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Submitted URL: https://superdatascience.ontraport.com/c/s/73e/zNLBQ/U/vidw/6xZZ/6cBwNs/y6exkTvSP/P/P/GR
Effective URL: https://www.infoq.com/news/2023/01/hinton-forward-algorithm/?utm_source=ONTRAPORT-email-broadcast&utm_medium=ONTRAPORT...
Submission: On January 14 via manual from FR — Scanned from FR
Effective URL: https://www.infoq.com/news/2023/01/hinton-forward-algorithm/?utm_source=ONTRAPORT-email-broadcast&utm_medium=ONTRAPORT...
Submission: On January 14 via manual from FR — Scanned from FR
Form analysis 9 forms found in the DOM
Name: search-form — /search.action
<form id="searchForm" name="search-form" action="/search.action" enctype="multipart/form-data" class="search icon__search icon icon__green">
<div class="field search__bar input__text input__no-label input__small">
<label for="search" class="label field__label">Search</label>
<input name="queryString" type="text" id="search" value="" placeholder="Search" class="input field__input">
<input type="hidden" name="page" value="1">
<input type="hidden" size="15" name="searchOrder">
</div>
<input value="Search" type="submit" class="search__go" disabled="">
</form>/login.action
<form id="login-form" data-vv-scope="login" class="login__form form" action="/login.action">
<input type="hidden" id="loginWidgetOrigin" name="loginWidgetOrigin" value="mainLogin">
<input type="hidden" name="fromP13N" id="isP13n" value="false">
<input type="hidden" name="fromP13NId" id="p13n-id" value="">
<input type="hidden" name="fromP13NType" id="p13n-type" value="">
<div class="field form__row input__text input__small" data-vv-as="Email" data-vv-scope="login">
<label for="email" class="label field__label">Email</label>
<input type="text" id="email" placeholder="" class="input field__input" name="username">
</div>
<div class="field form__row input__password input__small" data-vv-as="Password" data-vv-scope="login">
<label for="password" class="label field__label">Password</label>
<input type="password" id="password" placeholder="" class="input field__input" name="password">
<p data-message="resultMessage"></p>
</div>
<input type="submit" value="Login" class="form__row button button__medium button__green">
<div class="login__actions">
<button aria-label="Forgot password ?" class="forgot button button__unstyled">Forgot password ?</button>
</div>
</form>/resetpasswordinit.action
<form id="forgot-password-form" data-vv-scope="forgot" class="forgot__form form" action="/resetpasswordinit.action" onsubmit="UserActions_Login.showMessage($(this),JSi18n.login_sendingRequest);">
<div data-vv-as="Email" data-vv-scope="forgot" class="field form__row input__text input__small">
<label for="forgotten_email" class="label field__label">InfoQ Account Email</label>
<input id="forgotten_email" name="email" placeholder="" class="input field__input" type="text" onkeyup="UserActions_ResetPass.checkInputStatus('forgotten_email','forgotPassMessage',JSi18n.login_invalid_email,'submit_resetPass');">
<p id="forgotPassMessage" data-message="resultMessage"></p>
</div>
<input type="submit" id="submit_resetPass" value="Send Recovery Email" class="button button__medium button__green"
onclick="return UserActions_ResetPass.checkInputStatus('forgotten_email','forgotPassMessage',JSi18n.login_invalid_email,'submit_resetPass');">
<p class="login__actions">
<button aria-label="Back to login" class="back-to-login button button__unstyled">Back to login</button>
</p>
</form>/reactivate.action
<form id="email-revalidation-form" data-vv-scope="revalidation" class="revalidation__form form" action="/reactivate.action" onsubmit="UserActions_Login.showMessage($(this),JSi18n.login_sendingRequest);">
<div data-vv-as="Email" data-vv-scope="revalidation" class="field form__row input__text input__small">
<label for="revalidated_email" class="label field__label">Resend Activation</label>
<input id="revalidated_email" name="email" placeholder="" class="input field__input" type="text" onkeyup="UserActions_ResetPass.checkInputStatus('revalidated_email','emailRevalidMessage',JSi18n.login_invalid_email,'submit_resetPass');">
<p id="emailRevalidMessage" data-message="resultMessage"></p>
</div>
<input type="submit" value="Resend" class="button button__medium button__green" onclick="return UserActions_ResetPass.checkInputStatus('revalidated_email','emailRevalidMessage',JSi18n.login_invalid_email,'submit_resetPass');">
<p class="login__actions">
<button id="show-login" aria-label="Back to login" class="back-to-login button button__unstyled">Back to login</button>
</p>
</form>#
<form class="form gdpr" id="floatingNewsletterForm" action="#" onsubmit="floatingNewsletterForm.saveSubscription(); return false;">
<div class="field input__text input__no-label input__medium newsletter__mail email">
<label class="field__label label" for="email-newsletter-infoq-guide">Enter your e-mail address</label>
<input class="field__input input" id="email-newsletter-infoq-guide" placeholder="Enter your e-mail address" type="text">
<input type="text" name="emailH" id="input_floating_email_h" aria-required="false" style="display:none !important" tabindex="-1" autocomplete="off">
<input type="hidden" id="floating_fnt" name="fnt" value="RW8alN6LWl16hgqI">
<input type="hidden" id="floatingNewsletterType" name="footerNewsletterType" value="regular">
<input type="hidden" id="cmpi_f" name="cmpi" value="1">
</div>
<div class="hidden inited">
<span aria-required="false" class="input__select field country">
<label for="input-floating-newsletter-country" class="label field__label">Select your country</label>
<select id="input-floating-newsletter-country" class="select field__input">
<option value="" class="select__option">Select a country</option>
<option value="3">Afghanistan</option>
<option value="244">Åland</option>
<option value="6">Albania</option>
<option value="61">Algeria</option>
<option value="13">American Samoa</option>
<option value="1">Andorra</option>
<option value="9">Angola</option>
<option value="5">Anguilla</option>
<option value="11">Antarctica</option>
<option value="4">Antigua and Barbuda</option>
<option value="12">Argentina</option>
<option value="7">Armenia</option>
<option value="16">Aruba</option>
<option value="15">Australia</option>
<option value="14">Austria</option>
<option value="17">Azerbaijan</option>
<option value="31">Bahamas</option>
<option value="24">Bahrain</option>
<option value="20">Bangladesh</option>
<option value="19">Barbados</option>
<option value="35">Belarus</option>
<option value="21">Belgium</option>
<option value="36">Belize</option>
<option value="26">Benin</option>
<option value="27">Bermuda</option>
<option value="32">Bhutan</option>
<option value="29">Bolivia</option>
<option value="254">Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba</option>
<option value="18">Bosnia and Herzegovina</option>
<option value="34">Botswana</option>
<option value="33">Bouvet Island</option>
<option value="30">Brazil</option>
<option value="104">British Indian Ocean Territory</option>
<option value="28">Brunei Darussalam</option>
<option value="23">Bulgaria</option>
<option value="22">Burkina Faso</option>
<option value="25">Burundi</option>
<option value="114">Cambodia</option>
<option value="46">Cameroon</option>
<option value="37">Canada</option>
<option value="52">Cape Verde</option>
<option value="121">Cayman Islands</option>
<option value="40">Central African Republic</option>
<option value="207">Chad</option>
<option value="45">Chile</option>
<option value="47">China</option>
<option value="53">Christmas Island</option>
<option value="38">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</option>
<option value="48">Colombia</option>
<option value="116">Comoros</option>
<option value="39">Congo (Democratic Republic)</option>
<option value="41">Congo (People's Republic)</option>
<option value="44">Cook Islands</option>
<option value="49">Costa Rica</option>
<option value="43">Cote D'Ivoire</option>
<option value="97">Croatia</option>
<option value="51">Cuba</option>
<option value="253">Curaçao</option>
<option value="54">Cyprus</option>
<option value="55">Czech Republic</option>
<option value="58">Denmark</option>
<option value="57">Djibouti</option>
<option value="59">Dominica</option>
<option value="60">Dominican Republic</option>
<option value="213">East Timor</option>
<option value="62">Ecuador</option>
<option value="64">Egypt</option>
<option value="203">El Salvador</option>
<option value="87">Equatorial Guinea</option>
<option value="66">Eritrea</option>
<option value="63">Estonia</option>
<option value="68">Ethiopia</option>
<option value="72">Falkland Islands (Malvinas)</option>
<option value="74">Faroe Islands</option>
<option value="71">Fiji</option>
<option value="70">Finland</option>
<option value="75">France</option>
<option value="80">French Guiana</option>
<option value="170">French Polynesia</option>
<option value="208">French Southern Territories</option>
<option value="76">Gabon</option>
<option value="84">Gambia</option>
<option value="79">Georgia</option>
<option value="56">Germany</option>
<option value="81">Ghana</option>
<option value="82">Gibraltar</option>
<option value="88">Greece</option>
<option value="83">Greenland</option>
<option value="78">Grenada</option>
<option value="86">Guadeloupe</option>
<option value="91">Guam</option>
<option value="90">Guatemala</option>
<option value="249">Guernsey</option>
<option value="85">Guinea</option>
<option value="92">Guinea-Bissau</option>
<option value="93">Guyana</option>
<option value="98">Haiti</option>
<option value="95">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</option>
<option value="96">Honduras</option>
<option value="94">Hong Kong</option>
<option value="99">Hungary</option>
<option value="107">Iceland</option>
<option value="103">India</option>
<option value="100">Indonesia</option>
<option value="106">Iran</option>
<option value="105">Iraq</option>
<option value="101">Ireland</option>
<option value="245">Isle of Man</option>
<option value="102">Israel</option>
<option value="108">Italy</option>
<option value="109">Jamaica</option>
<option value="111">Japan</option>
<option value="250">Jersey</option>
<option value="110">Jordan</option>
<option value="122">Kazakhstan</option>
<option value="112">Kenya</option>
<option value="115">Kiribati</option>
<option value="243">Kosovo</option>
<option value="120">Kuwait</option>
<option value="113">Kyrgyzstan</option>
<option value="123">Laos</option>
<option value="132">Latvia</option>
<option value="124">Lebanon</option>
<option value="129">Lesotho</option>
<option value="128">Liberia</option>
<option value="133">Libya</option>
<option value="126">Liechtenstein</option>
<option value="130">Lithuania</option>
<option value="131">Luxembourg</option>
<option value="143">Macau</option>
<option value="139">Macedonia</option>
<option value="137">Madagascar</option>
<option value="151">Malawi</option>
<option value="153">Malaysia</option>
<option value="150">Maldives</option>
<option value="140">Mali</option>
<option value="148">Malta</option>
<option value="138">Marshall Islands</option>
<option value="145">Martinique</option>
<option value="146">Mauritania</option>
<option value="149">Mauritius</option>
<option value="238">Mayotte</option>
<option value="152">Mexico</option>
<option value="73">Micronesia</option>
<option value="136">Moldova</option>
<option value="135">Monaco</option>
<option value="142">Mongolia</option>
<option value="246">Montenegro</option>
<option value="147">Montserrat</option>
<option value="134">Morocco</option>
<option value="154">Mozambique</option>
<option value="141">Myanmar</option>
<option value="155">Namibia</option>
<option value="164">Nauru</option>
<option value="163">Nepal</option>
<option value="161">Netherlands</option>
<option value="8">Netherlands Antilles</option>
<option value="156">New Caledonia</option>
<option value="166">New Zealand</option>
<option value="160">Nicaragua</option>
<option value="157">Niger</option>
<option value="159">Nigeria</option>
<option value="165">Niue</option>
<option value="158">Norfolk Island</option>
<option value="118">North Korea</option>
<option value="144">Northern Mariana Islands</option>
<option value="162">Norway</option>
<option value="167">Oman</option>
<option value="173">Pakistan</option>
<option value="180">Palau</option>
<option value="178">Palestinian Territory</option>
<option value="168">Panama</option>
<option value="171">Papua New Guinea</option>
<option value="181">Paraguay</option>
<option value="169">Peru</option>
<option value="172">Philippines</option>
<option value="176">Pitcairn</option>
<option value="174">Poland</option>
<option value="179">Portugal</option>
<option value="177">Puerto Rico</option>
<option value="182">Qatar</option>
<option value="183">Reunion</option>
<option value="184">Romania</option>
<option value="185">Russian Federation</option>
<option value="186">Rwanda</option>
<option value="193">Saint Helena</option>
<option value="117">Saint Kitts and Nevis</option>
<option value="125">Saint Lucia</option>
<option value="251">Saint Martin</option>
<option value="175">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</option>
<option value="229">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</option>
<option value="247">Saint-Barthélemy</option>
<option value="236">Samoa</option>
<option value="198">San Marino</option>
<option value="202">Sao Tome and Principe</option>
<option value="187">Saudi Arabia</option>
<option value="199">Senegal</option>
<option value="248">Serbia</option>
<option value="189">Seychelles</option>
<option value="197">Sierra Leone</option>
<option value="192">Singapore</option>
<option value="252">Sint Maarten</option>
<option value="196">Slovakia</option>
<option value="194">Slovenia</option>
<option value="188">Solomon Islands</option>
<option value="200">Somalia</option>
<option value="239">South Africa</option>
<option value="89">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</option>
<option value="119">South Korea</option>
<option value="255">South Sudan</option>
<option value="67">Spain</option>
<option value="127">Sri Lanka</option>
<option value="190">Sudan</option>
<option value="201">Suriname</option>
<option value="195">Svalbard and Jan Mayen</option>
<option value="205">Swaziland</option>
<option value="191">Sweden</option>
<option value="42">Switzerland</option>
<option value="204">Syria</option>
<option value="220">Taiwan</option>
<option value="211">Tajikistan</option>
<option value="221">Tanzania</option>
<option value="210">Thailand</option>
<option value="209">Togo</option>
<option value="212">Tokelau</option>
<option value="216">Tonga</option>
<option value="218">Trinidad and Tobago</option>
<option value="215">Tunisia</option>
<option value="217">Turkey</option>
<option value="214">Turkmenistan</option>
<option value="206">Turks and Caicos Islands</option>
<option value="219">Tuvalu</option>
<option value="223">Uganda</option>
<option value="222">Ukraine</option>
<option value="2">United Arab Emirates</option>
<option value="77">United Kingdom</option>
<option value="224">United States Minor Outlying Islands</option>
<option value="226">Uruguay</option>
<option value="225">USA</option>
<option value="227">Uzbekistan</option>
<option value="234">Vanuatu</option>
<option value="228">Vatican City (Holy See)</option>
<option value="230">Venezuela</option>
<option value="233">Vietnam</option>
<option value="231">Virgin Islands (British)</option>
<option value="232">Virgin Islands (U.S.)</option>
<option value="235">Wallis and Futuna</option>
<option value="65">Western Sahara</option>
<option value="237">Yemen</option>
<option value="241">Zaire</option>
<option value="240">Zambia</option>
<option value="242">Zimbabwe</option>
</select>
<p class="input__message field__desc"></p>
</span>
<span class="input__checkbox field hidden">
<input type="checkbox" id="gdpr-consent-simple-floating-nl">
<label for="gdpr-consent-simple-floating-nl" class="label"><span>I consent to InfoQ.com handling my data as explained in this <a href="https://www.infoq.com/privacy-notice">Privacy Notice</a>.</span></label>
</span>
</div>
<input class="button button__medium button__yellow" type="submit" value="Subscribe" onclick="return floatingNewsletterForm.validateEmail('Invalid email address');" disabled="">
</form>POST
<form class="form comment__form" id="comment_here" onsubmit="return false;" target="" enctype="multipart/form-data" method="post" action="" name="">
<div class="unregistered" id="postFormDeck">
<h2 class="heading">Hello stranger!</h2>
<p>You need to <a href="/reginit.action">Register an InfoQ account</a> or <a class="login" data-ref="mainLogin">Login</a> or login to post comments. But there's so much more behind being registered.</p>
<p><strong>Get the most out of the InfoQ experience.</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="field form__row">
<label class="field__label">
<div class="actions heading__container">
<div class="actions__left">
<h2 class="heading">Tell us what you think</h2>
</div>
</div>
</label>
<div class="field__comment">
<input id="subject" class="field__subject input" placeholder="Please enter a subject." aria-label="Please enter a subject." type="text" name="subject">
<textarea placeholder="Message" class="field__message" id="body" name="body"></textarea>
</div>
<p>Allowed html: a,b,br,blockquote,i,li,pre,u,ul,p</p>
</div>
<div class="field form__row">
<span class="field input__checkbox">
<input type="checkbox" id="comment_watchreplies" name="emailMe" class="emailMe">
<label class="label" for="comment_watchreplies">
<span></span> Email me replies to any of my messages in this thread </label>
</span>
</div>
<div class="actions">
<div class="actions__left">
<input id="submitComment" type="submit" class="button" aria-label="Post Message" value="Post Message">
</div>
</div>
</form>POST
<form class="form reply__form" onsubmit="return false;" target="" action="" method="post">
<div class="field form__row">
<label class="field__label">
<div class="actions heading__container">
<div class="actions__left">
<h3 class="heading">Your Reply</h3>
</div>
<div class="actions__right">
<a href="#" onclick="CommentsHandler.quoteOriginalMessage();return false;">Quote original message</a>
</div>
</div>
</label>
<div class="field__comment">
<input class="field__subject input subject" placeholder="Please enter a subject." aria-label="Please enter a subject." type="text" name="subject">
<textarea placeholder="Post Message" class="field__message commentsReply" name="commentsReply"></textarea>
</div>
<p class="error allowed"></p>
<p>Allowed html: a,b,br,blockquote,i,li,pre,u,ul,p</p>
</div>
<div class="field form__row">
<span class="field input__checkbox">
<input type="checkbox" id="reply_watchreplies" name="emailMe" class="emailMe">
<label class="label" for="reply_watchreplies">
<span></span> Email me replies to any of my messages in this thread </label>
</span>
</div>
<div class="actions">
<div class="actions__left">
<input type="submit" id="submit-reply" class="button" aria-label="Post Message" value="Post Message">
<button name="reset-reply" class="reset-reply button button__unstyled" aria-label="Cancel"> Cancel </button>
</div>
</div>
</form>POST
<form class="form reply__form" onsubmit="return false;" target="" action="" method="post">
<div class="field form__row">
<label class="field__label">
<div class="actions heading__container">
<div class="actions__left">
<h3 class="heading">Your Reply</h3>
</div>
</div>
</label>
<div class="field__comment">
<input class="field__subject input subject" placeholder="Please enter a subject." aria-label="Please enter a subject." type="text" name="subject">
<textarea placeholder="Post Message" class="field__message commentsReply" name="commentsReply"></textarea>
</div>
<p class="error allowed"></p>
<p>Allowed html: a,b,br,blockquote,i,li,pre,u,ul,p</p>
</div>
<div class="field form__row">
<span class="field input__checkbox">
<input type="checkbox" id="edit_watchreplies" name="emailMe" class="emailMe">
<label class="label" for="edit_watchreplies">
<span></span> Email me replies to any of my messages in this thread </label>
</span>
</div>
<p class="time_expired allowed"></p>
<div class="actions">
<div class="actions__left">
<input type="submit" id="resubmit-reply" class="button" aria-label="Post Message" value="Post Message">
<button class="reset-reply button button__unstyled" aria-label="Cancel"> Cancel </button>
</div>
</div>
</form>Name: footerNewsletterForm — #
<form class="form gdpr" name="footerNewsletterForm" id="footerNewsletterForm" action="#" onsubmit="footerNewsletter.saveSubscription(); return false;">
<div class="field newsletter__mail input__text input__no-label input__medium email">
<label for="email-newsletter-infoq" class="label field__label">Enter your e-mail address</label>
<input id="email-newsletter-infoq" name="footerNewsletterEmail" placeholder="Enter your e-mail address" class="input field__input" type="text">
<input type="text" name="emailH" id="input_email_h" aria-required="false" style="display:none !important" tabindex="-1" autocomplete="off">
<input type="hidden" id="fnt" name="fnt" value="dHMhQDLLTTENOJgt">
<input type="hidden" id="footerNewsletterType" name="footerNewsletterType" value="regular">
<input type="hidden" id="cmpi" name="cmpi" value="1">
</div>
<div class="hidden inited">
<span aria-required="false" class="input__select field country">
<label for="input-simple-newsletter-country" class="label field__label">Select your country</label>
<select id="input-simple-newsletter-country" class="select field__input">
<option value="" class="select__option">Select a country</option>
<option value="3">Afghanistan</option>
<option value="244">Åland</option>
<option value="6">Albania</option>
<option value="61">Algeria</option>
<option value="13">American Samoa</option>
<option value="1">Andorra</option>
<option value="9">Angola</option>
<option value="5">Anguilla</option>
<option value="11">Antarctica</option>
<option value="4">Antigua and Barbuda</option>
<option value="12">Argentina</option>
<option value="7">Armenia</option>
<option value="16">Aruba</option>
<option value="15">Australia</option>
<option value="14">Austria</option>
<option value="17">Azerbaijan</option>
<option value="31">Bahamas</option>
<option value="24">Bahrain</option>
<option value="20">Bangladesh</option>
<option value="19">Barbados</option>
<option value="35">Belarus</option>
<option value="21">Belgium</option>
<option value="36">Belize</option>
<option value="26">Benin</option>
<option value="27">Bermuda</option>
<option value="32">Bhutan</option>
<option value="29">Bolivia</option>
<option value="254">Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba</option>
<option value="18">Bosnia and Herzegovina</option>
<option value="34">Botswana</option>
<option value="33">Bouvet Island</option>
<option value="30">Brazil</option>
<option value="104">British Indian Ocean Territory</option>
<option value="28">Brunei Darussalam</option>
<option value="23">Bulgaria</option>
<option value="22">Burkina Faso</option>
<option value="25">Burundi</option>
<option value="114">Cambodia</option>
<option value="46">Cameroon</option>
<option value="37">Canada</option>
<option value="52">Cape Verde</option>
<option value="121">Cayman Islands</option>
<option value="40">Central African Republic</option>
<option value="207">Chad</option>
<option value="45">Chile</option>
<option value="47">China</option>
<option value="53">Christmas Island</option>
<option value="38">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</option>
<option value="48">Colombia</option>
<option value="116">Comoros</option>
<option value="39">Congo (Democratic Republic)</option>
<option value="41">Congo (People's Republic)</option>
<option value="44">Cook Islands</option>
<option value="49">Costa Rica</option>
<option value="43">Cote D'Ivoire</option>
<option value="97">Croatia</option>
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</select>
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InfoQ Homepage News Deep Learning Pioneer Geoffrey Hinton Publishes New Deep
Learning Algorithm
AI, ML & Data Engineering
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DEEP LEARNING PIONEER GEOFFREY HINTON PUBLISHES NEW DEEP LEARNING ALGORITHM
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Jan 10, 2023 2 min read
by
* Anthony Alford
Director, Development at Genesys Cloud ServicesFollow
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Geoffrey Hinton, professor at the University of Toronto and engineering fellow
at Google Brain, recently published a paper on the Forward-Forward algorithm
(FF), a technique for training neural networks that uses two forward passes of
data through the network, instead of backpropagation, to update the model
weights.
Hinton's motivation for the algorithm is to address some of the shortcomings of
standard backpropagation training which requires full knowledge of the
computation in the forward pass to compute derivatives and storing activation
values during training. Hinton's insight was to use two forward passes of input
data---one positive and one negative---which have opposite objective functions
to be optimized. Hinton showed that networks trained with FF could perform
computer vision (CV) tasks about as well as those trained using backpropagation.
According to Hinton,
> The Forward-Forward algorithm (FF) is comparable in speed to backpropagation
> but has the advantage that it can be used when the precise details of the
> forward computation are unknown. It also has the advantage that it can learn
> while pipelining sequential data through a neural network without ever storing
> the neural activities or stopping to propagate error derivatives....The two
> areas in which the forward-forward algorithm may be superior to
> backpropagation are as a model of learning in cortex and as a way of making
> use of very low-power analog hardware without resorting to reinforcement
> learning.
Although artificial neural networks (ANN) are based on a mathematical model of
the brain, the standard backpropagation algorithm used to train these networks
is not based on any known biological process. Besides being biologically
implausible, backpropagation also has some computational drawbacks as noted
above. Hinton points out that ANNs can be trained using reinforcement learning
(RL) without backpropagation, but this technique "scales badly...for large
networks containing many millions or billions of parameters." In 2021, InfoQ
covered a biologically-plausible alternative to backpropagation called
zero-divergence inference learning (Z-IL) which can exactly reproduce the
results of backpropagation.
Hinton's FF algorithm replaces the forward-backward passes of backpropagation
training with two forward passes that "operate in exactly the same way as each
other." The first forward pass operates on positive data from a training set,
and the network weights are adjusted to cause this input to increase a layer's
goodness value. In the second forward pass, the network is given a generated
negative example that is not taken from the dataset. The network weights are
adjusted such that this input decreases a layer's goodness.
Hinton used FF to train several neural networks to perform CV tasks on the MNIST
and CIFAR datasets. The networks were relatively small, containing two or three
hidden convolutional layers, and were trained for less than 100 epochs. When
evaluated on test datasets, the FF-trained networks performed "only slightly
worse" than those trained using backpropagation.
Diego Fiori, CTO at Nebuly, implemented Hinton's FF algorithm and discussed his
results on Twitter:
> Hinton’s paper proposed 2 different Forward-Forward algorithms, which I called
> Base and Recurrent. Let’s see why, despite the name, Base is actually the most
> performant algorithm....the Base FF algorithm can be much more memory
> efficient than the classical backprop, with up to 45% memory savings for deep
> networks.
Fiori open-sourced his implementation of FF on GitHub. Mohammad Pezeshki, a PhD
student at Université de Montréal, also open-sourced his own implementation.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
ANTHONY ALFORD
Anthony is a Director, Development at Genesys where he is working on several AI
and ML projects related to customer experience. He has over 20 years experience
in designing and building scalable software. Anthony holds a Ph.D. degree in
Electrical Engineering with specialization in Intelligent Robotics Software and
has worked on various problems in the areas of human-AI interaction and
predictive analytics for SaaS business optimization.
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