www.geeksforgeeks.org Open in urlscan Pro
2a02:26f0:3400::1702:d61 Public Scan

Back to summary

URL:
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-linux-shell-shell-scripting/
Submission: On November 23 via manual (November 23rd 2022, 10:51:30 am UTC) from IN — Scanned from DE

Form analysis
1 forms found in the DOM

<form id="gcse-form" data-sm="false" class="p-relative"><input class="gcse-search-input__wrapper" id="gcse-search-input" aria-expanded="false">
  <i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_times gfg-icon_white hide-search"></i>
  <button class="gcse-search__btn not-expanded">
    <i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_search gfg-icon_white gcse-search__icon"></i></button>
</form>

Text Content

Skip to content

 * Courses
   * For Working Professionals
     * Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live)
     * System Design (Live)
     * Java Backend Developer (Live)
     * Full Stack Development with React & Node JS (Live)
     * Complete Data Science Program
     * Data Structure & Algorithm-Self Paced
     * Explore More Live Courses
   * For Students
     * Competitive Programming (Live)
     * Interview Preparation Course
     * Data Structure & Algorithm-Self Paced
     * Data Science (Live)
     * Full Stack Development with React & Node JS (Live)
     * GATE CS 2023 Test Series
     * Explore More Self-Paced Courses
   * Complete Preparation Packages
     * Interview Preparation Packages
     * Complete Data Science Package
     * Preparation Package for Working Professional
   * Programming Languages
     * Python Foundation
     * Java Programming Foundation
     * Fundamentals of Java Collection Framework
     * JavaScript Foundation
     * C Programming(Basic to Advance)
     * C++ Programming
     * C++ STL
     * Advanced Javascript
   * Web Development
     * Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live)
     * Java Backend Development(Live)
     * React JS (Basic to Advanced)
     * Advanced Javascript
     * Advanced HTML
   * Machine Learning and Data Science
     * Machine Learning Basic and Advanced
     * Complete Data Science Program(Live)
     * Data Analysis with Python
   * School Courses
     * School Guide
     * Python Programming
     * Learn To Make Apps
     * Explore more
   * All Courses
 * Tutorials
   * DSA
   * Data Structures
     * Arrays
     * Linked List
     * Stack
     * Queue
     * Binary Tree
     * Binary Search Tree
     * Heap
     * Hashing
     * Graph
     * Advanced Data Structure
     * Matrix
     * Strings
     * All Data Structures
   * Algorithms
     * Analysis of Algorithms
       * Asymptotic Analysis
       * Worst, Average and Best Cases
       * Asymptotic Notations
       * Little o and little omega notations
       * Lower and Upper Bound Theory
       * Analysis of Loops
       * Solving Recurrences
       * Amortized Analysis
       * What does 'Space Complexity' mean ?
       * Pseudo-polynomial Algorithms
       * Polynomial Time Approximation Scheme
       * A Time Complexity Question
     * Searching Algorithms
     * Sorting Algorithms
     * Graph Algorithms
     * Pattern Searching
     * Geometric Algorithms
     * Mathematical
     * Bitwise Algorithms
     * Randomized Algorithms
     * Greedy Algorithms
     * Dynamic Programming
     * Divide and Conquer
     * Backtracking
     * Branch and Bound
     * All Algorithms
   * Interview Corner
     * Company Preparation
     * Top Topics
     * Practice Company Questions
     * Interview Experiences
     * Experienced Interviews
     * Internship Interviews
     * Competititve Programming
     * Design Patterns
     * System Design Tutorial
     * Multiple Choice Quizzes
   * Languages
     * C
     * C++
     * Java
     * Python
     * JavaScript
     * PHP
     * C#
     * SQL
     * Scala
     * Perl
     * Go Language
     * Kotlin
   * Web Development
     * HTML
     * CSS
     * JavaScript
     * PHP
     * CSS Frameworks
       * Bootstrap
       * Tailwind CSS
       * Foundation CSS
       * Materialize CSS
       * Bulma
       * Pure CSS
       * Primer CSS
       * Blaze UI
       * Semantic UI
     * JavaScript Frameworks
       * AngularJS
       * Angular PrimeNG
       * Angular ngx Bootstrap
       * NodeJS
       * Express.js
       * Blaze UI
     * JavaScript Libraries
       * jQuery
       * jQuery Mobile
       * jQuery UI
       * jQuery EasyUI
       * jQWidgets
       * ReactJS
       * React Bootstrap
       * React Rebass
       * React Desktop
       * React Suite
       * ReactJS Evergreen
       * ReactJS Reactstrap
       * Ant Design
       * BlueprintJS
       * p5.js
       * Lodash
       * TensorFlow.js
       * Moment.js
       * Collect.js
     * WordPress
     * JSON
   * ML & Data Science
     * Machine Learning
     * Data Science
   * CS Subjects
     * Mathematics
     * Operating System
     * DBMS
     * Computer Networks
     * Computer Organization and Architecture
     * Theory of Computation
     * Compiler Design
     * Digital Logic
     * Software Engineering
   * GATE
     * GATE Computer Science Notes
     * Last Minute Notes
     * GATE CS Solved Papers
     * GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys
     * GATE 2021 Dates
     * GATE CS 2021 Syllabus
     * Important Topics for GATE CS
   * Software Designs
     * Software Design Patterns
     * System Design Tutorial
   * GFG Sheets
     * Web Dev Cheat Sheets
       * HTML Cheat Sheet
       * CSS Cheat Sheet
       * Bootstrap Cheat Sheet
       * JS Cheat Sheet
       * jQuery Cheat Sheet
       * Angular Cheat Sheet
     * Company-Wise SDE Sheets
       * Facebook SDE Sheet
       * Amazon SDE Sheet
       * Apple SDE Sheet
       * Netflix SDE Sheet
       * Google SDE Sheet
       * Wipro Coding Sheet
       * Infosys Coding Sheet
       * TCS Coding Sheet
       * Cognizant Coding Sheet
       * HCL Coding Sheet
     * DSA Sheets
       * SDE Sheet
       * FAANG Coding Sheet
       * Love Babbar Sheet
       * Mass Recruiter Sheet
       * Product-Based Coding Sheet
       * Company-Wise Preparation Sheet
       * Array Sheet
       * String Sheet
       * Tree Sheet
       * Graph Sheet
       * DP Sheet
   * School Learning
     * School Programming
     * Mathematics
       * Number System
       * Algebra
       * Trigonometry
       * Statistics
       * Probability
       * Geometry
       * Mensuration
       * Calculus
     * Maths Notes (Class 8-12)
       * Class 8 Notes
       * Class 9 Notes
       * Class 10 Notes
       * Class 11 Notes
       * Class 12 Notes
     * NCERT Solutions
       * Class 8 Maths Solution
       * Class 9 Maths Solution
       * Class 10 Maths Solution
       * Class 11 Maths Solution
       * Class 12 Maths Solution
     * RD Sharma Solutions
       * Class 8 Maths Solution
       * Class 9 Maths Solution
       * Class 10 Maths Solution
       * Class 11 Maths Solution
       * Class 12 Maths Solution
     * Physics Notes (Class 8-11)
       * Class 8 Notes
       * Class 9 Notes
       * Class 10 Notes
       * Class 11 Notes
     * Chemistry Notes
       * Class 8 Notes
       * Class 9 Notes
       * Class 10 Notes
     * Business Studies (Class 11th)
     * Business Studies (Class 12th)
     * Accountancy (Class 12th)
   * CS Exams/PSUs
     * ISRO
       * ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys
       * ISRO CS Solved Papers
       * ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam
     * UGC NET
       * UGC NET CS Notes Paper II
       * UGC NET CS Notes Paper III
       * UGC NET CS Solved Papers
   * Student
     * Campus Ambassador Program
     * School Ambassador Program
     * Project
     * Geek of the Month
     * Campus Geek of the Month
     * Placement Course
     * Competititve Programming
     * Testimonials
     * Student Chapter
     * Geek on the Top
     * Internship
     * Careers
   * UPSC
     * Geography Notes
     * History Notes
     * Science & Tech. Notes
     * Ethics Notes
     * Polity Notes
     * Economics Notes
     * UPSC Previous Year Papers
   * SSC CGL
     * SSC CGL Syllabus
     * General Studies
     * English
     * Reasoning
     * Subjectwise Practice Papers
     * Previous Year Papers
   * Banking Exams
     * SBI Clerk
       * SBI Clerk Syllabus
       * General Awareness
       * English
       * Quantitative Aptitude
       * Reasoning Ability
       * SBI Clerk Practice Papers
     * SBI PO
       * SBI PO Syllabus
       * General Awareness
       * English
       * Quantitative Aptitude
       * Reasoning Ability
       * Previous Year Papers
       * SBI PO Practice Papers
     * IBPS PO
       * IBPS PO 2022 Syllabus
       * English Notes
       * Reasoning Notes
       * Previous Year Papers
       * Mock Question Papers
     * IBPS Clerk
       * IBPS Clerk Syllabus
       * English Notes
       * Previous Year Papers
 * Jobs
   * Apply for Jobs
   * Post a Job
     * Hire with Us
     * Know about Jobathon
   * Jobathon
 * Practice
   * All DSA Problems
   * Problem of the Day
   * Interview Series: Weekly Contests
   * Bi-Wizard Coding: School Contests
   * Events
   * Practice SDE Sheet
   * Curated DSA Lists
     * Top 50 Array Problems
     * Top 50 String Problems
     * Top 50 Tree Problems
     * Top 50 Graph Problems
     * Top 50 DP Problems
 * Contests

 * 
 * 
 * Sign In


 * Sign In
 * Home
 * Saved Videos
 * Courses
 * * For Working Professionals
     * Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live)
     * System Design (Live)
     * Java Backend Developer (Live)
     * Full Stack Development with React & Node JS (Live)
     * Complete Data Science Program
     * Data Structure & Algorithm-Self Paced
     * Explore More Live Courses
   * For Students
     * Competitive Programming (Live)
     * Interview Preparation Course
     * Data Structure & Algorithm-Self Paced
     * Data Science (Live)
     * Full Stack Development with React & Node JS (Live)
     * GATE CS 2023 Test Series
     * Explore More Self-Paced Courses
   * Complete Preparation Packages
     * Interview Preparation Packages
     * Complete Data Science Package
     * Preparation Package for Working Professional
   * Programming Languages
     * Python Foundation
     * Java Programming Foundation
     * Fundamentals of Java Collection Framework
     * JavaScript Foundation
     * C Programming(Basic to Advance)
     * C++ Programming
     * C++ STL
     * Advanced Javascript
   * Web Development
     * Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live)
     * Java Backend Development(Live)
     * React JS (Basic to Advanced)
     * Advanced Javascript
     * Advanced HTML
   * Machine Learning and Data Science
     * Machine Learning Basic and Advanced
     * Complete Data Science Program(Live)
     * Data Analysis with Python
   * School Courses
     * School Guide
     * Python Programming
     * Learn To Make Apps
     * Explore more
   * Data Structures
     * Arrays
     * Linked List
     * Stack
     * Queue
     * Binary Tree
     * Binary Search Tree
     * Heap
     * Hashing
     * Graph
     * Advanced Data Structure
     * Matrix
     * Strings
     * All Data Structures
   * Algorithms
     * Searching Algorithms
     * Sorting Algorithms
     * Graph Algorithms
     * Pattern Searching
     * Geometric Algorithms
     * Mathematical
     * Bitwise Algorithms
     * Randomized Algorithms
     * Greedy Algorithms
     * Dynamic Programming
     * Divide and Conquer
     * Backtracking
     * Branch and Bound
     * All Algorithms
   * Analysis of Algorithms
     * Asymptotic Analysis
     * Worst, Average and Best Cases
     * Asymptotic Notations
     * Little o and little omega notations
     * Lower and Upper Bound Theory
     * Analysis of Loops
     * Solving Recurrences
     * Amortized Analysis
     * What does 'Space Complexity' mean ?
     * Pseudo-polynomial Algorithms
     * Polynomial Time Approximation Scheme
     * A Time Complexity Question
   * Interview Corner
     * Company Preparation
     * Top Topics
     * Practice Company Questions
     * Interview Experiences
     * Experienced Interviews
     * Internship Interviews
     * Competititve Programming
     * Design Patterns
     * System Design Tutorial
     * Multiple Choice Quizzes
   * Languages
     * C
     * C++
     * Java
     * Python
     * JavaScript
     * PHP
     * C#
     * SQL
     * Scala
     * Perl
     * Go Language
     * Kotlin
   * Web Development
     * HTML
     * CSS
     * JavaScript
     * PHP
     * WordPress
     * JSON
   * CSS Frameworks
     * Bootstrap
     * Tailwind CSS
     * Foundation CSS
     * Materialize CSS
     * Bulma
     * Pure CSS
     * Primer CSS
     * Blaze UI
     * Semantic UI
   * JavaScript Frameworks
     * AngularJS
     * Angular PrimeNG
     * Angular ngx Bootstrap
     * NodeJS
     * Express.js
     * Blaze UI
   * JavaScript Libraries
     * jQuery
     * jQuery Mobile
     * jQuery UI
     * jQuery EasyUI
     * jQWidgets
     * ReactJS
     * React Bootstrap
     * React Rebass
     * React Desktop
     * React Suite
     * ReactJS Evergreen
     * ReactJS Reactstrap
     * Ant Design
     * BlueprintJS
     * p5.js
     * Lodash
     * TensorFlow.js
     * Moment.js
     * Collect.js
   * ML & Data Science
     * Machine Learning
     * Data Science
   * CS Subjects
     * Mathematics
     * Operating System
     * DBMS
     * Computer Networks
     * Computer Organization and Architecture
     * Theory of Computation
     * Compiler Design
     * Digital Logic
     * Software Engineering
   * GATE
     * GATE Computer Science Notes
     * Last Minute Notes
     * GATE CS Solved Papers
     * GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys
     * GATE 2021 Dates
     * GATE CS 2021 Syllabus
     * Important Topics for GATE CS
   * Software Designs
     * Software Design Patterns
     * System Design Tutorial
   * GFG Sheets
   * Web Dev Cheat Sheets
     * HTML Cheat Sheet
     * CSS Cheat Sheet
     * Bootstrap Cheat Sheet
     * JS Cheat Sheet
     * jQuery Cheat Sheet
     * Angular Cheat Sheet
   * Company-Wise SDE Sheets
     * Facebook SDE Sheet
     * Amazon SDE Sheet
     * Apple SDE Sheet
     * Netflix SDE Sheet
     * Google SDE Sheet
     * Wipro Coding Sheet
     * Infosys Coding Sheet
     * TCS Coding Sheet
     * Cognizant Coding Sheet
     * HCL Coding Sheet
   * DSA Sheets
     * SDE Sheet
     * FAANG Coding Sheet
     * Love Babbar Sheet
     * Mass Recruiter Sheet
     * Product-Based Coding Sheet
     * Company-Wise Preparation Sheet
     * Array Sheet
     * String Sheet
     * Tree Sheet
     * Graph Sheet
     * DP Sheet
   * School Learning
     * School Programming
     * Business Studies (Class 11th)
     * Business Studies (Class 12th)
     * Accountancy (Class 12th)
   * Mathematics
     * Number System
     * Algebra
     * Trigonometry
     * Statistics
     * Probability
     * Geometry
     * Mensuration
     * Calculus
   * Maths Notes (Class 8-12)
     * Class 8 Notes
     * Class 9 Notes
     * Class 10 Notes
     * Class 11 Notes
     * Class 12 Notes
   * NCERT Solutions
     * Class 8 Maths Solution
     * Class 9 Maths Solution
     * Class 10 Maths Solution
     * Class 11 Maths Solution
     * Class 12 Maths Solution
   * RD Sharma Solutions
     * Class 8 Maths Solution
     * Class 9 Maths Solution
     * Class 10 Maths Solution
     * Class 11 Maths Solution
     * Class 12 Maths Solution
   * Physics Notes (Class 8-11)
     * Class 8 Notes
     * Class 9 Notes
     * Class 10 Notes
     * Class 11 Notes
   * Chemistry Notes
     * Class 8 Notes
     * Class 9 Notes
     * Class 10 Notes
   * CS Exams/PSUs
   * ISRO
     * ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys
     * ISRO CS Solved Papers
     * ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam
   * UGC NET
     * UGC NET CS Notes Paper II
     * UGC NET CS Notes Paper III
     * UGC NET CS Solved Papers
   * Student
     * Campus Ambassador Program
     * School Ambassador Program
     * Project
     * Geek of the Month
     * Campus Geek of the Month
     * Placement Course
     * Competititve Programming
     * Testimonials
     * Student Chapter
     * Geek on the Top
     * Internship
     * Careers
   * UPSC
     * Geography Notes
     * History Notes
     * Science & Tech. Notes
     * Ethics Notes
     * Polity Notes
     * Economics Notes
     * UPSC Previous Year Papers
   * SSC CGL
     * SSC CGL Syllabus
     * General Studies
     * English
     * Reasoning
     * Subjectwise Practice Papers
     * Previous Year Papers
   * Banking Exams
   * SBI Clerk
     * SBI Clerk Syllabus
     * General Awareness
     * English
     * Quantitative Aptitude
     * Reasoning Ability
     * SBI Clerk Practice Papers
   * SBI PO
     * SBI PO Syllabus
     * General Awareness
     * English
     * Quantitative Aptitude
     * Reasoning Ability
     * Previous Year Papers
     * SBI PO Practice Papers
   * IBPS PO
     * IBPS PO 2022 Syllabus
     * English Notes
     * Reasoning Notes
     * Previous Year Papers
     * Mock Question Papers
   * IBPS Clerk
     * IBPS Clerk Syllabus
     * English Notes
     * Previous Year Papers
   * Post a Job
     * Hire with Us
     * Know about Jobathon
   * Curated DSA Lists
     * Top 50 Array Problems
     * Top 50 String Problems
     * Top 50 Tree Problems
     * Top 50 Graph Problems
     * Top 50 DP Problems
   * Tutorials
     * DSA
   * Jobs
     * Apply for Jobs
     * Jobathon
   * Practice
     * All DSA Problems
     * Problem of the Day
     * Interview Series: Weekly Contests
     * Bi-Wizard Coding: School Contests
     * Events
     * Practice SDE Sheet
 * GBlog
 * Puzzles
 * What's New ?

Change Language

 * DSA
 * Data Structures
 * Algorithms
 * Interview Preparation
 * Data Science
 * Topic-wise Practice
 * C++
 * Java
 * Python
 * Competitive Programming
 * JavaScript
 * Machine Learning
 * Write & Earn
 * SDE Sheet
 * Puzzles
 * GFG School
 * Projects

Related Articles

▲


RELATED ARTICLES

   Write an Article
    * Write Articles
    * Pick Topics to write
    * Guidelines to Write
    * Get Technical Writing Internship

 * Write an Interview Experience
 * Interesting Commands on Mac Terminal
 * Basic System Controls with Terminal in Linux
 * Basic Linux Commands for day to day life
 * Linux Commands
 * Essential Linux/Unix Commands
 * Basic Shell Commands in Linux
 * Introduction to Linux Shell and Shell Scripting
 * Basic Operators in Shell Scripting
 * Conditional Statements | Shell Script
 * Looping Statements | Shell Script
 * Zillious Interview Experience | Set 2 (On-Campus)
 * Zillious Interview Experience | Set 1 (On-Campus)
 * Zillious Interview Experience | Set 3 (On-Campus)
 * Shell Technology Centre Bangalore Interview Experience (On-Campus for
   Software Engineer)
 * Shell India Interview Experience
 * Shell India Interview Experience (IT)
 * Shell India – Campus Placements 2019
 * SHELL On-Campus Recruitment for SDE
 * Shell Interview Experience | On-Campus
 * Shell Interview Experience for SDE (On-Campus)
 * Sed Command in Linux/Unix with examples
 * AWK command in Unix/Linux with examples
 * grep command in Unix/Linux
 * cut command in Linux with examples
 * cp command in Linux with examples
 * ZIP command in Linux with examples
 * SORT command in Linux/Unix with examples
 * TCP Server-Client implementation in C
 * curl command in Linux with Examples
 * diff command in Linux with examples

   Write an Article
    * Write Articles
    * Pick Topics to write
    * Guidelines to Write
    * Get Technical Writing Internship

 * Write an Interview Experience
 * Interesting Commands on Mac Terminal
 * Basic System Controls with Terminal in Linux
 * Basic Linux Commands for day to day life
 * Linux Commands
 * Essential Linux/Unix Commands
 * Basic Shell Commands in Linux
 * Introduction to Linux Shell and Shell Scripting
 * Basic Operators in Shell Scripting
 * Conditional Statements | Shell Script
 * Looping Statements | Shell Script
 * Zillious Interview Experience | Set 2 (On-Campus)
 * Zillious Interview Experience | Set 1 (On-Campus)
 * Zillious Interview Experience | Set 3 (On-Campus)
 * Shell Technology Centre Bangalore Interview Experience (On-Campus for
   Software Engineer)
 * Shell India Interview Experience
 * Shell India Interview Experience (IT)
 * Shell India – Campus Placements 2019
 * SHELL On-Campus Recruitment for SDE
 * Shell Interview Experience | On-Campus
 * Shell Interview Experience for SDE (On-Campus)
 * Sed Command in Linux/Unix with examples
 * AWK command in Unix/Linux with examples
 * grep command in Unix/Linux
 * cut command in Linux with examples
 * cp command in Linux with examples
 * ZIP command in Linux with examples
 * SORT command in Linux/Unix with examples
 * TCP Server-Client implementation in C
 * curl command in Linux with Examples
 * diff command in Linux with examples




INTRODUCTION TO LINUX SHELL AND SHELL SCRIPTING

Improve Article
Save Article
Like Article
 * Difficulty Level : Easy
 * Last Updated : 21 Sep, 2022

ReadDiscussPracticeVideoCourses
Improve Article
Save Article

If you are using any major operating system you are indirectly interacting to
shell. If you are running Ubuntu, Linux Mint or any other Linux distribution,
you are interacting to shell every time you use terminal. In this article I will
discuss about linux shells and shell scripting so before understanding shell
scripting we have to get familiar with following terminologies:

 * Kernel
 * Shell
 * Terminal

What is Kernel



The kernel is a computer program that is the core of a computer’s operating
system, with complete control over everything in the system. It manages
following resources of the Linux system –

 * File management
 * Process management
 * I/O management
 * Memory management
 * Device management etc.

It is often mistaken that Linus Torvalds has developed Linux OS, but actually he
is only responsible for development of Linux kernel.




Complete Linux system = Kernel + GNU system utilities and libraries + other
management scripts + installation scripts.

What is Shell

A shell is special user program which provide an interface to user to use
operating system services. Shell accept human readable commands from user and
convert them into something which kernel can understand. It is a command
language interpreter that execute commands read from input devices such as
keyboards or from files. The shell gets started when the user logs in or start
the terminal.

Linux Shell

Shell is broadly classified into two categories –

 * Command Line Shell
 * Graphical shell

Command Line Shell

Shell can be accessed by user using a command line interface. A special program
called Terminal in linux/macOS or Command Prompt in Windows OS is provided to
type in the human readable commands such as “cat”, “ls” etc. and then it is
being execute. The result is then displayed on the terminal to the user. A
terminal in Ubuntu 16.4 system looks like this –

linux command line

In above screenshot “ls” command with “-l” option is executed.
It will list all the files in current working directory in long listing format.
Working with command line shell is bit difficult for the beginners because it’s
hard to memorize so many commands. It is very powerful, it allows user to store
commands in a file and execute them together. This way any repetitive task can
be easily automated. These files are usually called batch files in Windows and
Shell Scripts in Linux/macOS systems.

Graphical Shells

Graphical shells provide means for manipulating programs based on graphical user
interface (GUI), by allowing for operations such as opening, closing, moving and
resizing windows, as well as switching focus between windows. Window OS or
Ubuntu OS can be considered as good example which provide GUI to user for
interacting with program. User do not need to type in command for every
actions.A typical GUI in Ubuntu system –



GUI  Shell

There are several shells are available for Linux systems like –

 * BASH (Bourne Again SHell) – It is most widely used shell in Linux systems. It
   is used as default login shell in Linux systems and in macOS. It can also be
   installed on Windows OS.
 * CSH (C SHell) – The C shell’s syntax and usage are very similar to the C
   programming language.
 * KSH (Korn SHell) – The Korn Shell also was the base for the POSIX Shell
   standard specifications etc.

Each shell does the same job but understand different commands and provide
different built in functions.

Shell Scripting

Usually shells are interactive that mean, they accept command as input from
users and execute them. However some time we want to execute a bunch of commands
routinely, so we have type in all commands each time in terminal.
As shell can also take commands as input from file we can write these commands
in a file and can execute them in shell to avoid this repetitive work. These
files are called Shell Scripts or Shell Programs. Shell scripts are similar to
the batch file in MS-DOS. Each shell script is saved with .sh file extension eg.
myscript.sh

A shell script have syntax just like any other programming language. If you have
any prior experience with any programming language like Python, C/C++ etc. it
would be very easy to get started with it.

A shell script comprises following elements –

 * Shell Keywords – if, else, break etc.
 * Shell commands – cd, ls, echo, pwd, touch etc.
 * Functions
 * Control flow – if..then..else, case and shell loops etc.

Why do we need shell scripts

There are many reasons to write shell scripts:

 * To avoid repetitive work and automation
 * System admins use shell scripting for routine backups
 * System monitoring
 * Adding new functionality to the shell etc.

Advantages of shell scripts

 * The command and syntax are exactly the same as those directly entered in
   command line, so programmer do not need to switch to entirely different
   syntax
 * Writing shell scripts are much quicker
 * Quick start
 * Interactive debugging etc.

Disadvantages of shell scripts


 * Prone to costly errors, a single mistake can change the command which might
   be harmful
 * Slow execution speed
 * Design flaws within the language syntax or implementation
 * Not well suited for large and complex task
 * Provide minimal data structure unlike other scripting languages. etc

Simple demo of shell scripting using Bash Shell

If you work on terminal, something you traverse deep down in directories. Then
for coming few directories up in path we have to execute command like this as
shown below to get to the “python” directory:

 

It is quite frustrating, so why not we can have a utility where we just have to
type the name of directory and we can directly jump to that without executing
“cd ../” command again and again. Save the script as “jump.sh”

 * bash


BASH




















# !/bin/bash
 
# A simple bash script to move up to desired directory level directly
 
function jump()
{
    # original value of Internal Field Separator
    OLDIFS=$IFS
 
    # setting field separator to "/"
    IFS=/
 
    # converting working path into array of directories in path
    # eg. /my/path/is/like/this
    # into [, my, path, is, like, this]
    path_arr=($PWD)
 
    # setting IFS to original value
    IFS=$OLDIFS
 
    local pos=-1
 
    # ${path_arr[@]} gives all the values in path_arr
    for dir in "${path_arr[@]}"
    do
        # find the number of directories to move up to
        # reach at target directory
        pos=$[$pos+1]
        if [ "$1" = "$dir" ];then
 
            # length of the path_arr
            dir_in_path=${#path_arr[@]}
 
            #current working directory
            cwd=$PWD
            limit=$[$dir_in_path-$pos-1]
            for ((i=0; i<limit; i++))
            do
                cwd=$cwd/..
            done
            cd $cwd
            break
        fi
    done
}







For now we cannot execute our shell script because it do not have permissions.
We have to make it executable by typing following command –

> $ chmod +x path/to/our/file/jump.sh

Now to make this available on every terminal session, we have to put this in
“.bashrc” file.

“.bashrc” is a shell script that Bash shell runs whenever it is started
interactively. The purpose of a .bashrc file is to provide a place where you can
set up variables, functions and aliases, define our prompt and define other
settings that we want to use whenever we open a new terminal window.

Now open terminal and type following command:

> $ echo “source ~/path/to/our/file/jump.sh”>> ~/.bashrc

Now open you terminal and try out new “jump” functionality by typing following
command-

> $ jump dir_name

just like below screenshot:

 

Resources for learning Bash Scripting

 * https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/The_bash_shell
 * http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/

References:

 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_script
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(computing)

This article is contributed by Atul Kumar. If you like GeeksforGeeks and would
like to contribute, you can also write an article using
contribute.geeksforgeeks.org or mail your article to
contribute@geeksforgeeks.org. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks
main page and help other Geeks.





My Personal Notes arrow_drop_up
Save



PLEASE LOGIN TO COMMENT...




Like76
Previous
Basic Shell Commands in Linux
Next
Basic Operators in Shell Scripting
Related Articles
1. Shell Scripting - Difference between Korn Shell and Bash shell
2. Bash Scripting - Introduction to Bash and Bash Scripting
3. Shell Scripting - Interactive and Non-Interactive Shell
4. Shell Scripting - Default Shell Variable Value
5. Shell Scripting - Shell Variables
6. Shell Scripting - Restricted Shell
7. Shell Scripting - Shell Signals Values
8. Bash Scripting - How to Run Bash Scripting in Terminal
9. Shell Script to Show the Difference Between echo “$SHELL” and echo ‘$SHELL’
10. Shell Scripting - Standard Input, Output and Error
Article Contributed By :
GeeksforGeeks
Vote for difficulty
Current difficulty : Easy
Easy Normal Medium Hard Expert

Improved By :
 * hardikkoriintern
 * kushlaser

Article Tags :
 * Linux-Unix
 * Operating Systems

Practice Tags :
 * Operating Systems

Improve Article
Report Issue
Data Structures & Algorithms- Self Paced Course

View Details

What's New

Master CS Subjects For SDE Preparation

View Details
Complete Interview Preparation- Self Paced Course

View Details
Data Structures & Algorithms- Self Paced Course

View Details






IMPROVE YOUR CODING SKILLS WITH PRACTICE

Try It!


A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower,
Sector-136, Noida, Uttar Pradesh - 201305
feedback@geeksforgeeks.org

 * Company
 * About Us
 * Careers
 * In Media
 * Contact Us
 * Privacy Policy
 * Copyright Policy
 * Advertise with us

 * Learn
 * DSA
 * Algorithms
 * Data Structures
 * SDE Cheat Sheet
 * Machine learning
 * CS Subjects
 * Video Tutorials
 * Courses

 * News
 * Top News
 * Technology
 * Work & Career
 * Business
 * Finance
 * Lifestyle
 * Knowledge

 * Languages
 * Python
 * Java
 * CPP
 * Golang
 * C#
 * SQL
 * Kotlin

 * Web Development
 * Web Tutorials
 * Django Tutorial
 * HTML
 * JavaScript
 * Bootstrap
 * ReactJS
 * NodeJS

 * Contribute
 * Write an Article
 * Improve an Article
 * Pick Topics to Write
 * Write Interview Experience
 * Internships
 * Video Internship

@geeksforgeeks , Some rights reserved



We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website.
By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understood our Cookie
Policy & Privacy Policy Got It !



START YOUR CODING JOURNEY NOW!

Login Register



WELCOME TO GEEKSFORGEEKS.ORG


GEEKSFORGEEKS.ORG ASKS FOR YOUR CONSENT TO USE YOUR PERSONAL DATA TO:

 * perm_identity
   Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights
   and product development
 * devices
   Store and/or access information on a device

expand_moreremove
Learn more
 * 
   How can I change my choice?
 * 
   What if I don't consent?
 * 
   How does legitimate interest work?
 * 
   Do I have to consent to everything?

Your personal data will be processed and information from your device (cookies,
unique identifiers, and other device data) may be stored by, accessed by and
shared with third party vendors, or used specifically by this site or app.

Some vendors may process your personal data on the basis of legitimate interest,
which you can object to by managing your options below. Look for a link at the
bottom of this page or in our privacy policy where you can withdraw consent.

Consent



Manage options

arrow_back

Data preferences


MANAGE YOUR DATA

You can choose how your personal data is used. Vendors want your permission to
do the following:

TCF vendors

help_outline


STORE AND/OR ACCESS INFORMATION ON A DEVICE

Cookies, device identifiers, or other information can be stored or accessed on
your device for the purposes presented to you. View details
Consent


SELECT BASIC ADS

Ads can be shown to you based on the content you’re viewing, the app you’re
using, your approximate location, or your device type. View details
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


CREATE A PERSONALISED ADS PROFILE

A profile can be built about you and your interests to show you personalised ads
that are relevant to you. View details
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


SELECT PERSONALISED ADS

Personalised ads can be shown to you based on a profile about you. View details
Consent


CREATE A PERSONALISED CONTENT PROFILE

A profile can be built about you and your interests to show you personalised
content that is relevant to you. View details
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


SELECT PERSONALISED CONTENT

Personalised content can be shown to you based on a profile about you. View
details
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


MEASURE AD PERFORMANCE

The performance and effectiveness of ads that you see or interact with can be
measured. View details
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


MEASURE CONTENT PERFORMANCE

The performance and effectiveness of content that you see or interact with can
be measured. View details
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


APPLY MARKET RESEARCH TO GENERATE AUDIENCE INSIGHTS

Market research can be used to learn more about the audiences who visit
sites/apps and view ads. View details
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


DEVELOP AND IMPROVE PRODUCTS

Your data can be used to improve existing systems and software, and to develop
new products View details
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ENSURE SECURITY, PREVENT FRAUD, AND DEBUG

help_outline
Your data can be used to monitor for and prevent fraudulent activity, and ensure
systems and processes work properly and securely. View details


TECHNICALLY DELIVER ADS OR CONTENT

help_outline
Your device can receive and send information that allows you to see and interact
with ads and content. View details


MATCH AND COMBINE OFFLINE DATA SOURCES

help_outline
Data from offline data sources can be combined with your online activity in
support of one or more purposes View details


LINK DIFFERENT DEVICES

help_outline
Different devices can be determined as belonging to you or your household in
support of one or more of purposes. View details


RECEIVE AND USE AUTOMATICALLY-SENT DEVICE CHARACTERISTICS FOR IDENTIFICATION

help_outline
Your device might be distinguished from other devices based on information it
automatically sends, such as IP address or browser type. View details


USE PRECISE GEOLOCATION DATA

Your precise geolocation data can be used in support of one or more purposes.
This means your location can be accurate to within several meters. View details
Consent

You can choose your data preferences. This site or app wants your permission to
do the following:

Site or app


STORE AND/OR ACCESS INFORMATION ON A DEVICE

Cookies, device identifiers, or other information can be stored or accessed on
your device for the purposes presented to you. View details
Consent


SELECT BASIC ADS

Ads can be shown to you based on the content you’re viewing, the app you’re
using, your approximate location, or your device type. View details
Consent


CREATE A PERSONALISED ADS PROFILE

A profile can be built about you and your interests to show you personalised ads
that are relevant to you. View details
Consent


SELECT PERSONALISED ADS

Personalised ads can be shown to you based on a profile about you. View details
Consent


CREATE A PERSONALISED CONTENT PROFILE

A profile can be built about you and your interests to show you personalised
content that is relevant to you. View details
Consent


SELECT PERSONALISED CONTENT

Personalised content can be shown to you based on a profile about you. View
details
Consent


MEASURE AD PERFORMANCE

The performance and effectiveness of ads that you see or interact with can be
measured. View details
Consent


MEASURE CONTENT PERFORMANCE

The performance and effectiveness of content that you see or interact with can
be measured. View details
Consent


APPLY MARKET RESEARCH TO GENERATE AUDIENCE INSIGHTS

Market research can be used to learn more about the audiences who visit
sites/apps and view ads. View details
Consent


DEVELOP AND IMPROVE PRODUCTS

Your data can be used to improve existing systems and software, and to develop
new products View details
Consent

Vendor preferences

Accept all



Confirm choices

arrow_back

Vendor preferences


CONFIRM OUR VENDORS

Vendors can use your data to provide services. Declining a vendor can stop them
from using the data you shared.

TCF vendors

help_outline


EXPONENTIAL INTERACTIVE, INC D/B/A VDX.TV

Cookie duration: 90 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ROQ.AD INC.

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


INDEX EXCHANGE, INC.

Cookie duration: 395 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


QUANTCAST

Cookie duration: 397 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


BEESWAXIO CORPORATION

Cookie duration: 395 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


SOVRN HOLDINGS INC

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ADIKTEEV

Doesn't use cookies. Uses other forms of storage.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


RTB HOUSE S.A.

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Uses other forms of storage.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


THE TRADE DESK

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ADMETRICS GMBH

Doesn't use cookies.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


AMOBEE INC.

Cookie duration: 180 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


EPSILON

Cookie duration: 403 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


YAHOO EMEA LIMITED

Cookie duration: 397 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ADVENTORI SAS

Cookie duration: 90 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


TRIPLELIFT, INC.

Cookie duration: 90 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


XANDR, INC.

Cookie duration: 90 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


NEORY GMBH

Cookie duration: 90 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


UNRULY GROUP LLC

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


NEURAL.ONE

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ADITION (VIRTUAL MINDS GMBH)

Cookie duration: 579 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ACTIVE AGENT (VIRTUAL MINDS GMBH)

Cookie duration: 579 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


TABOOLA EUROPE LIMITED

Cookie duration: 366 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


SMART ADSERVER

Cookie duration: 396 (days). Uses other forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ADFORM A/S

Cookie duration: 1 (days).

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


MAGNITE, INC.

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Uses other forms of storage.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ADARA MEDIA UNLIMITED

Cookie duration: 730 (days).

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


SIFT MEDIA, INC

Doesn't use cookies.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


RAKUTEN MARKETING LLC

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


AVOCET SYSTEMS LIMITED

Cookie duration: 300 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


LIFESTREET CORPORATION

Cookie duration: 730 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


SIZMEK BY AMAZON

Cookie duration: 396 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


OPENX

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


YIELDLAB (VIRTUAL MINDS GMBH)

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ROKU ADVERTISING SERVICES

Cookie duration: 396 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


NANO INTERACTIVE GROUP LTD.

Cookie duration: 182 (days).

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


SIMPLIFI HOLDINGS INC

Cookie duration: 366 (days). Uses other forms of storage.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


PUBMATIC, INC

Cookie duration: 90 (days). Uses other forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


COMSCORE B.V.

Cookie duration: 720 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


FLASHTALKING, INC.

Cookie duration: 730 (days).

View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


MEDIAMATH, INC.

Cookie duration: 393 (days). Uses other forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


SMAATO, INC.

Cookie duration: 21 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


SEMASIO GMBH

Cookie duration: 366 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


CRIMTAN HOLDINGS LIMITED

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


BETGENIUS LTD

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


CRITEO SA

Cookie duration: 390 (days). Uses other forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ADLOOX SA

Doesn't use cookies.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


BLIS GLOBAL LIMITED

Cookie duration: 400 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


LOTAME SOLUTIONS, INC

Cookie duration: 274 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


LIVERAMP

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


GROUPM UK LIMITED

Cookie duration: 395 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


LOOPME LIMITED

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Uses other forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


DYNATA LLC

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ASK LOCALA

Cookie duration: 1 (days).

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


NEAR INTELLIGENCE

Doesn't use cookies. Uses other forms of storage.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


DOUBLEVERIFY INC.

Doesn't use cookies.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


BIDSWITCH GMBH

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


IPONWEB GMBH

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


NEXTROLL, INC.

Cookie duration: 183 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ID5 TECHNOLOGY LTD

Cookie duration: 90 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


TEADS FRANCE SAS

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


STRÖER SSP GMBH (SSP)

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Uses other forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


STRÖER SSP GMBH (DSP)

Cookie duration: 90 (days). Uses other forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


PLATFORM161 B.V.

Cookie duration: 396 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ADACADO TECHNOLOGIES INC. (DBA ADACADO)

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


MEETRICS GMBH

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


BASIS GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Cookie duration: 30 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


SMADEX, S.L.U.

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


BOMBORA INC.

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


SPOTX, INC

Cookie duration: 366 (days). Uses other forms of storage.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


EASYMEDIA GMBH

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


REMERGE GMBH

Doesn't use cookies.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ADVANCED STORE GMBH

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


MAGNITE CTV, INC.

Cookie duration: 366 (days).

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


DELTA PROJECTS AB

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


USEMAX ADVERTISEMENT (EMEGO GMBH)

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


EMETRIQ GMBH

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


PUBLICIS MEDIA GMBH

Cookie duration: 90 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


MCCANN DISCIPLINE LTD

Cookie duration: 25 (days).

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ONETAG LIMITED

Cookie duration: 730 (days). Uses other forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


CLOUD TECHNOLOGIES S.A.

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


SMARTOLOGY LIMITED

Doesn't use cookies.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


IMPROVE DIGITAL

Cookie duration: 90 (days).

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ADOBE ADVERTISING CLOUD

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


BANNERFLOW AB

Cookie duration: 366 (days).

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


TABMO SAS

Doesn't use cookies.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


INTEGRAL AD SCIENCE, INC.

Doesn't use cookies.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


WIZALY

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


WEBORAMA

Cookie duration: 393 (days).

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


JIVOX CORPORATION

Cookie duration: 90 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


MOBILE PROFESSIONALS BV / SAGE&AMP;ARCHER BV

Doesn't use cookies.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ON DEVICE RESEARCH LIMITED

Cookie duration: 30 (days).

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


EXACTAG GMBH

Cookie duration: 180 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


CELTRA, INC.

Doesn't use cookies. Uses other forms of storage.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


MAINADV SRL

Cookie duration: 1 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms
of storage.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


GEMIUS SA

Cookie duration: 395 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


THE KANTAR GROUP LIMITED

Cookie duration: 914 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


IMPACT TECH INC.

Cookie duration: 720 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


NIELSEN MEDIA RESEARCH LTD.

Cookie duration: 120 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ORACLE ADVERTISING

Cookie duration: 180 (days).

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


1000MERCIS (NUMBERLY)

Cookie duration: 180 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


AUDIENCEPROJECT APS

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


EFFILIATION / EFFINITY

Cookie duration: 60 (days). Uses other forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ARRIVALIST CO.

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


SEENTHIS AB

Doesn't use cookies.

View details | Privacy policylaunch


COMMANDERS ACT

Cookie duration: 365 (days).

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


TRAVEL AUDIENCE GMBH

Cookie duration: 397 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


HUMAN

Doesn't use cookies.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ADLUDIO LTD.

Doesn't use cookies.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


NEODATA GROUP SRL

Cookie duration: 366 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


INNOVID LLC

Cookie duration: 90 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


PAPIRFLY AS

Doesn't use cookies.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


NEUSTAR, INC., A TRANSUNION COMPANY

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


SALESFORCE.COM, INC.

Cookie duration: 180 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


VERVE GROUP EUROPE GMBH

Doesn't use cookies.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


KOCHAVA INC.

Doesn't use cookies.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


OTTO (GMBH &AMP; CO KG)

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ADOBE AUDIENCE MANAGER, ADOBE EXPERIENCE PLATFORM

Cookie duration: 180 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


LOCALSENSOR B.V.

Doesn't use cookies.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ONLINE SOLUTION

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


RELAY42 NETHERLANDS B.V.

Cookie duration: 731 (days).

View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


GP ONE GMBH

Cookie duration: Uses session cookies. Uses other forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


LIFTOFF MOBILE, INC.

Doesn't use cookies.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


THE MEDIAGRID INC.

Cookie duration: 365 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


MINDTAKE RESEARCH GMBH

Cookie duration: 93 (days). Uses other forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


CINT AB

Cookie duration: 730 (days).

View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


GOOGLE ADVERTISING PRODUCTS

Cookie duration: 396 (days). Uses other forms of storage.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


GFK SE

Cookie duration: 730 (days). Uses other forms of storage.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


REVJET

Cookie duration: 730 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


PROTECTED MEDIA LTD

Doesn't use cookies.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


CLINCH LABS LTD

Cookie duration: 730 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


ORACLE DATA CLOUD - MOAT

Doesn't use cookies.

View details | Privacy policylaunch


HEARTS AND SCIENCE MÜNCHEN GMBH

Cookie duration: 60 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


AMAZON ADVERTISING

Cookie duration: 396 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


MOLOCO, INC.

Cookie duration: 730 (days). Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other
forms of storage.

View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline


OBJECTIVE PARTNERS BV

Cookie duration: 90 (days). Cookie duration resets each session.

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent


EBAY INC

Cookie duration: 90 (days).

View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline

General vendors

help_outline


GSKINNER

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


AKAMAI

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


FACEBOOK

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


AUNICA

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


BOOKING.COM

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


C3 METRICS

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


IBM

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ADTRIBA

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


PULSEPOINT

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


DEMANDBASE

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


EVIDON

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


CUBED

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


HURRA.COM

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


OPTOMATON

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


INTELLIAD

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ANALIGHTS

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


DSTILLERY

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


DMA INSTITUTE

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ZMS

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


DENTSU AEGIS NETWORK

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


IGNITION ONE

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


OMNICOM MEDIA GROUP

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


DIGISEG

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


RESONATE

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


SOJERN

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


HAENSEL AMS

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


BDSK HANDELS GMBH & CO. KG

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


VIDEOLOGY

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


TRADEDOUBLER AB

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


TRUSTARC

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


TRUEFFECT

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


MARKETING SCIENCE CONSULTING GROUP, INC.

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


DENTSU

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ESSENS

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


TRAVEL DATA COLLECTIVE

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ADVOLUTION.CONTROL

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


WIDESPACE

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ADLEDGE

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


VIMEO

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ENSIGHTEN

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ADMAXIM

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


BATCH MEDIA

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


VODAFONE GMBH

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


SCENESTEALER

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


NETQUEST

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


MANAGE.COM

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


CLOUDFLARE

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


SCOOTA

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


PIXALATE

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


HAVAS MEDIA FRANCE - DBI

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


NETFLIX

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


MACROMILL GROUP

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


EBUILDERS

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


APPLOVIN CORP.

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


FRACTIONAL MEDIA

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


RACKSPACE

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


MSI-ACI

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


NAVEGG

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ADMEDO

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


MOBITRANS

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


ADEX

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


SPOTAD

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


AARKI

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


SFR

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


CABLATO

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


WAYSTACK

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


TRESENSA

Privacy policylaunch
Consent


SOLOCAL

Privacy policylaunch
Consent

Accept all



Confirm choices

Close

www.geeksforgeeks.org Open in urlscan Pro 2a02:26f0:3400::1702:d61 Public Scan

Form analysis 1 forms found in the DOM

Text Content

www.geeksforgeeks.org Open in urlscan Pro
2a02:26f0:3400::1702:d61 Public Scan

Form analysis
1 forms found in the DOM