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TERRORISM AND POLITICAL VIOLENCE

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Research Article


INCITEMENT TO VIOLENCE AND STOCHASTIC TERRORISM: LEGAL, ACADEMIC, AND PRACTICAL
PARAMETERS FOR RESEARCHERS AND INVESTIGATORS

Molly AmmanView further author information
&
Reid MeloyCorrespondencereidmeloy@gmail.com
View further author information
Published online: 19 Dec 2022
Published online: 19 Dec 2022
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 * https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2022.2143352
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ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

In the U.S., legal incitement is generally understood as speech that is intended
to incite or produce imminent lawless action, and is likely, in fact, to do so.
It is an a old construct extending back to ancient Greece. In contrast,
stochastic terrorism is a relatively new academic term describing an unpredicted
act of targeted violence stemming from political demagoguery. Both constructs
are hard problems in a liberal democratic society. How do we think about such
issues of speech involving both persuasion and influence that may lead to
intentional harm of others? In furtherance of understanding such historical
attacks and those that may unfold in the future, we juxtapose the concepts of
stochastic terrorism and incitement to violence, and define the legal, academic,
and practical parameters of these concepts for researchers and investigators who
are not formally trained in the law. There are points of both convergence and
divergence regarding these terms, both legally and psychologically, which may
help clarify their application to academic research, legal opinion, and other
real world problems.

KEYWORDS:

 * Incitement to violence
 * Brandenburg
 * terrorism
 * stochastic terrorism
 * persuasion
 * violence risk






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DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).


ADDITIONAL INFORMATION


NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

MOLLY AMMAN


Molly Amman, JD, is an Attorney and retired FBI behavioral analyst who is
engaged in private practice threat assessment and management, specializing in
threats, extremism and targeted violence. She conducts training around the world
and works extensively with public and private partners in assessing threats of
violence.

REID MELOY


Reid Meloy, PhD, is a board-certified forensic psychologist and former clinical
professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego. He is a
faculty member of the San Diego Psychoanalytic Center, and consults on terrorism
and other targeted violence cases throughout the United States and Europe. He is
co-editor of the International Handbook of Threat Assessment, 2nd ed (Oxford
University Press, 2021).
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