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PRESERVING LAW AND ORDER: HOW INSTITUTIONS IMPLEMENTING INTERNATIONAL NORMS ON
REFUGEE PROTECTION CAN RESTRICT ASYLUM OUTCOMES

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Angela Y McClean
Angela Y McClean
Yale University
,
USA
Corresponding author e-mail: angela.mcclean@yale.edu
  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5964-093X
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International Political Sociology, Volume 18, Issue 1, March 2024, olae001,
https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olae001
Published:
27 January 2024
Article history
Received:
25 January 2022
Revision received:
16 October 2023
Accepted:
04 January 2024
Published:
27 January 2024

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   Angela Y McClean, Preserving Law and Order: How Institutions Implementing
   International Norms on Refugee Protection Can Restrict Asylum Outcomes,
   International Political Sociology, Volume 18, Issue 1, March 2024, olae001,
   https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olae001
   
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ABSTRACT

The international frameworks on refugee protection, including the 1951
Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, are among
the strongest norms to govern international mobility. Despite the salience and
universality of these international norms, however, asylum outcomes, as
indicated by refugee recognition rates (RRRs), vary extensively across state
parties. The variation in RRR signals a critical normative gap between the
institutionalization and implementation of international norms on refugee
protection. In this article, I offer an explanation for this gap by examining
the role of domestic institutions responsible for implementing relevant
international (and domestic) laws on the ground. Through in-depth interviews,
participant observation, and analysis of government, media, and non-governmental
organization materials, I investigate the case of South Korea, a wealthy liberal
democracy known for its exceptionally low RRR. I argue that South Korea’s low
RRR is a result of the preexisting and prevailing ethos of the institutions
responsible for refugee status determination, which is deeply rooted in the
preservation of law and order and therefore fundamentally conflicts with the
human protection principles underlying the Convention.

Les cadres internationaux de protection des réfugiés, y compris la Convention de
1951 ou le Protocole relatif au statut des réfugiés de 1967, comptent parmi les
normes qui régissent la mobilité internationale le plus fortement. Toutefois,
malgré l'importance et l'universalité de ces normes internationales, l'issue des
procédures d'asile diffère énormément d'un État parti à l'autre, comme l'indique
le taux de reconnaissance des candidats au statut de réfugié (TRR). Les
variations du TRR mettent en évidence un écart normatif important entre
l'institutionnalisation et l'application des normes internationales relatives à
la protection des réfugiés. Dans cet article, je propose une explication à cet
écart en examinant le rôle des institutions nationales responsables de la mise
en œuvre des lois internationales (et nationales) pertinentes sur le terrain.
Grâce à des entretiens approfondis, l'observation des participants et l'analyse
des supports du gouvernement, des médias et des ONG, je m'intéresse au cas de la
Corée du Sud, une démocratie libérale aisée, connue pour son TRR
exceptionnellement bas. J'affirme que le bas TRR de la Corée du Sud résulte de
l’éthique préexistante et dominante des institutions responsables de la
détermination du statut des réfugiés. Celle-ci est profondément ancrée dans la
préservation de la loi et de l'ordre et donc, fondamentalement, entre en conflit
avec les principes de protection humaine qui sous-tendent la Convention.

Los marcos internacionales relativos a la protección de los refugiados,
incluyendo la Convención de 1951 y el Protocolo sobre el Estatuto de los
Refugiados de 1967, se encuentran entre las normas más estrictas que rigen la
movilidad internacional. Sin embargo, a pesar de la importancia y la
universalidad de estas normas internacionales, los resultados en materia de
asilo, tal y como quedan indicados en las tasas de reconocimiento de la
condición de refugiado (RRR, por sus siglas en inglés), varían ampliamente entre
los Estados parte. La variación existente en la RRR indica una brecha normativa
crítica entre la institucionalización y la implementación de las normas
internacionales en materia de protección de refugiados. En este artículo,
ofrecemos una explicación de esta brecha estudiando el papel que ejercen las
instituciones nacionales responsables de implementar las leyes internacionales
(y nacionales) pertinentes sobre el terreno. Investigamos, a través del uso de
entrevistas en profundidad, de la observación participante y del análisis de
materiales procedentes de los Gobiernos, de los medios de comunicación y de las
ONG, el caso de Corea del Sur, una rica democracia liberal, que es conocida por
su excepcionalmente baja RRR. Argumentamos que la baja RRR de Corea del Sur es
el resultado del espíritu preexistente y prevaleciente en las instituciones
responsables de la determinación de la condición de refugiado, el cual está
profundamente arraigado en la preservación de la ley y el orden y, por lo tanto,
entra fundamentalmente en conflicto con los principios de protección humana que
son subyacentes a la Convención.

Issue Section:
Original Article

© The Author(s) (2024). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the
International Studies Association.
This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford
University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model
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