive in my ZFS array and replaced it with a
new drive which the OS gave the same device name (/dev/sdd). I had a hard time
getting zfs to replace the drive until I discovered the -g flag for zpool status
(thanks to this stackexchange post.)
That did the trick! Simply running zpool status -g showed the GUIDs of each
device, which I could then use to properly use zpool replace on:
sudo zpool replace Poolname 12922644002107879117 /dev/sdd
Success!
linuxZFSzpool
CLI
FIX MAKEMKV NOT COMPILING IN ARCH
August 4, 2023 nicholas Leave a comment
I’ve had my Arch Linux desktop system for several years now. Over that time,
cruft has built up. It bit me today when I tried to install makemkv. No matter
what I tried I could not get it to compile. Configure constantly failed an this
step:
checking whether LIBAVCODEC_VERSION_MAJOR is declared... yes
checking LIBAVCODEC_VERSION_MAJOR... 52
...
configure: error: The libavcodec library is too old. Please get a recent one from http://www.ffmpeg.org
I had to systematically delete anything containing ffmpeg, then re-install
ffmpeg, in order to finally get it to work.
Get a list of installed packages containing ffmpeg:
yay -Ss ffmpeg | grep Installed
Remove ffmpeg-containing packages:
yay -R chromaprint-fftw grilo-plugins gst-plugins-bad cheese gnome-music gnome-video-effects totem ffmpeg-compat-54 ffmpeg-compat-57 ffmpeg0.10 ffmpeg4.4 vlc libavutil-52 faudio
Install makemkv:
yay -S makemkv
My “nuke all ffmpeg from orbit” approach worked. After I did so, makemkv
compiled!
Arch LinuxffmpegmakemkvPacmanyay
CLI, Web
FIX CRON OUTPUT NOT BEING SENT VIA E-MAIL
August 3, 2023 nicholas Leave a comment
I had an issue where I had cron jobs that output data to stdout, yet mail of the
output was never delivered. Everything showed fine in cron.log :
Aug 3 21:21:01 mail CROND[10426]: (nicholas) CMD (echo “test”)
Aug 3 21:21:01 mail CROND[10424]: (nicholas) CMDOUT (test)
yet no e-mail was sent. I finally found out how to fix this in a roundabout way.
I came across this article on cpanel.net on how to silence cron e-mails. I then
thought I’d try the reverse of a suggestion and add MAILTO= variable at the top
of my cron file. It worked! Example crontab:
MAILTO=”youremail@address.com”
0 * * * * /home/nicholas/queue-check.sh
This came about due to my Zimbra box not sending system e-mails. In addition to
the above, I had to configure zimbra as a sendmail alternative per this Zimbra
wiki post:
https://wiki.zimbra.com/wiki/How_to_%22fix%22_system%27s_sendmail_to_use_that_of_zimbra
CentOS 7cronE-maillinuxZimbra
Networking, Virtualization
FIX NO INTERNET IN KVM/QEMU VMS AFTER INSTALLING DOCKER
July 31, 2023 nicholas Leave a comment
I ran into a frustrating issue where my KVM VMs would lose network connectivity
if I installed docker on my Arch Linux system. After some digging I finally
discovered the cause (thanks to anteru.net)
> It turns out, docker adds a bunch of iptables rules by default which prevent
> communication. These will interfere with an already existing bridge, and
> suddenly your VMs will report no network.
There are two ways to fix this. I went with the route of telling docker to NOT
mess with iptables on startup. Less secure, but my system is not directly
connected to the internet. I created /etc/docker/daemon.json and added this to
it:
{
"iptables" : false
}
Then restarted my machine. This did the trick!
dockerKVMNetworkingNetworkManager
CLI, Hardware, Virtualization
PROXMOX CEPH STORAGE CONFIGURATION
April 22, 2023 nicholas Leave a comment
These are my notes for migrating my VM storage from NFS mount to Ceph hosted on
Proxmox. I ran into a lot of bumps, but after getting proper server-grade SSDs,
things have been humming smoothly long enough that it’s time to publish.
A NOTE ON SSDS
I had a significant amount of trouble getting ceph to work with consumer-grade
SSDs. This is because ceph does a cache writeback call for each transaction –
much like NFS. On my ZFS array, I could disable this, but not so for ceph. The
result is very slow performance. It wasn’t until I got some Intel DC S3700
drives that ceph became reliable and fast. More details here.
INITIAL INSTALL
I used the Proxmox GUI to install ceph on each node by going to <host> / Ceph.
Then I used the GUI to create a monitor, manager, and OSD on each host. Lastly,
I used the GUI to create a ceph storage target in Datacenter config.
SMALL CLUSTER (3 NODES)
My Proxmox cluster is small (3 nodes.) I discovered I didn’t have enough space
for 3 replicas (the default ceph configuration), so I had to drop my pool
size/min down to 2/1 despite warnings not to do so, since a 3-node cluster is a
special case:
https://forum.proxmox.com/threads/ceph-pool-size-is-2-1-really-a-bad-idea.68939/#post-440755
More discussion:
https://lists.ceph.io/hyperkitty/list/ceph-users@ceph.io/thread/UB44GH4Z2NJUV52ZTHKO4TGYEX3DZ4CB/
I have not had any problems with this configuration and it provides the space I
need.
CEPH POOL SIZE
In my early testing, I discovered that if I removed a disk from pool, the size
of the pool increased! After doing some reading in redhat documentation, I
learned the basics of why this happened.
Size = number of copies of the data in the pool
Minsize = minimum number of copies before pool operation is suspended
I didn’t have enough space for 3 copies of the data. When I removed a disk, the
pool it dropped down to the minsize setting (2 copies) – which I did have enough
room for. The pool rebalanced to reflect this and it resulted in more space.
CONFIGURE ALERTING
It turns out that alerting for problems with ceph OSDs and monitors does not
come out of the box. You must configure it. Thanks to this thread and the ceph
documentation for how to do so. I did this on each proxmox node.
apt install ceph-mgr-dashboard
ceph config set mgr mgr/alerts/smtp_host <MAIL_HOST>'
ceph config set mgr mrg/alerts/smtp_ssl false
ceph config set mgr mgr/alerts/smtp_ssl false
ceph config set mgr mgr/alerts/smtp_port 25
ceph config set mgr mgr/alerts/smtp_destination <DEST_EMAIL>
ceph config set mgr mgr/alerts/smtp_sender <SENDER_EMAIL>
ceph config set mgr mgr/alerts/smtp_from_name 'Proxmox Ceph Cluster'
Test this by telling ceph to send its alerts:
ceph alerts send
MOVE VM DISKS TO CEPH STORAGE
I ended up writing a simple for loop to move all my existing Proxmox VM disks
onto my new ceph cluster. None of my VMs had more than 3 scsi devices. If your
VMs have more than that you’ll have to tweak this rudimentary command:
for vm in $(qm list | awk '{print $1}'|grep -v VMID); do qm move-disk $vm scsi0 <CEPH_POOL_NAME>; qm move-disk $vm scsi1 <CEPH_POOL_NAME>; qm move-disk $vm scsi2 <CEPH_POOL_NAME>; done
RENAME STORAGE
I tried to edit /etc/pve/storage.cfg to change the name I gave my ceph cluster
in Proxmox. That didn’t work (question mark next to the storage after renaming
it) so I just removed and re-added instead.
MAINTENANCE
BEGIN MAINTENANCE:
Ceph constantly tries to keep itself in balance. If you take a node down and it
stays down for too long, ceph will begin to rebalance the data among the
remaining nodes. If you’re doing short term maintenance, you can control this
behavior to avoid unnecessary rebalance traffic.
ceph osd set nobackfill
ceph osd set norebalance
Reboot / perform OSD maintenance.
AFTER MAINTENANCE IS COMPLETED:
ceph osd unset nobackfill
ceph osd unset norebalance
PERFORMANCE BENCHMARK
I did a lot of performance checking when I first started to try and track down
why the pool was so slow. In the end it was my consumer-grade SSDs. I’ll keep
this section here for future reference.
Redhat article on ceph performance benchmarking
Ceph wiki on benchmarking
rados bench -p SSD 10 write --no-cleanup
rados bench -p SSD 10 seq
rados bench -p SSD 10 seq
rados bench -p SSD 10 rand
rbd create image01 --size 1024 --pool SSD
rbd map image01 --pool SSD --name client.admin
mkfs.ext4 /dev/rbd/SSD/image01
mkdir /mnt/ceph-block-device
mount /dev/rbd/SSD/image01 /mnt/ceph-block-device/
rbd bench --io-type write image01 --pool=SSD
pveperf /mnt/ceph-block-device/
rados -p SSD cleanup
Undo:
umount /mnt/ceph-block-device
rbd unmap image01 --pool SSD
rbd rm image01 --pool SSD
MTU 9000 WARNING
I read that it was recommended to set network MTU to 9000 (jumbo frames. When I
did this I experienced weird behavior, connection timeouts – ceph ground to a
halt, complaining about slow OSDs, mons. It was too much hassle for me to
troubleshoot, so I went back to the standard 1500 MTU.
DATACENTER SETTINGS
I discovered you can have a host automatically migrate hosts off when you issue
the reboot command via the migrate shutdown policy.
https://pve.proxmox.com/wiki/High_Availability
Proxmox GUI / Datacenter / Options / HA Settings
SPECIFY SSD OR HDD FOR POOLS
I have not done this yet but here’s a link I found that explains how to do it:
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/58060333/ceph-how-to-place-a-pool-on-specific-osd
HELPFUL COMMANDS
Determine IPs of OSDs:
ceph osd dump - determine IPs of OSDs
Remove monitor from failed node:
ceph mon remove <host>
Also needs to be removed from /etc/ceph/ceph.conf
CONFIGURE BACKUP
I had been using ZFS snapshots and ZFS send to backup my VM disks before the
move to ceph. While ceph has snapshot capability, it is slow and takes up extra
space in the pool. My solution was to spin up a Proxmox Backup Server and
regularly back up to that instead.
Proxmox backup server: can be installed to an existing PVE server if you desire:
https://pbs.proxmox.com/docs/installation.html
Configure the apt repository as follows:
# PBS pbs-no-subscription repository provided by proxmox.com,
# NOT recommended for production use
deb http://download.proxmox.com/debian/pbs bullseye pbs-no-subscription
# security updates
deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib
# apt-get update
# apt-get install proxmox-backup
I had to add a regular user and give admin permissions on PBS side, then add the
host on the proxmox side using those credentials.
Configure automated backup in PVE via Datacenter tab / Backup.
Remember to configure automated verify jobs (scrubs).
Make sure to add an e-mail address for proxmox backup user for alerts.
Edit which account & e-mail is used, and how often notified, at the Datastore
level.
SYNC JOBS
I wanted to synchronize my Proxmox Backup repository to a non-PBS server (simply
host the files.) I accomplished this by doing the following:
* Add 127.0.0.1 as a Remote host (Configuration / Remotes.) Copy the PBS server
fingerprint from Certificates / Fingerprint.
* Create remote datastore in /etc/fstab manually (I used SSHFS to backup to a
synology over SSH.)
* Add datastore in PBS, pointing to manual fstab mount. Then add sync job there
IMPORT PBS DATASTORE (IN CASE OF TOTAL CRASH)
I wanted to know how to import the data into a fresh instance of PBS. This is
the procedcure:
edit /etc/proxmox-backup/datastore.cfg and add config about the datastore
manually. Copy from existing datastore config for syntax.
SPACE STILL BEING TAKEN UP AFTER DELETING BACKUPS
PBS uses access time to determine if something has been touched. It waits 24
hours after the last touch. Garbage collection manually updates atime, but still
recommended to keep atime on for the dataset PBS is using. Sources:
https://forum.proxmox.com/threads/zpool-atime-turned-off-effect-on-garbage-collection.76590/
https://pbs.proxmox.com/docs/backup-client.html#garbage-collection
TROUBLESHOOTING
REALLY SLOW VM IOPS DURING DEGRADE / REBUILD
This also ended up being due to having consumer-grade SSDs in my ceph pools. I’m
keeping my notes for what I did to troubleshoot in case they’re useful.
https://forum.proxmox.com/threads/ceph-high-i-o-wait-on-osd-add-remove.20271/
Small cluster. Lower backfill activity so recovery doesn’t cause slowdown:
ceph config set osd osd_max_backfills 1
ceph config set osd osd_recovery_max_active 3
Verify setting was applied: https://www.suse.com/support/kb/doc/?id=000019693
ceph-conf --show-config|egrep "osd_max_backfills|osd_recovery_max_active"
ceph config dump | grep osd
Ramp up backfill performance:
ceph tell osd.* injectargs --osd_max_backfills=2 --osd-recovery_max_active=8 # 2x Increase
ceph tell osd.* injectargs --osd_max_backfills=3 --osd-recovery_max_active=12 # 3x Increase
ceph tell osd.* injectargs --osd_max_backfills=4 --osd_recovery_max_active=16 # 4x Increase
ceph tell osd.* injectargs --osd_max_backfills=1 --osd-recovery_max_active=3 # Back to Defaults
The above didn’t help, turns out consumer SSDs are very bad:
https://yourcmc.ru/wiki/Ceph_performance#General_benchmarking_principles
https://blog.cypressxt.net/hello-ceph-and-samsung-850-evo/
I bought some Intel DC S3700 on ebay for $75 a piece. It fixed all my
latency/speed issues.
DEAD MON DESPITE BEING REMOVED FROM CLI
I had a situation where a monitor showed up as dead in proxmox, but I was unable
to delete it. I followed this procedure:
rm /etc/systemd/system/ceph-mon.target.wants/ceph-mon@<nodename>.service
Dead pve node procedure
remove from /etc/ceph/ceph.conf, remove /var/lib/ceph/mon/ceph-<node>, remove rm
/etc/systemd/system/ceph-mon.target.wants/ceph-mon@pve2.service
https://forum.proxmox.com/threads/ceph-cant-remove-monitor-with-unknown-status.63613/
Adding through GUI brought me back to the same problem.
Bring node back manually
https://docs.ceph.com/en/latest/rados/operations/add-or-rm-mons/
ceph auth get mon. -o /tmp/key
ceph mon getmap -o /tmp/map
ceph-mon -i <node_name> –mkfs –monmap /tmp/map –keyring /tmp/key
ceph-mon -i <node_name> –public-addr <node_ip>:6789
ceph mon enable-msgr2
vi /etc/pve/ceph.conf
In the end the most surefire way to fix this problem was to re-image the
affected host.
CLEAR HEALTH_WARNING IN GUI
In my testing I had tried pulling disks at random, then putting them back in.
This recovered well, but I had this message:
HEALTH_WARN 1 daemons have recently crashed
To clear it I had to drop to the CLI and run this command:
ceph crash archive-all
Thanks to the Proxmox Forums for the fix.
POOL CLEANUP
I noticed I would get rbd error: rbd: listing images failed: (2) No such file or
directory (500) when trying to look at which disks were on my Ceph pool. I fixed
this by removing the offending images as per this post.
I then ran another rbd ls -l <POOL_NAME> command to see what was left and
noticed several items without anything in the LOCK column. I discovered these
were artifacts from failed disk migrations I tried early on – wasted space. I
removed them one by one with the following command:
rbd rm <VM_FILE_NAME> -p <POOL_NAME>
Be careful to verify they’re not disks that are in use with VMs with are powered
off – they will also show no lock for non-running VMs.
DISK ERRORS
I had a disk fail, but then I pulled out the wrong disk. I kept getting these
errors:
Warning: Error fsyncing/closing
/dev/mapper/ceph--fc741b6c--499d--482e--9ea4--583652b541cc-osd--block--843cf28a--9be1--4286--a29c--b9c6848d33ba:
Input/output error
I was unable to remove it from the GUI. After a while I realized the problem – I
was on the wrong node. I needed to be on the node that has the disks when
creating an OSD in the Proxmox GUI.
Steps to determine which disk is assigned to an OSD, from ceph docs:
ceph-volume lvm list
====== osd.2 =======
[block] /dev/ceph-680265f2-0b3c-4426-b2a8-acf2774d82e0/osd-block-2096f339-0572-4e1d-bf20-52335af9b374
block device /dev/ceph-680265f2-0b3c-4426-b2a8-acf2774d82e0/osd-block-2096f339-0572-4e1d-bf20-52335af9b374
block uuid tcnwFr-G33o-ybue-n0mP-cDpe-sp9y-d0gvYS
cephx lockbox secret
cluster fsid 65f26da0-fca0-4419-ba15-20269a5a363f
cluster name ceph
crush device class ssd
encrypted 0
osd fsid 2096f339-0572-4e1d-bf20-52335af9b374
osd id 2
osdspec affinity
type block
vdo 0
devices /dev/sde
backupCephDebianlinuxProxMoxsshfsstorage
CLI, Networking
FORCE DNS REFRESH FOR PING IN CENTOS7
March 30, 2023 nicholas Leave a comment
I came across an issue where I updated /etc/resolv.conf but name resolution
wasn’t working in Cent7. nslookup & host both returned results, but ping did
not. After some digging, I found this post which mentioned name service cache
daemon. After restarting it, DNS worked properly! So if you update DNS, be sure
to also restart NCSD:
sudo systemctl restart ncsd
CentOS 7linuxncsd
CLI
CONVERT TIF TO JPG WITH IMAGEMAGICK
March 3, 2023 nicholas Leave a comment
My new project is digitizing film negatives. Following advice found on the
DataHoarder subreddit, I’m scanning these files in the highest possible quality
in uncompressed TIF files. These TIF files are too big for regular consumption,
thus the need to convert to JPG.
ImageMagick is amazing, and does the job nicely. Make sure you have the
imagemagick package installed, and it’s as simple as using the convert command.
This is my simple script for converting all TIF files to JPG, and outputting
them to the same directory:
for file in *.tif; do echo converting "$file" to "${file%.*}.jpg"; convert "$file" "${file%.*}.jpg"; done
It uses bash substitution to remove the TIF extension in the resulting JPG file.
It works beautifully!
Update 4/14/2023:
I have re-worked this a bit to handle multiple directories. It involves setting
the Internal Field Separator to be ‘ \n’ instead of space (default) and using
the find command. The multi-directory command is below:
IFS=$'\n'; for file in $(find . -name *.tif); do echo converting "$file" to "${file%.*}.jpg"; convert "$file" "${file%.*}.jpg"; done;unset IFS
BASHconvertImageMagickJPGscanningTIF
CLI, Networking
RESTART WIREGUARD INTERFACE IN OPENWRT
February 1, 2023 nicholas Leave a comment
One annoying issue with wireguard in OpenWRT is the fact that it won’t re-check
DNS on connection failure. In the event that my public IP changes (dynamic IP)
the OpenWRT wireguard client doesn’t ever get the memo, even when DNS is
updated.
I discovered here that you can tell OpenWRT via the command line to stop and
start the wireguard interface. This forces a new DNS check and then the tunnel
builds successfully. The command:
ubus call network.interface.wg0 down && ubus call network.interface.wg0 up
Success! Throw this into a cron job and you have an automated failsafe to ensure
a reconnect after IP change.
OpenWRTwireguard
Networking
WIREGUARD ONE-WAY TRAFFIC ON USG PRO 4 AFTER DUAL WAN SETUP
October 18, 2022 nicholas Leave a comment
I have a site-to-site VPN between my Ubiquiti USG Pro-4 and an OpenWRT device
over wireguard . It’s worked great until I got a secondary WAN connection as a
failover connection since my primary cable connection has been flaky lately.
When you introduce dual-WAN on Ubiquiti devices you have to manually configure
everything since the GUI assumes only one WAN connection. I configured my manual
DNAT (port forwards) for each interface successfully but struggled to figure out
why suddenly my Wireguard VPN between my two sites only went one way (remote
side could ping all hosts on local side, but not visa-versa.)
After some troubleshooting I realized the firewall itself could ping the remote
subnet just fine, it just wasn’t allowing local hosts to do so. I couldn’t find
anything in firewall logs. Eventually I came across this very helpful page from
hackad.nu that helped me to solve my problem.
The solution was to add a Firewall Modify rule specifically for the eth0
interface (where all my LAN traffic is routed through) to allow the source
address of the subnets I want to traverse the VPN, then apply that modifier to
the LAN_IN firewall rule for that interface. I had to do it for any VLANs I
wanted to be able to use the Wireguard tunnel as well (vifs of eth0, VLAN 50 in
my case)
Here is the relevant config.gateway.json sections, namely “firewall” and
“interfaces”:
{
"firewall": {
"modify": {
"Wireguard": {
"rule": {
"10": {
"action": "modify",
"description": "Allow Wireguard traffic",
"modify": {
"table": "10"
},
"source": {
"address": "10.1.0.0/16"
}
}
}
}
},
"interfaces": {
"ethernet": {
"eth0": {
"firewall": {
"in": {
"ipv6-name": "LANv6_IN",
"modify": "Wireguard",
"name": "LAN_IN"
}
},
"vif": {
"50": {
"firewall": {
"in": {
"ipv6-name": "LANv6_IN",
"modify": "Wireguard",
"name": "LAN_IN"
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
This did the trick! Wireguard is working both directions again, this time with
my dual WAN connections.
Dual WANfailoverfirewallJSONsite to siteUbiquitiUSGVPNwireguard
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