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Human Rights Instruments
Universal Instrument


UNIVERSAL DECLARATION ON CULTURAL DIVERSITY

ADOPTED

02 November 2001

BY

General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization at its thirty-first session

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Identity, diversity and pluralism

Articles
 * Article 1 - Cultural diversity: the common heritage of humanity
 * Article 2 - From cultural diversity to cultural pluralism
 * Article 3 - Cultural diversity as a factor in development

Cultural diversity and human rights

Articles
 * Article 4 - Human rights as guarantees of cultural diversity
 * Article 5 - Cultural rights as an enabling environment for cultural diversity
 * Article 6 - Towards access for all to cultural diversity

Cultural diversity and creativity

Articles
 * Article 7 - Cultural heritage as the wellspring of creativity
 * Article 8 - Cultural goods and services: commodities of a unique kind
 * Article 9 - Cultural policies as catalysts of creativity

Cultural diversity and international solidarity

Articles
 * Article 10 - Strengthening capacities for creation and dissemination
   worldwide
 * Article 11 - Building partnerships between the public sector, the private
   sector and civil society
 * Article 12 - The role of UNESCO

The General Conference ,

Committed to the full implementation of the human rights and fundamental
freedoms proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other
universally recognized legal instruments, such as the two International
Covenants of 1966 relating respectively to civil and political rights and to
economic, social and cultural rights,

Recalling that the Preamble to the Constitution of UNESCO affirms "that the wide
diffusion of culture, and the education of humanity for justice and liberty and
peace are indispensable to the dignity of man and constitute a sacred duty which
all the nations must fulfil in a spirit of mutual assistance and concern",

Further recalling Article 1 of the Constitution, which assigns to UNESCO among
other purposes that of recommending "such international agreements as may be
necessary to promote the free flow of ideas by word and image",

Referring to the provisions relating to cultural diversity and the exercise of
cultural rights in the international instruments enacted by UNESCO, 1

Reaffirming that culture should be regarded as the set of distinctive spiritual,
material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group, and
that it encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of
living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs, 2

Noting that culture is at the heart of contemporary debates about identity,
social cohesion, and the development of a knowledge-based economy,

Affirming that respect for the diversity of cultures, tolerance, dialogue and
cooperation, in a climate of mutual trust and understanding are among the best
guarantees of international peace and security,

Aspiring to greater solidarity on the basis of recognition of cultural
diversity, of awareness of the unity of humankind, and of the development of
intercultural exchanges,

Considering that the process of globalization, facilitated by the rapid
development of new information and communication technologies, though
representing a challenge for cultural diversity, creates the conditions for
renewed dialogue among cultures and civilizations,

Aware of the specific mandate which has been entrusted to UNESCO, within the
United Nations system, to ensure the preservation and promotion of the fruitful
diversity of cultures,

Proclaims the following principles and adopts the present Declaration:


IDENTITY, DIVERSITY AND PLURALISM

ARTICLE 1 - CULTURAL DIVERSITY: THE COMMON HERITAGE OF HUMANITY

Culture takes diverse forms across time and space. This diversity is embodied in
the uniqueness and plurality of the identities of the groups and societies
making up humankind. As a source of exchange, innovation and creativity,
cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature.
In this sense, it is the common heritage of humanity and should be recognized
and affirmed for the benefit of present and future generations.

ARTICLE 2 - FROM CULTURAL DIVERSITY TO CULTURAL PLURALISM

In our increasingly diverse societies, it is essential to ensure harmonious
interaction among people and groups with plural, varied and dynamic cultural
identities as well as their willingness to live together. Policies for the
inclusion and participation of all citizens are guarantees of social cohesion,
the vitality of civil society and peace. Thus defined, cultural pluralism gives
policy expression to the reality of cultural diversity. Indissociable from a
democratic framework, cultural pluralism is conducive to cultural exchange and
to the flourishing of creative capacities that sustain public life.

ARTICLE 3 - CULTURAL DIVERSITY AS A FACTOR IN DEVELOPMENT

Cultural diversity widens the range of options open to everyone; it is one of
the roots of development, understood not simply in terms of economic growth, but
also as a means to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral
and spiritual existence.


CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND HUMAN RIGHTS

ARTICLE 4 - HUMAN RIGHTS AS GUARANTEES OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY

The defence of cultural diversity is an ethical imperative, inseparable from
respect for human dignity. It implies a commitment to human rights and
fundamental freedoms, in particular the rights of persons belonging to
minorities and those of indigenous peoples. No one may invoke cultural diversity
to infringe upon human rights guaranteed by international law, nor to limit
their scope.

ARTICLE 5 - CULTURAL RIGHTS AS AN ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR CULTURAL DIVERSITY

Cultural rights are an integral part of human rights, which are universal,
indivisible and interdependent. The flourishing of creative diversity requires
the full implementation of cultural rights as defined in Article 27 of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in Articles 13 and 15 of the
International Covenant on Economic, Social and cultural Rights. All persons
should therefore be able to express themselves and to create and disseminate
their work in the language of their choice, and particularly in their mother
tongue; all persons should be entitled to quality education and training that
fully respect their cultural identity; and all persons have the right to
participate in the cultural life of their choice and conduct their own cultural
practices, subject to respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

ARTICLE 6 - TOWARDS ACCESS FOR ALL TO CULTURAL DIVERSITY

While ensuring the free flow of ideas by word and image, care should be
exercised so that all cultures can express themselves and make themselves known.
Freedom of expression, media pluralism, multilingualism, equal access to art and
to scientific and technological knowledge, including in digital form, and the
possibility for all cultures to have access to the means of expression and
dissemination are the guarantees of cultural diversity.


CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND CREATIVITY

ARTICLE 7 - CULTURAL HERITAGE AS THE WELLSPRING OF CREATIVITY

Creation draws on the roots of cultural tradition, but flourishes in contact
with other cultures. For this reason, heritage in all its forms must be
preserved, enhanced and handed on to future generations as a record of human
experience and aspirations, so as to foster creativity in all its diversity and
to inspire genuine dialogue among cultures.

ARTICLE 8 - CULTURAL GOODS AND SERVICES: COMMODITIES OF A UNIQUE KIND

In the face of present-day economic and technological change, opening up vast
prospects for creation and innovation, particular attention must be paid to the
diversity of the supply of creative work, to due recognition of the rights of
authors and artists and to the specificity of cultural goods and services which,
as vectors of identity, values and meaning, must not be treated as mere
commodities or consumer goods.

ARTICLE 9 - CULTURAL POLICIES AS CATALYSTS OF CREATIVITY

While ensuring the free circulation of ideas and works, cultural policies must
create conditions conducive to the production and dissemination of diversified
cultural goods and services through cultural industries that have the means to
assert themselves at the local and global level. It is for each State, with due
regard to its international obligations, to define its cultural policy and to
implement it through the means it considers fit, whether by operational support
or appropriate regulations.


CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND INTERNATIONAL SOLIDARITY

ARTICLE 10 - STRENGTHENING CAPACITIES FOR CREATION AND DISSEMINATION WORLDWIDE

In the face of current imbalances in flows and exchanges of cultural goods and
services at the global level, it is necessary to reinforce international
cooperation and solidarity aimed at enabling all countries, especially
developing countries and countries in transition, to establish cultural
industries that are viable and competitive at national and international level.

ARTICLE 11 - BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS BETWEEN THE PUBLIC SECTOR, THE PRIVATE SECTOR
AND CIVIL SOCIETY

Market forces alone cannot guarantee the preservation and promotion of cultural
diversity, which is the key to sustainable human development. From this
perspective, the pre-eminence of public policy, in partnership with the private
sector and civil society, must be reaffirmed.

ARTICLE 12 - THE ROLE OF UNESCO

UNESCO, by virtue of its mandate and functions, has the responsibility to:

(a) Promote the incorporation of the principles set out in the present
Declaration into the development strategies drawn up within the various
intergovernmental bodies;

(b) Serve as a reference point and a forum where States, international
governmental and non-governmental organizations, civil society and the private
sector may join together in elaborating concepts, objectives and policies in
favour of cultural diversity;

(c) Pursue its activities in standard-setting, awareness-raising and
capacity-building in the areas related to the present Declaration within its
fields of competence;

(d) Facilitate the implementation of the Action Plan, the main lines of which
are appended to the present Declaration.


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